SINGLE PHASE INDUCTIVE LOAD

AMALA JULIET MOKWUGWO

julietmokwugwo5@[Link]

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC OKO

ABSTRACT

This project is titled construction of single phase inductive load.

Load affects the performance of circuits with respect to output
voltages or currents, such as in sensors, voltage sources, and
amplifiers. An inductive load converts current into a magnetic field.
Inductive reactance resists the change to current, causing the
circuit current to lag voltage. Examples of devices producing
reactive/inductive loads include motors, transformers and chokes.
The single-phase motors are more preferred over a three-phase
induction motor for domestic, commercial applications because
form utility, only single-phase supply is available. A single phase
induction motor is similar to the three phase squirrel cage
induction motor except there is single phase two windings (instead
of one three phase winding in 3-phase motors) mounted on the
stator and the cage winding rotor is placed inside the stator which
freely rotates with the help of mounted bearings on the motor shaft.
The construction of a single-phase induction motor is similar to the
construction of a three-phase induction motor.

Keywords: Inductive motor, Single Phase, squirrel cage induction

motor, Load, Power factor
 CHAPTER 1

1.1 Introduction/Background of Project

Load describes the amount of power (amps) consumed by an

electrical circuit or device. Load affects the performance of circuits

with respect to output voltages or currents, such as in sensors,

voltage sources, and amplifiers (Karady, 2013). In electricity, the

phase refers to the distribution of a load. Single-phase power is a

two-wire alternating current (ac) power circuit. Mains power outlets

provide an easy example: they supply power at constant voltage,

with electrical appliances connected to the power circuit collectively

making up the load. When a high-power appliance switches on, it

dramatically reduces the load impedance. An inductive load

converts current into a magnetic field. Inductive reactance resists

the change to current, causing the circuit current to lag voltage.

Examples of devices producing reactive/inductive loads include

motors, transformers and chokes. According to Kundur (2003),

Inductive loads are more complex loads where the current and

voltage are out of phase, and therefore there is a secondary voltage

created that moves in opposition to the supply voltage. Because of

this, they tend to create power surges when turned on or off. They
include motor loads (horsepower loads) and magnetic (coils,

electromagnetic) loads.

Basically inductive loads are those loads which consume reactive

power (Q). In laymen’s language all the loads which have rotating

part are inductive loads like fans, motors, etc. As the current lags

the voltage the inductive load is present. There for more the

inductive load more will be power consumed. No load is pure

inductive as every inductive load consists of some part of resistor.

The single-phase motors are more preferred over a three-phase

induction motor for domestic, commercial applications because

form utility, only single-phase supply is available.

A single phase induction motor is similar to the three phase squirrel

cage induction motor except there is single phase two windings

(instead of one three phase winding in 3-phase motors) mounted on

the stator and the cage winding rotor is placed inside the stator

which freely rotates with the help of mounted bearings on the motor

shaft. The construction of a single-phase induction motor is similar

to the construction of a three-phase induction motor. While 3-phase

induction motors are mainly used in commercial and industrial

applications, there are cases where the use of a 3-phase power

supply is not possible and subsequently single-phase induction

motors (SPIM)s are adopted. The application field range of SPIMs is

impressive; they are extensively used in numerous industrial,

agricultural, and residential applications such as washing

machines, compressors, refrigerating and kitchen appliances, heat-

circulating pumps, power tools, fans, sewing machines, vacuum

cleaners, grain dryers, etc. In general, there is a strong demand for

SPIMs, and it can be said without exaggeration that literally

millions of them are produced every year.1

The main feature of SPIMs is that if they are put into operation by

means of a rotating magnetic field, then their rotor will continue to

rotate even if the coils are supplied with single-phase current,

which does not create a rotating magnetic field.2 A SPIM that is

equipped with a permanent capacitor (capacitor-run type) and that

is usually designed for power outputs of 0.25 HP up to 1.5 HP

presents the following characteristics and/or advantages over other

types (thus, it will be the subject of study in this work): (1) it is less

expensive and more reliable as it does not need any centrifugal

switch, (2) it has a low starting to rated torque ratio, (3) it needs

less starting current than any other design of SPIM and withstands
a large load cycle, (4) it works silently while serving its load, (5) it

