Solution

MATHEMATICS (SCALAR OR DOT PRODUCT)

Class 12 - Mathematics

1.
π 2π
(b) 3
< θ<
3

Explanation: We know that,

If a⃗ andb ⃗ are two-unit vectors inclined at an angle θ
⃗ θ
|a⃗ + b| = ∣
∣2 cos
∣
∣
2

According to question,
⃗
|a⃗ + b|< 1 or -1< a⃗ + b<1
⃗

s
θ
⇒∣
∣2 cos
∣ < 1
∣
2

h
θ
⟹ −1 < 2cos < 1
2
−1 θ 1
⇒ < cos <

ses mat
2 2 2
2π θ π
⇒ > >
3 2 3
2π 4π
⇒ < θ<
3 3

2. (a) a⃗. b ⃗ = ∣∣a⃗∣∣ ∣∣b∣∣⃗ cos θ

Explanation: The scalar product of two nonzero vectors
gh a⃗ and b
⃗
is defined as: ⃗
a⃗. b = ∣
∣a⃗∣
∣ ∣⃗
∣ ∣b∣ cos θ .

3.
(b) 1
sin

Explanation: Let a⃗ = 4^i − 4k

^
and b ⃗ = ^i + ^j + k
^

Let θ be the angle between a⃗ and b ⃗

⃗ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
a⃗⋅ b (4 i −4k)⋅( i + j + k)
∴ cos θ = =
⃗ |a|⋅|b|
| a⃗|| b|
esh

4+0−4 ∘
= = 0 ⇒ θ = cos 90
s
|a||b|

sinθ + cosθ = sin90o + cos90o = 1

cla

4.
(b) 2π
hil

–
Explanation: It is given that vectors a⃗ and b ⃗ such that |a⃗| = |b|⃗ = √2 and a⃗. b ⃗ = −1
let θ be the angle between the vectors a⃗ and b ⃗
−1 −1
cosθ= =
Ak

⟹
√2× √2 2

−1
⟹ θ = co s
−1
(
2
) =π − π

3
= 2π

3
.
Which is the required solution.

π
5. (a) 3

Explanation: π

6.
θ
(c) sin 2

Explanation: Since a and b are unit vectors |a| = |b| =1

Let angle be x between vectors a and b
|a - b| = {|a|2 + |b|2 + 2|a||b|cos(180 - θ)}1/2
Putting values in R.H.S.
|a - b| = {1 + 1 + 2 × 1 × 1× (-cos θ)}1/2
= (2 – 2cos θ)1/2
= 2(1-cos θ)1/2
={2 × 2(sin )2}1/2 θ

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 = 2 sin θ

|a - b| = 2 sin θ

2
1

2
|a - b| = sin θ

7.
5
(d) cos −1
(
7
)

→ → →∣ →
∣→∣ −− ∣ −− →
Explanation: ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
a = i − 2 j + 3k, b = 3 i − 2 j + k ⇒ a = √14 , ∣ b ∣ = √14 , a . b = 10,
∣ ∣
∣ ∣
→
→
a . b 10
⇒ = cos θ ⇒ = cos θ
→ ∣→∣ 14
∣ ∣
a ∣ b ∣
∣ ∣∣ ∣

5 −1 5
⇒ cos θ = ⇒ θ = cos
7 7

s
83
8. (a) − 2

h
Explanation: − 83

ses mat
9.
(d) 7
Explanation: 7
Hint
⃗ ⃗ 35 5
|a⃗ × b| = 35 ⇒ |a⃗||b sin θ = 35 ⇒ sin θ = =
√26×7 √26

−−−−− −−− −−−−−

2
cos θ = √1 − sin θ = √1 −
25
=
1
gh
26 √26

⃗ ⃗ −− 1
a⃗ ⋅ b = |a⃗|b| cos θ = √26 × 7 × = 7
√26
sin
10. (a) k
^

Explanation: The vector perpendicular to both the vectors (^i − ^j )

and ^i = (^i − ^j ) × ^i = ^i × ^i − ^j × ^i
= 0 + ^i × ^j = k
^
esh

11.
s

(c) a⃗ × (b ⃗ ⋅ c )⃗
cla

Explanation: The term (b ⃗ ⋅ c )⃗ is a scalar term and a⃗ is a vector. Cross product can only be applied in between the vectors. It is
meaning less if used in between scalars or between scalar and vector.
hil

