Seeley’s ESSENTIALS OF | ssrsor Anatomy & hysiolo Physiology Physiology ie: Tenth Edition Cinnamon Vanputte Jennifer Regan Andrew Russo NN aise esc nesce) See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes.Chapter 10 Endocrine System Lecture OutlineSCENARIO: Katie was getting nervous. At 16, she was the only one in her group of friends who had not started menstruating. Katie has always dreamed of having three beautiful children and she was worried. Her mother took her to see Dr. Josephine, who ordered several blood test. When the results came back, Dr. Josephine gently explained to Katie and her mother that Katie would never be able to have children and would never menstruate. Dr. Josephine then asked Katie to wait in the outer room while she spoke privately to her mother.She explained to Katie’s mom that Katie had Androgen Insensivity Syndrome. Though Katie was genetically male and her gonads produce more of the male reproductive hormone, testosterone, than the female reproductive hormone female, estrogen.Endocrine System Glands “coor: Meenas een No modcton “Getto tna provcmen caren carne essen Pineal gland Parathyroids Pancreas (istets) Testes Figure 10.1Chemical Messengers > Are hormones that allows the cells to communicate with each other to regulate body activities. > Four classes: Autocrine, Paracrine, Neurotransmitter, and Endocrine >» Endocrine chemical messengers are called HORMONESCell Secretion Types. Autocrine >» Secreted by cells in local effect area and influences the activity of the same cell. >» Example - eicosanoids Paracrine >» Produced by a wide variety of tissues and secreted in ECF » Example — somatostatin, histamineCell Secretion Types Neurotransmitter > produced by neuron, secreted in the synaptic cleft that activate adjacent cell > Example - Acethycholine Endocrine » secreted into blood and bind to receptor sites » Example - epinephrine and insulin, estrogen, GH, testosterone, and estrogenEndocrine System Functions, Vv Metabolism Control of food intake and digestion Vv Vv Tissue development Vv lon regulation > Water balanceEndocrine System Functions. > Heart rate and blood pressure regulation > Control of blood glucose and other nutrients > Control of Reproductive functions > Uterine contraction and milk release > Immune System regulation a 1 7 TEEndocrine System > composed of endocrine glands and specialized endocrine cells located throughout the body. » Endocrine glands and cells secretes chemical messengers called hormones into the bloodstream or blood circulation to target tissues or effectors.Types of Hormones Water-soluble hormones: > includes proteins, peptides, amino acids >» most common, can dissolve in blood >» Examples - growth hormone, antidiuretic, prolactin Lipid-soluble hormones: » includes steroids and eicosanoids » Examples - LH, FSH, androgensRegulation of Hormone Levels Negative Feedback mechanism » the hormone’s secretion is inhibited by the hormone itself once blood levels have reached a certain point. Positive Feedback mechanism > hormones are regulated as exemplified by tropic hormone action. >» The response to the stimulus does not stop or reverse the stimulus, but instead keeps the sequence of event going.Negative and Positive Feedback Figure 10.5Classification of HORMONES 1. AMINES > Structural variations of the amino acids > tyrosine, thyroxine and epinephrine norepinephrine. 2. PROTEINS > Are chains of amino acids > Insulin, growth hormones, and calcitonin.STEROIDS > Includes cortisol, and aldosterone, estrogen and progesterone, and testosterone.HYPOTHALAMUS > superior to the pituitary gland and inferior to the thalamus > regulates the secretions of hormones of the pituitary glandPituitary Gland > Small gland in brain > Controlled by hypothalamus > Divided into 2 regions: Anterior and Posterior > Secretes at least 8 hormonesPituitary Gland. Figure 10.12Anterior Pituitary Hormones. Growth Hormone >» Target tissues: most Vv stimulates growth of bones, muscles, and organs » Stimulate cells to produce insulin like growth factors » Increase the rate of CHON synthesis » increases the use of fats as energy metabolism.Growth Hormone > It increases blood glucose levels by reducing glucose utilization (insulin antagonist) » Abnormalities > Too much GH causes giantism > Too little GH causes pituitary dwarfismAnterior Pituitary Hormones. Prolactin >» AKA mammotropic hormone, lactotropic hormone > Target tissues: mammary glands and ovaries > Functions: milk production > It is necessary for breast development and lactation> Prolactin Releasing Hormone (PRH) stimulate the secretion from the hypothalamus. > Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone inhibits the secretion from the hypothalamusAnterior Pituitary Hormones Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) * AKA thyrotropin * Target tissues: thyroid gland * Functions: regulates thyroid gland secretions ¢ Thyroxine (T4) and thriodothyronine T3 by the TG * Thyrotropin releasing hormone - triggers the pituitary gland to release TSH.