enables adjusting its speed by changing the voltage of the power

supply, (6) it is easily reversible (can stop and change rotation

direction) because of the low torque, (7) it has a relatively high

efficiency and high-power factor.3

As the power requirements of single load systems are usually small,

all our homes, offices are supplied with a single–phase A.C. supply

only. To get proper working conditions using this single-phase

supply, compatible motors have to be used. Besides being

compatible, the motors have to be economical, reliable and easy to

repair. One can find all of these characteristics in a single phase

induction motor readily.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

At the same time and although the design and the use of SPIMs has

evolved throughout the decades, there are still some factors related

to optimization and efficiency, which have remained critical to

engineers. A review in the relevant technical literature shows that

there are several research efforts concerning the broad aspect of

SPIM performance improvement, eg, previous studies.

There is a need not only for a simple, reliable, and cost-effective

single phase inductive load design procedure but also for a

“multifeature” selection approach that can be easily followed to any

application at the early stage of the design. Thus, the aim of this

project tend to construct a single phase inductive load effective, and

multicriteria approach as a decision aid tool, dealing with the

appropriate design and selection of a certain SPIM topology among

others, which meets the basic industrial standards regarding the

motor’s frame sizes on one hand and satisfies certain specification

criteria on the other.

1.3 Method of Solution

The proposed approach begins with a preliminary design phase

described that is based mainly on classical motors output

coefficient concept while the diameter and length of the motor are

modified according to the corresponding standards frame size. A

systematic evaluation of (1) stator/rotor slots combination and (2)

the rotors bars and rings material is performed. After an

appropriate design is reached, a simple but effective selection

strategy is also proposed, and a parametric analysis of the required

permanent capacitor to be installed is investigated, to validate the

appropriateness of the selected SPIM topology.

1.4 Aims and Objectives

The aim of this project is to construct a single phase inductive load.

The objectives include:

1. To understand the basic principles of operation of a single

phase inductive load.

2. To provide efficiency, steadiness in the use of electrical

appliances or devices.

3. To determine the starting methods of single-phase induction

motors

4. To analyze capacitor split-phase motors (or) Capacitor start

motors.

1.5 Justification

This project construction of single phase inductive load is of great

important because of its efficiency to power electronic appliances at

residences. Power factor correction (PFC) is common in commercial

and industrial applications. A need to extend the application of PFC

will increased with the dwindling natural resources used for power

generation and also exceeding energy demand, hence more efficient

power usage and motor system are required at the forefront of

utility's demand side management system.

1.6 Report Layout

This project is arranged in five different chapters. Chapter one

focused on the introduction, background, statement of problem,

and scope of the project. Chapter two is on literature review; it

reviewed related works. Chapter three is the methodology which

focused on systematic and theoretical analysis of the methods

applied in the project. Chapter four is the results and discussion

while chapter five is the summary and conclusion of the project

report.
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

According to Fuchs (2009), protection apparatus prevent damage to

the most vulnerable part of the motor, the insulation on the stator

windings. For low-power motors, a temperature-sensitive device is

often mounted inside the motor and used to switch off the electric

supply if the temperature reaches its limiting safe value. With larger

motors, temperature-sensitive detectors may be imbedded at one or

more locations in the stator windings.

An induction motor or asynchronous motor is an AC electric motor

in which the electric current in the rotor needed to produce torque

is obtained by electromagnetic induction from the magnetic field of

the stator winding. An induction motor can therefore be made

without electrical connections to the rotor. An induction motor's

rotor can be either wound type or squirrel-cage type.