12.
(d) ∣∣a⃗∣∣ = 2, ∣∣b∣∣⃗ = 2
Explanation: It is given that:
Ak

→
→ –
∣ ∣ ∣⃗ ∘
∣a⃗∣
∣ = b , θ = 30 , a . b = 2√3
∣ ∣

⃗ ∘ –
⇒ |a⃗| ⋅ |b| cos 30 = 2√3

2 √3 –
⇒ |a⃗| . = 2√3
2

2 ⃗
⇒ |a⃗| = 4 ⇒ |a⃗| = 2 = |b|

13. (a) None of these

Explanation: Given that,
–
|a⃗ | = 7, |b ⃗| = 11 and |a⃗ + b|⃗ = 10√3
We have, (a⃗ + b)⃗ ⋅ (a⃗ − b)⃗ = |a⃗| 2 ⃗ 2
− | b|

Let θ be the angle between (a⃗ + b ⃗) and a⃗ − b.⃗

⃗ ⃗
( a⃗+ b)⋅( a⃗− b)
Then, cos θ = ⃗ ⃗
| a⃗÷ b|| a⃗− b|

2 ⃗ 2 2 2
| a⃗| −| b| (7) −(11)
= =
⃗ ⃗ 10√3×2√10
| a⃗+ b|| a⃗− b|
−
−
18×(−4) −3 6
−1
= ⇒ θ = cos ( √ )
20√30 5 5

which is the required angle.

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 16√2 2√2
14. (a) ,
3√7 3√7

→ →
→ →
Explanation: ( a + b ). ( a − b )= 8

→ 2 →
2
⇒ | a | − | b | = 8
→ → → → −−
2 2 2 8 2√2
⇒ 64| b | − | b | = 8 ⇒ 63| b | = 8 ⇒ | b | = √ =
63 3√7

→
→ → 16√2
⇒ | a | = 8| b | ⇒ | a | =
3√7

15.
(c) −10^i − 3^j + 4k
^

Explanation: The vector perpendicular to both the vectors a⃗ and b ⃗ = a⃗ × b ⃗

∣^ ^ ^∣
i j k
∣ ∣
= ∣1 −2 1∣
∣ ∣

s
∣4 −4 7∣

^ ^

h
= i(−14 + 4) − j (7 − 4) + k(−4 + 8)

= −10^i − 3^j + 4k
^

ses mat
16.
(d) 3
Explanation: 3
2 ⃗ 2 ⃗
Given |a⃗| = |b| = 1 and a⃗ ⋅ b = 0

⃗ ⃗ 2 ⃗ 2 ⃗
(3a⃗ + 2b) ⋅ (5a⃗ − 6b) = 15|a⃗| − 12|b| − 8a⃗. b
gh
= (15 × 1) − (12 × 1) − (8 × 0)

= (15 − 12 − 0) = 3

^+ ^
|a b|
sin
17. (a) 2

Explanation: Given a
^ and ^
b are unit vectors.

Now,
^ 2 ^ ^
^ + b | = (a
|a ^ + b ) ⋅ (a
^ + b)
esh

2 ^ 2
= |a
^| ^||^
+ | b | + 2|a b | cos θ
s
^ 2
^ + b | = 2 + 2 cos θ
⇒ |a
cla

= 2(1 + cos θ)...(i)

Similarly,
hil

^ 2
^ + b | = 2(1 − cos θ)
|a ....(ii)
From Eq. (i)
^ 2 2 θ
^ + b | = 2 × 2 cos (
|a )
2
Ak

^ 2 θ
^ + b | = 2 cos(
|a )
2

^+ ^
|a b|
θ
∴ cos( ) =
2 2

18.
–
(c) √3a
Explanation: Given a⃗, b,⃗ c ⃗ are mutually perpendicular and equal vectors
−−− −−−− − −−−−− −−−−
2 ⃗ 2 2 2
now |a⃗ + b ⃗ + c |⃗ = √|a⃗| + |b| + |c |⃗ =√3|a⃗|
–
=√3a

19.
(b) 8
Explanation: If a⃗ = 2^i + 2^j + 3k
^
,
⃗ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
b = − i + 2 j + k and c ⃗ = 3 i + j

are such that a⃗ + λb ⃗is perpendicular to c ,⃗ then(a⃗ + λb).

⃗
c⃗ = 0 .