* Abnormalities: Too much TSH, thyroid gland enlarges Too little TSH, thyroid gland shrinks26 Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Secretio Figure 10.1627 Gonadotrophin Hormone LH (Luteinizing) for females » Target tissue: ovaries » Function: promotes ovulation and progesterone production LH for males » Target tissue: testes » Function: sperm production and testosteroneAnterior Pituitary Hormones. Gonadotrophin Hormone Follicle-Stimulating for females * Target tissue: follicles in ovaries * Function: follicle maturation and estrogen secretion FSH for males * Target tissue: seminiferous tubules (testes) * Function: sperm productionAnterior Pituitary Hormones. Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH) > Target tissues: melanocytes in the skin » Functions: stimulate melanin production in melanocytes to make skin darker Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH): » Target tissues: cells of adrenal cortex » Functions: stimulate production of certain corticosteroids,ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND ~ 1. Growth Hormone 2. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) 3. Gonadotrophin Hormone > LH > FSH 4. Prolactin 5. Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone 6. Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH):Posterior Pituitary > synthesizes and releases hormones produced by neuroendocrine cells in the hypothalamus. > Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and Oxytocin.PPG Hormones 1. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) > > AKA VASOPRESSIN Target tissues: KIDNEYS Functions: conserve water, decreases sweating, urinary output is decrease VASOCONSTRICTION in arterioles to raise or maintain BP» Abnormalities: Diabetes Insipidus « Low ADH production * kidneys produce large amounts of dilute * (watery) urine * can lead to dehydration and thirst 33Posterior Gland Hormones. Oxytocin ¢ Target tissues: Uterus * Cause contraction of myometrium of the uterus during labor has begun. * Stimulus: nerve impulses from the hypothalamus as cervix is stretched and as infants suck the nipple35 Hypothalamus and Posterior Pituitary copier tare Mogens neem ‘Stim ftom the nervous system @ sie wna the nervous system © fone cosenr orton son ‘ton ptertts ete ens freuronomanes ve ccs tem onteminas mote omy sot © the nevrohoxones pars trough the cireulatory system and ifluance the actly of hen target tissues, Figure 10.14 0 [Link] eeeThyroid Gland > One of largest glands >» located in front and on the side of the trachea just below the larynx. >» Requires iodine to function > Secretes Thyroid hormone and CalcitoninThyroid hormones secreted by follicular cells produces T3 and T4 VV Vv Target tissues: most Vv regulates metabolic rates and is needed for growth » Regulate CHON, CHO and fat metabolism >» Necessary for normal physical, mental and sexual development. » Actas insulin antagonistVV VV VV WV Vv Calcitonin secreted or produced by parafollicular cells Target tissues: bone and some other tissues reduces blood calcium level when high It inhibits osteoclastic activity It lowers phosphate levels It helps maintain stable and strong bones matrix. High Calcitonin- Low Calcium Low Calcitonin- High CalciumThyroid Hormone Disorders Hypothyroidism: Decreased metabolism Weight gain, reduced appetite, fatigue Low temp. and pulse Dry, cold skin Myxedema in adults Cretinism in infants Hyperthyroidism: Increased metabolism Weight loss, increased appetite, nervousness Higher temp. and pulse Warm, flushed skin Graves’ disease (leads to goiter)Parathyroid Gland Parathyroid hormone (PTH) > > Target tissues: bones and kidneys Functions: regulates blood Ca** levels (more than calcitonin) If Ca 2+ is low then osteoclasts break down bone matrix and less Ca 2* is lost in urine. If Ca 2+ is high then osteoclasts don’t break down bone matrix and more Ca ?