Single-phase induction motors are used extensively for smaller

loads, such as household appliances like fans. Although

traditionally used in fixed-speed service, induction motors are

increasingly being used with variable-frequency drives (VFD) in

variable-speed service. VFDs offer especially important energy

savings opportunities for existing and prospective induction motors

in variable-torque centrifugal fan, pump and compressor load

applications. Squirrel-cage induction motors are very widely used in

both fixed-speed and variable-frequency drive applications.

2.1 Induction motor

Induction machines are the most frequently-used type of motor

used in residential, commercial, and industrial settings so far. In an

induction motor, the electric current in the rotor needed to produce

torque is obtained via electromagnetic induction from the rotating

magnetic field of the stator winding.

An induction motor has 2 main parts; the Stator and Rotor. The

Stator is the stationary part and the rotor is the rotating part. The

Rotor sits inside the Stator. There will be a small gap between rotor

and stator, known as air-gap. The value of the radial air-gap may

vary from 0.5 to 2 mm. An induction motor therefore does not

require mechanical commutation, separate-excitation or self-

excitation for all or part of the energy transferred from stator to

rotor, as in universal, DC and large synchronous motors. An

induction motor’s rotor can be either wound type or squirrel-cage

type.
The two types of induction motor is Single phase induction motor

and three phase induction motor.

Single phase induction motor

The single-phase induction motor does not self-start. The main

winding carries a sporadic current when the motor is attached to a

single-phase power supply. It is quite logical that the cheapest,

most reduced upkeep sort engine ought to be used most regularly.

Based on their way of starting, these machines are categorized

differently. Those types are shaded pole, split phase, and capacitor

motors. Also, capacitor motors are started with capacitor, run with

capacitor and have permanent capacitor motors.

In these single-phase types of motors the start winding can have a

series capacitor and a centrifugal switch. When the supply voltage

is applied, current in the main winding holdups the supply voltage

because of the main winding impedance. And current in the start

winding leads/lags, the supply voltage depending on the starting

mechanism impedance. The angle between the two windings is

sufficient phase difference to provide a rotating magnitude field to

produce a starting torque. The point when the motor reaches 70%
to 80% of synchronous speed, a centrifugal switch on the motor

shaft opens and disconnects the starting winding.

Applications of Single-phase Induction Motors

The single-phase induction motors are used in low power

applications. These motors are widely used in domestic and

industrial applications. Some of the applications are mentioned

below:

 Pumps

 Compressors

 Small fans

 Mixers

 Toys

 High speed vacuum cleaners

 Electric shavers

 Drilling machines

Three-Phase Induction Motor:

Being self-starting, the three-phase induction motors use no start

winding, centrifugal switch, capacitor, or other starting device.

Three-phase AC induction motors have various uses in commercial

and industrial applications. The two types of three-phase induction

motors are- squirrel cage and slip ring motors. The features which

make the squirrel cage motors widely applicable are mainly their

simple design and rugged construction. With external resistors, the

slip ring motors can have high starting torque.

Three-phase induction motors are used extensively in domestic and

industrial appliances because these are rugged in construction

requiring little to no maintenance, comparatively cheaper, and

require supply only to the stator.

Applications of Three Phase Induction Motor

 Lifts

 Cranes

 Hoists

 Large capacity exhaust fans

 Driving lathe machines

 Crushers

 Oil extracting mills

 Textile and etc.

Principles of operation

 In both induction and synchronous motors, the AC power

supplied to the motor’s stator creates a magnetic field that

rotates in time with the AC oscillations. Whereas a

synchronous motor’s rotor turns at the same rate as the stator

field, an induction motor’s rotor rotates at a slower speed than

the stator field. The induction motor stator’s magnetic field is

therefore changing or rotating relative to the rotor.

 This induces an opposing current in the induction motor’s

rotor, in effect the motor’s secondary winding, when the latter

is short-circuited or closed through an external impedance.