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
[(2 i + 2 j + 3k) + λ(− i + 2 j + k)]. (3 i + j ) = 0

^ ^ ^ ^ ^
⇒ [(2 − λ) i + (2 + 2λ) j + (3 + λ)k]. (3 i + j ) = 0

⇒ 6 − 3λ + 2 + 2λ = 0 ⇒ λ = 8

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20. (a) a⃗ ⊥ b ⃗
Explanation: Here |a⃗ + b|⃗ = |a⃗ − b|⃗
⃗ 2 ⃗ 2
⇒ |a⃗ + b| = |a⃗ − b|

⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
⇒ (a⃗ + b) ⋅ (a⃗ + b) = (a⃗ − b) ⋅ (a⃗ − b)

2 ⃗ 2 2 ⃗ 2
⇒ |a| + 2a⃗ ⋅ b + |b| = |a| − 2a⃗ ⋅ b + |b|

⃗ ⃗
⇒ 2a⃗ ⋅ b = −2a⃗ ⋅ b

⃗
⇒ 4a⃗ ⋅ b = 0

⃗
⇒ a⃗ ⋅ b = 0

⃗
⇒ a⃗ ⊥ b

2
2
21. (a) 6∣∣a⃗∣∣ ⃗ ∣ ∣⃗
+ 11a⃗. b − 35 b
∣ ∣

s
¯¯
Explanation: (3a⃗ − 5b)
⃗
. (2a⃗ + 7b) =6a⃗ ⋅ a⃗ + 21ā ⋅ b − 10b ⋅ a⃗ − 35b ⋅ b = 6|a⃗|
⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ¯
¯ ⃗ 2 ⃗ ⃗ 2
+ 11a⃗b − 35|b|

h
22. (a) 60o

ses mat
Explanation: a⃗ ⋅ b ⃗ = 1

2
⃗
|a⃗||b|

|a⃗ | |b ⃗| cos θ = 1

2
⃗
|a⃗||b|

cos θ = 1

θ = 60o
23.
gh
−−
(b) 2√10
Explanation: We have,
2 2 ⃗ 2
⃗ ⃗
...(i)
sin
|a⃗ + b| = |a⃗| + |b| + 2a⃗ ⋅ b
–
⃗
∵ |a⃗ + b| = 10 √3

2 ⃗ 2
⇒ |a⃗| + |b| + 2a⃗ ⋅ b
⃗
= 300
⇒ (7)2 + (11)2 + 2a⃗ ⋅ b ⃗ = 300
esh

⃗
⇒ 2a⃗ ⋅ b = 130
s
Now, put the value of |a⃗|, |b|⃗ and 2a⃗ ⋅ b ⃗
cla

in Eq. (i), we get

⃗ 2 −− −−
∴ |a⃗ − b| = √40 = 2√10
hil

−3
24. (a) 2

Explanation: It is given that: If a⃗, b,⃗ c ⃗ are unit vectors such that a⃗ + b ⃗ + c ⃗ = 0,
then:
Ak

⃗ ⃗
(a⃗ + b + c ).
⃗ ⃗ = 0⃗. 0⃗
(a⃗ + b + c )

2 ⃗ 2 2 ⃗ ⃗
⇒ |a⃗| + |b| + |c |⃗ + 2(a⃗. b + b. c ⃗ + c .⃗ a⃗) = 0

⃗ ⃗
⇒ 1 + 1 + 1 + 2(a⃗. b + b. c ⃗ + c .⃗ a⃗) = 0

⃗ ⃗ 3
⇒ (a⃗. b + b. c ⃗ + c .⃗ a⃗) = −
2

25. (a) π

Explanation: Given vectors a⃗ = ^i + 2^j − 3k

^ ⃗ ^ ^ ^
and b = 3 i − 2 j + 2k

Now, a⃗ + b ⃗ = 4^i + ^j − k
^
and a⃗ − b ⃗ = −2^i + 3^j − 5k
^

let θ be the angle between the vectors a⃗ + b ⃗ and a⃗ − b ⃗

−8+3+5
⇒ cosθ = =0= π

2
√16+1++× √4+9+25

26.
1
(d) − 3

Explanation: Let a⃗ = λ^i + (1 + λ)^j + (1 + 2λ)k

^

and b ⃗ = (1 − λ)^i + λ^j + 2k

^

For a and b to be perpendicular, we should have

⃗ ⃗
a⃗ ⋅ b = |a⃗||b| cos
π

2
=0

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 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
⇒ [λ i + (1 + λ) j + (1 + 2λ)k] ⋅ [(1 − λ) i + λ j + 2k] =0
⇒ λ − λ
2
+ λ + λ
2
+ 2 + 4λ =0
−1
⇒ 6λ = −2 ⇒ λ = −
2

6
=λ= 3

27. (a) cos −1

(
31

50
)

Explanation: Given vectors a⃗ = ^i + 2^j − 3k

^ ⃗ ^ ^ ^
and b = 3 i − j + 2k

⃗ ^ ^ ^ ⃗ ^ ^ ^
(2a⃗ + b) = (5 i + 3 j − 4k) and (a⃗ + 2b) = (7 i + 0 j + k)
(5×7+3×0−4×1) 31 31
−1
cos θ = = ⇒ θ = cos ( )
√50× √50 50 50