* is lost in urine.aL Regulation of Blood Calcium Levels Figure 10.17Thyroid Gland and Parathyroid Glands Figure 10.15Adrenal Glands > two small glands located superior to each kidney > Each adrenal gland has an inner part, called the adrenal medulla, and an outer part, called the adrenal cortex. > The adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex function as separate endocrine glands.Adrenal Glands Figure 10.1845 Adrenal Gland Hormones. Adrenal medulla hormones: * Epinephrine/Norepinephrine: * Target tissues: heart, blood vessels, liver, fat cells * Functions: released as part of fight or flight response46 Regulation of Adrenal Medullary Secretions sress. prysical act, ant low blood glucose levels act as simul tothe hypothalames, Fesuiting in creased sympavretic nervous system ety Ore vcromes reavency of ‘epineptrine and some norepineptwine inte the ‘rcuetory system Oépineptnne ano norepinephwine act on their target issues to produce responses, Figure 10.19 0 [Link] eeeAdrenal Gland Hormones. Adrenal cortex hormone Aldosterone »Type of mineralocorticoids >Target tissues: kidneys »Causes Nat and H,0 to be retained >and K* to be secreted, > indirectly involved with blood pressure and blood volume48 Regulation of Aldosterone Secretion Figure 10.2049 Adrenal Gland Hormones. Cortisol: * Type of glucocorticoids * Target tissues: most * Functions: increases breakdown of fat and * protein for energy uses reduces inflammatory and immune responsesRegulation of Cortisol Secretion ‘tanensenibe rr ceenamet seen ean O cscstopin etasing hormone cm ‘moss tom mporsunsc nese response oats ow ood pucose tnd pena, by oy ore hypatnlomnypepryan’ pont system. 0 Se eneror play Ob in nr patry, RH i to an ‘stimulates cols that secrete "a i ‘dtenacotcotopic hormone (ACTH. ©4c1r binds to membrane-bound receptors en eels of the narenolconex _and stimulates the secretion of Ha e Gicocorticoids, primarily cortisol, a (Oconto! ats on trge tissues, resulting in ‘Anterior Inctesed ipl are poten Breokdown prutary Increased glucose levels, and nbintammatoy foc @cartsi as « negative feedback effect am @ becavue ths CRH felose om te hypothelamus and ACTH section rom onto! te anterior pitutary Adrenal cote °° (ona fasciculata) > stratory ‘Cotsen he target ssuos: “inereases od and poten breakdown -rincreases blood glucose: —— {Has entintammatory effects Figure 10.21 0 [Link] eee51 Adrenal Gland Hormones. Androgens: * Target tissues: most * Functions: * Males: secondary sexual characteristics * Females: sex drivePancreas > is a mixed gland, with an exocrine portion and an endocrine portion. > The exocrine portion of the pancreas secretes digestive enzymes. > The endocrine part of the pancreas consists of pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans), which are dispersed throughout the exocrine portion of the pancreas.Pancreas > The islets consist of three cell types, each of which secretes a separate hormone. > Alpha cells secrete glucagon, > Beta cells secrete insulin, > Delta cells secrete somatostatin. > These three hormones regulate the blood levels of nutrients, especially glucose54 Pancreas Structure (test pat ot Smt testi) Figure 10.22 EOL aS. FATT OOP! 8 SALSA TBAPancreas Hormones. Insulin Target tissues: liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue ¢ Functions * regulates blood glucose levels ¢ after a meal glucose levels are high and insulin is secreted * extra glucose is stored in form of glycogenInsulin Abnormalities Diabetes mellitus: Causes: too little insulin or faulty insulin receptors Symptoms: exaggerated appetite, excess urine, dehydration, thirst, fatigue Type |: insulin dependent (daily injections required) Type Il: insulin independent, often found in obese people, can be treated with diet but can turn into type |Pancreas Hormones. Glucagon * Target tissues: liver * Function: * regulates blood glucose levels * between meals glucose levels drop and glucagon is secreted * glucagon allows glycogen to be broken down into glucose58 Regulation of Blood Glucose Levels Figure 10.2359 Testes Hormone Testosterone Vv wv Vv Target tissues: most Functions: Produced by interstitial cells Promotes maturation of sperm Stimulates the development of secondary sex characteristics Promotes the closure of epiphysis of long bonesOvarian Hormones Estrogen/Progesterone: * Target tissues: most * Functions: involved in uterine and mammary gland development and menstrual cycleThymus Gland Hormone Thymosin: * Target tissues: immune system tissues * Functions: promotes immune system development and functionPineal Gland Hormone Melatonin: Target tissues: hypothalamus Functions: > plays a role in onset of puberty and > controls circadian rhythms. > Light affects its function.