The rotating magnetic flux induces currents in the windings of

the rotor, in a manner similar to currents induced in a

transformer’s secondary winding(s).

 The currents in the rotor windings in turn create magnetic

fields in the rotor that react against the stator field. Due to

Lenz’s Law, the direction of the magnetic field created will be

 such as to oppose the change in current through the rotor

windings.

 The cause of induced current in the rotor windings is the

rotating stator magnetic field, so to oppose the change in

rotor-winding currents the rotor will start to rotate in the

direction of the rotating stator magnetic field.

 The rotor accelerates until the magnitude of induced rotor

current and torque balances the applied load. Since rotation at

synchronous speed would result in no induced rotor current,

an induction motor always operates slower than synchronous

speed.

 For rotor currents to be induced, the speed of the physical

rotor must be lower than that of the stator’s rotating magnetic

field ( ); otherwise the magnetic field would not be moving

relative to the rotor conductors and no currents would be

induced.

 Synchronous speed

An AC motor’s synchronous speed, , is the rotation rate of the

stator’s magnetic field, which is expressed in revolutions per minute

as (RPM), Where is the motor supply’s frequency in hertz and is the

number of magnetic poles. That is, for a six-pole three-phase motor

with three pole-pairs set 120° apart, equals 6 and equals 1,000

RPM and 1,200 RPM respectively for 50 Hz and 60 Hz supply

systems.

2.2 Working Principle of Single Phase Induction Motor

The Single-phase induction motor’s main winding is supplied with a

single-phase AC. This produces fluctuating magnetic flux around

the rotor. This means as the direction of the AC changes, the

direction of the generated magnetic field changes. This is not

enough condition to cause rotation of the rotor. Here the principle

of double-revolving field theory is applied.

According to the double-revolving field theory, a single alternating

field is due to the combination of two fields of equal magnitude but

revolving in the opposite direction. The magnitude of these two

fields is equal to half the magnitude of the alternating field. This

means that when AC is applied, two half-magnitude fields are

produced with equal magnitudes but revolving in opposite

directions.

So, now there is a current flowing in the stator and magnetic field

revolving on the rotor, thus Faraday’s law of electromagnetic

induction acts on the rotor. According to this law, the revolving

magnetic fields produce electricity in the rotor which generates the

force that can rotate the rotor.

2.3 Starting Methods of Single Phase Induction Motor

Single -phase induction motor doesn’t have starting torque, so

external circuitry is needed to provide this starting torque. The

stator of these motors contains Auxiliary winding for this purpose.

The Auxiliary winding is connected in parallel to a capacitor. When

the capacitor is turned on, similar to main winding, revolving two

magnetic fields of the same magnitude but opposite direction are

observed on Auxiliary winding.

From these two magnetic fields of Auxiliary winding, one cancel

outs one of the magnetic fields of main winding whereas the other

adds up with another magnetic field of main winding. Thus,

resulting in a single revolving magnetic field with high magnitude.

This produces force in one direction, hence rotating the rotor. Once

the rotor starts rotating it rotates even if the capacitor is turned off.
There are different stating methods of single-phase induction

motors. Usually, these motors are chosen based on their starting

methods. These methods can be classified as;

 Split-phase starting.

 Shaded-pole starting.

 Repulsion motor starting

 Reluctance starting.

In the split -phase starts, the stator has two types of windings –

main winding and Auxiliary winding, connected in parallel. Motors

with this type of starting methods are;

 Resistor split -phase motors.

 Capacitor split -phase motors.

 Capacitors start and run motors.

 Capacitor-run motor.