28.
(c) 0
Explanation: given ⃗
|a⃗| = |b|

now, ⃗ ⃗
(a⃗ + b). (a⃗ − b)

s
=(a⃗. a⃗) + (a⃗. b)⃗ − (b.⃗ a⃗) − (b.⃗ b)⃗

h
2 ⃗ 2
=|a⃗| − | b| =0

ses mat
29.
(d) -9
Explanation: Here, a⃗ = 3^i + ^j − 2k
^
and b ⃗ = ^i + λ^j − 3k
^

Since a⃗ ⊥ b ⃗
⃗
=0
∴ a⃗ ⋅ b
gh
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
⇒ (3 i + j + 2k) ⋅ ( i + λ j − 3k) =0
⇒ 3+λ+6=0
sin
⇒ λ = -9
30.
(d) 6
Explanation: |a⃗ | = 2, |b ⃗| = 5 and |a⃗ × b|⃗ = 8
esh

Also, |a⃗ × b|⃗ = |a⃗||b|⃗ ⋅ | sin θ|

s
8 4
⇒ | sin θ| = =
cla

2⋅5 5
3 3
⇒ | cos θ| = ⇒ cos θ = ±
5 5

⃗ ⃗
∴ a⃗ ⋅ b = |a⃗| ⋅ |b| cos θ =6
hil

31.
(d) 14
Explanation: given vectors 3^i + λ^j + k
^
and2 i − j + 8k are perpendicular to each other
^ ^ ^
Ak

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
⟹ (3 i + λ j + k). (2 i − j + 8k) = 0

⟹ 6-λ + 8 = 0 ⟹ λ = 14

32.
(c) ^i . ^i = 1
Explanation: We know
^ ^ ^ 2
i. i = |i|

= 12
=1
π
33. (a) 3

Explanation: Given ⃗
a⃗ + b + c ⃗ = 0
⃗

⃗
⟹ a⃗ + b = − c ⃗

⃗ 2 2 ⃗ 2 ⃗ 2
⟹ (a⃗ + b) = − c .⃗ − c ⃗ ⟹ ∣ a⃗ ∣ + ∣ b ∣ +2(a⃗. b) =∣ c ∣⃗

2 2 ⃗ 2 ⃗ ⃗
⟹ 3 + 5 + 2(a⃗. b) = 7 ⟹ 4 + 25 + 2(a⃗. b) = 49 ⟹ 2(a⃗. b) = 49 − 34 = 15

⟹
⃗
2[∣ a⃗ ∣∣ b ∣ cosθ = 15 where θ is angle between a⃗ and b ⃗
⟹ 2× 3× 5 cos θ=-15 ⟹ cosθ =
15

30
⟹ cosθ =
1

2
⟹ θ = arccos(
1

2
)=
π

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34.
(d) The angle between a⃗ and b ⃗ is 45o.
Explanation: Given that,
The magnitude of (a⃗ × b)⃗ = Magnitude of (a⃗ ⋅ b)⃗
⃗ ⃗
⇒ |a⃗ × b| = |a⃗ ⋅ b|

⃗
|a⃗|b|| sin θ||n
⃗
^ | = |a⃗|b|| cos θ| (∵ a⃗ × b ⃗ = |a⃗|b∥⃗ sin θ ∣ n
^ and a⃗ ⋅ b = |a⃗|b|| cos θ∣ )
⃗ ⃗

⇒ | sin θ| ⋅ 1 = | cos θ| [∵ |n
^| = 1 ]

π
⇒ | tan θ| = 1 ⇒ tan θ = 1= tan 4
π
∴ θ=
4

So, the angle between a⃗ and b ⃗ is π

4
.

35.
(d) cos −1
(
10
)

s
√102

Explanation: Position vectors of the points A , B and C are ˆi + 2ˆj + 3k

ˆ
, − i , and j + 2k respectively.
ˆ ˆ ˆ

h
Then;

ses mat
→ →
BA BC
cosθ =
→ →

| BA || BC |

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
(2 i +2 j +3k).( i + j +2k)
=
√17√6

10
⇒ cosθ =
√102

−1 10
⇒ ∠ABC = co s (
√102
)
gh
36.
sin
(c) − 13

14

Explanation: − 13

14

37.
(d) 8
esh

Explanation: Given that, a⃗ = 2^i + 2^j + 3k

^
s

b
⃗
= −^i + 2^j + k
^
and c ⃗ = 3^i + ^j
cla

Now,
a⃗ + tb
⃗
= (2^i + 2^j + 3k
^ ^ ^ ^
) + t(− i + 2 j + k)
hil

= (2 − t)^i + (2 + 2t)^j + (3 + t)k

^

Since, vectors (a⃗ + tb)⃗ and c ⃗ are perpendicular to each other.