2.3 Power factor of an induction motor

The power factor of induction motors varies with load, typically from

around 0.85 or 0.90 at full load to as low as about 0.20 at no-load,

due to stator and rotor leakage and magnetizing reactances. Power

factor can be improved by connecting capacitors either on an

individual motor basis or, by preference, on a common bus covering

several motors. For economic and other considerations, power

systems are rarely power factor corrected to unity power factor

(Jordan, 2004). Power capacitor application with harmonic currents

requires power system analysis to avoid harmonic resonance

between capacitors and transformer and circuit reactances (Fink,

2008). Common bus power factor correction is recommended to

minimize resonant risk and to simplify power system analysis. The

only possible source of excitation in an induction machine is the

stator input. The induction motor therefore must be operate at a

lagging power factor. The power factor is very low at no load and

increases to about 85 to 90 percent at full load in an induction

motor. The improvement being caused by the increased real-power

requirements with increasing load. The presence of air-gap between

the stator and rotor will greatly increases the reluctance of the

magnetic circuit of an induction motor (Liang, 2011). Also an

induction motor draws a large magnetizing current (Im) to produce

the required flux in the air-gap.

i. At no load condition, an induction motor draws a large

magnetizing current and a small active component to meet the

 no-load losses. Thus, the induction motor takes a high no-load

current lagging the applied voltage by a large angle. Hence the

power factor of an induction motor on no load is very low, it

may about 0.1 lagging.

ii. When an induction motor is at loaded condition, the active

component of current will increases while the magnetizing

component remains about the same. Also the power factor of

the motor is increased. Because of the large value of

magnetizing current, which is present regardless of load, the

power factor of an induction motor even at full load exceeds

0.9 lagging.

Induction machine may become self-excited when a sufficiently

heavy capacitive load is present in their stator circuits. Then the

capacitive current furnishes the excitation and cause serious

overvoltage or excessive transient torques.

 Current components of an induction motor

The magnetizing current is the current that establishes the flux in

the iron and it becomes very necessary if the motor is going to

operate. The magnetizing current does not contribute to the actual

work output of the motor. The magnetizing current and the leakage

reactance can be considered as the passenger components of

current that will not affect the power drawn by the motor. But it will

contribute to the power dissipated in the supply and distribution

system.
 Current components after adding capacitor current

In reducing the losses in the distribution system, power factor

correction is added to neutralize a portion of the magnetizing

current of the motor. The corrected power factor will be 0.92 - 0.95

some power retailers offer incentives for operating with a power

factor of better than 0.9, while others penalize consumers with a

poor power factor. The net result is that in order to reduce wasted

energy in the distribution system. Thus the consumer will be

encouraged to apply power factor correction methods.

2.4 Construction of Single Phase Induction Motor

Single phase induction motor is very simple and robust in

construction. The stator carries a distributed winding in the slots

cut around the inner periphery. The stator conductors have low

resistance and they are winding called Starting winding is also

mounted on the stator. This winding has high resistance and its

embedded deep inside the stator slots. The rotor is invariably of the

squirrel cage type. The auxiliary winding has a centrifugal switch in

series with it. The function of the switch is to cut off the starting

winding, when the rotor has accelerated to about 75% of its rated

speed. In capacitor-start motors, an electrolytic capacitor of suitable

capacitance value is also incorporated in the starting winding

circuit.

The main stator winding and auxiliary (or starting) winding are

joined in parallel, and the polarity of only the starting winding can

be reversed. This is necessary for changing the direction of rotation

of the rotor.
A 1-phase induction motor is similar to a 3-phase squirrel cage

induction motor in physical appearance. The rotor is same as that

employed in 3-phase squirrel cage induction motor. There is

uniform air gap between stator and rotor but no electrical

connection between them. Although single phase induction motor is

more simple in construction and is cheaper than a 3-phase

induction motor of the same frame size, it is less efficient and it

operates at lower power factor.

CHAPTER 3

3.1 Introduction
This chapter focuses on the method and processes applied in

actualizing this project work, the materials used and the detailed

report of the system. It also relates to the principle, methods or set

of arrangement of used to actualize the project.

3.2 Methodology

This involves the tools or steps taken to conduct this research

which includes survey, and analytical. Survey method was based on

attaining the cost price of the materials used while the analytical

method analyzed the system so as to achieve the objectives of the

project

3.3 Single-phase induction motors

The development of a rotating field in an induction machine

requires a set of currents displaced in phase (as shown in the

figure) flowing in a set of stator windings that are displaced around

the stator periphery (Mera, 2012). While this is straightforward

where a three-phase supply is available, most commercial and

domestic supplies are only of a single phase, typically with a voltage

of 120 or 240 volts. There are several ways in which the necessary

revolving field can be produced from this single-phase supply.

A single phase induction motor consists of a single phase winding

on the stator and a cage winding on the rotor. When a 1 phase

supply is connected to the stator winding, a pulsating magnetic

field is produced. In the pulsating field, the rotor does not rotate

due to inertia. Therefore a single phase induction motor is not self-

starting and requires some particular starting means. Two theories

have been suggested to find the performance of a single phase

induction motor.

To produce a rotating field, consider two winding 'A' and 'B' so

displaced that they produce magnetic field 90° apart in space. The

resultant of these two fields is a rotating magnetic field of constant

magnitudeϕm. Non-Uniform magnetic field produces a non-uniform

torque which makes the operation of the motor noisy, affect starting

torque.
 Production of the uniform magnetic field

Single-phase inductive load equivalent circuits:

a – accounting for copper loss; b, c – accounting for both copper

and eddy current iron

3.4 Efficiency

Full-load motor efficiency is around 85–97%, related motor losses

being broken down roughly as follows:

 Friction and windage, 5–15%

 Iron or core losses, 15–25%

 Stator losses, 25–40%

 Rotor losses, 15–25%

 Stray load losses, 10–20%.

For an electric motor, the efficiency, represented by the Greek letter

Eta, is defined as the quotient of the output mechanical power and

the input electric power, and calculated using this formula:

Various regulatory authorities in many countries have introduced

and implemented legislation to encourage the manufacture and use

of higher efficiency electric motors. There is existing and

forthcoming legislation regarding the future mandatory use of

premium-efficiency induction-type motors in defined equipment.

3.5 Equivalent Circuit

The equivalent circuit of a single phase induction motor can be

developed on the basis of two revolving field theory. To develop the

equivalent circuit it is necessary to consider standstill or blocked

rotor conditions.

The motor with a blocked rotor merely acts like a transformer with

its secondary short circuited and its equivalent circuit will be as

shown in figure below, (a) Em being e.m.f. induced in the stator.

Equivalent Circuit of a Single Phase Induction Motor

The motor may now be viewed from the point of view of the two

revolving field theory. The two flux components induce e.m.f. Emf

and Emb in the respective stator winding. Since at standstill the

two oppositely rotating fields are of same strength, the magnetizing

and rotor impedances are divided into two equals halves connected

in series as shown in figure above.

Equivalent Circuit of Single Phase Induction Motor at Standstill

on the basis of Two Revolving Field Theory

When the rotor runs at speed N with respect to forward field, the

slip is S w.r.t. forward field and (2-S) w.r.t. backward field and the

equivalent circuit is as shown in below.

Equivalent Circuit of a Single Phase Induction Motor Under

Normal Operating Conditions

If the core losses are neglected the equivalent circuit is modified as

shown in fig:1.6(d). The core losses, here, are handled as rotational

losses and subtracted from the power converted into mechanical

power; the amount of error thus introduced is relatively small.

Approximate Equivalent Circuit of a Single Phase Induction

Motor Under Normal Operating Conditions

 CHAPTER 4

TESTING AND RESULTS

4.1 Testing of single phase induction motor

The need for estimating the performance of the machine can be

done by two methods namely; 1. Direct method (for smaller rated

machine) and 2. Indirect method (higher rated machine).