⃗
∴ (a⃗ + tb) ⋅ c ⃗ = 0
Ak

^ ^ ^ ^ ^
⇒ {(2 − t) i + (2 + 2t) j +(3 + t)k} ⋅ (3 i + j ) =0
⇒ 3 (2 - t) + (2 + 2t) = 0
⇒ 6 - 3t + 2 + 2t = 0 ⇒ t = 8
38. (a) None of these
Explanation: Let a⃗ = ^i + ^j + k ^

Let any vector normal to a⃗ , then the dot product of both vectors should be zero.
i. (^i + ^j + k
^
) ⋅ ( i + j − k) = 1 + 1 - 1 = 1 ≠ 0
^ ^ ^

ii. (^i + ^j + k
^
) ⋅ ( i − j + k) = 1 - 1 + 1 = 1 ≠ 0
^ ^ ^

iii. (^i + ^j + k
^
) ⋅ ( i − j − k) = 1 - 1 - 1 = -1 ≠ 0
^ ^ ^

39.
(d) π

– –
Explanation: Given that, |a⃗| = √3 , |b⃗| = 4 and a⃗ . b ⃗ = 2√3
Let θ be the angle between vector a and b.
Then, a⃗ . b ⃗ = |a⃗||b|⃗ cos θ
– –
⇒ 2√3 = √3.4 cos θ

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 2√3 1
⇒ cos θ = =
√3⋅4 2

⇒ θ=
π

3
.
40. (a) 5
Explanation: It is given that :
→ → → →
(2 x − 3 a ) . (2 x + 3 a ) = 91

2 2
∣ →∣ ∣→∣
⇒ 4 x − 9 a
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣

→ 2
∣ ∣
= 91 ⇒ 4 x − 9.1 = 91
∣ ∣
2
∣ →∣ ∣ →∣
⇒ 4 x = 100 ⇒ x = 5
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣

41. (a) 0
→
→

s
Explanation: Let ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
a = i − j, b = i + j , then,projection of vector a on vector b is given by :
→ →

h
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
a . b ( i − j ).( i + j ) 0
= = = 0
→
∣ ∣ √2 √2
∣ b ∣

ses mat
∣ ∣

42.
(d) 1
^ ^ ^ ^
( i + j + k). j
Explanation: projection of ^i + ^j + k
^
on ^j is ^
=1
| j|

43.
gh
⃗
a⃗⋅ b
(b) ( )b
⃗
⃗ 2
|b|
sin

Explanation:
esh

s
Let θ be the angle between a⃗ and b ⃗.
cla

→
From figure we can see that , length OL is the projection of a⃗ on b ⃗ and OL is the projection vector a⃗ and b ⃗.
In △OLA, we have
hil

0L
cos θ =
OA

⇒ OL = OA cos θ

⇒ OL = |a⃗| cos θ
Ak

⃗ ⃗
( a⃗, b) ( a⃗⋅ b)
⇒ OL = |a⃗| { } (∵ cos θ = )
⃗ ⃗
| a⃗|| b| | a⃗|| b|

⃗
a⃗⋅ b
⇒ OL =
⃗
| b|

→
Now, OL = (OL)b
^

→ ⃗
a⃗b ˆ
⇒ OL = { }b
⃗
| b|

→ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
a⃗b a⃗⋅ b
⇒ OL = {
⃗
}
b

⃗
= {
⃗ 2
}b
⃗
.
| b| | b| |b|

Which is the required solution.

44.
60
(b)
√114

→ →
Explanation: Let a = ˆi + 3ˆj + 7k ˆ
, b = 7 i − j + 8k ,
ˆ ˆ ˆ

then projection of vector a on vector b is given by :

→
→ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
( i +3 j +7k).(7 i − j +8k)
a . b
=
→
∣ ∣ √49+1+64
∣ b ∣
∣ ∣

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 7−3+56 60
= =
√114 √114

45.
(d) 2

Explanation: 2

3
is the correct answer. Projection of a vector a⃗ on b ⃗ is
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
⃗
a⃗⋅ b (2 i − j + k)⋅( i +2 j +2k)

⃗
= =
2

3
.
√1+4+4
| b|

h s
ses mat
gh
sin
esh

s
cla
hil
Ak

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