Direct method (LOAD TEST)

PROCEDURE:

The connections are made, as per the circuit diagram. With no

mechanical loading on the motor, it is started by using the starter

provided. The motor will be running with a small slip, very near to

the synchronous speed. The readings of the ammeter IL, line voltage

applied VL, speed "N" in r.p.m., and power drawn from supply WL

are noted. The belt is slowly tightened against the brake drum. Now

the readings of the spring balances, S1 and S2 in kg, are noted, in

addition to the readings mentioned earlier. The loading is increased

in convenient steps until 110% of rated current is reached. The

readings taken for each loading are tabulated. Gradually decrease

the load and after removing the entire load, stop the motor. The

effective radius “R” of the brake drum is measured.

CALCULATION:

Frequency = F = 50Hz

Synchronous speed = Ns = -------------- rpm

Speed at the load = N =-------------rpm

Per unit slip = S = (Ns - N) / Ns

Radius of the brake drum = r =--------------meter

Thickness of the belt = t = -----------meter

Mechanical Power output = Po = 2 NT / 60 Watts.

Torque Output of Motor = T = (S1 - S2) x (Reff) x 9.81 NM

Effective radius of the brake drum = Reff = r + t/2 = ---------------

meter

Electrical Power input to motor = Pi = WL = ---------------wat

Indirect Method of Testing

In indirect method, two special tests were conducted, based on the

test result, equivalent circuit was constructed and performance of

motor was analysed.

Blocked Rotor Test

 Connections are given as per circuit diagram.

 The motor should not be allowed to run by tightening the belt

around the break drum.

 Now using auto transformer apply single phase A.C supply is

applied, until the ammeter shows the rated current.

No Load Test

 Connections are given as per circuit diagram.

 Dpst switch is closed and 1phase A.C supply is applied to the

motor, through the variac rated voltage is applied

 Note down the meter reading and tabulate it

4.2 Result

A single phase induction motor consists of a single phase winding

on the stator and a cage winding on the rotor. When a phase supply

is connected to the stator winding, a pulsating magnetic field is

produced. In the pulsating field, the rotor does not rotate due to

inertia. Therefore a single phase induction motor is not self-starting

and requires some particular starting means.

Single phase induction motor is very simple and robust in

construction. The stator carries a distributed winding in the slots

cut around the inner periphery. The stator conductors have low

resistance and they are winding called Starting winding is also

mounted on the stator. This winding has high resistance and its

embedded deep inside the stator slots. The rotor is invariably of the

squirrel cage type. The auxiliary winding has a centrifugal switch in

series with it. The function of the switch is to cut off the starting

winding, when the rotor has accelerated to about 75% of its rated

speed. In capacitor-start motors, an electrolytic capacitor of suitable

capacitance value is also incorporated in the starting winding

circuit.

The main stator winding and auxiliary (or starting) winding are

joined in parallel, and the polarity of only the starting winding can

be reversed. This is necessary for changing the direction of rotation

of the rotor.
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion

The project presented a design and analysis approach for single-

phase induction load mainly from a construction perspective.

Single-phase a.c supply is commonly used for lighting purpose in

shops, offices, houses, schools etc..Hence instead of d.c motors, the

motors which work on single-phase a.c. supply are popularly used.

These a.c motors are called single-phase induction motors. A large

no. of domestic applications use single-phase induction motors.

The values of the power factor gotten are close to the standard

power factor of the load. However, due to human errors the

accuracy might be affected.

Standard industrial frame sizes were taken into account, and also,

some strict constraints were set to meet higher efficiency

applications. Several combinations for stator/rotor slots were

investigated. Different types of testing were carried out so as to

achieve desired output.

5.2 Recommendation

Through this project, it is recommended that;

1. The Numerical Machine Complex initiates the process of

designing and constructing local made single phase induction

loads.

2. Companies should invest in assembling the necessary

machines for the construction process.

3. Also, companies should equally invest in training her

personnel for the purpose of cementing a better

understanding of the construction process, and to ensure

high quality products.

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