UNIT II: UNPACKING THE SELF

Lesson 1: The Physical Self

0.5 week or 1.5 hours

In Unit 1, you had your first encounter with the self from various perspectives. We
looked at the self from different lenses; philosophical, social, psychological, anthropological
and Eastern Western Influence. This time you will take a closer look at what makes up the
self. The best way to begin is exploring the Physical Self.

Meaning and Nature of Physical Self

Every person is made up of a physical body with different parts. Each body part is
designed to perform specific functions which enable the person to live and carry out its will.

Now, take a moment to touch your physical self, starting from your head, face, neck,
shoulders, chest, stomach, arms, down to your legs and feet. Do you know the functions of
each of these body parts? Do you value each and every part of your body?

[Link]

Physical self generally refers to the natural, material aspect of the entire person, in
contrast to things not readily visible such as mental, emotional, spiritual and other human
dimensions. In other words, it denotes what is perceivable, tangible and concrete.
Why do we look the way we do? Humans are said to be sexually dysmorphic in that
size and appearance differ between males and females. Accordingly, males are taller, have
heavier skeletons, have a large proportion of body weight in muscle, greater grip strength and
larger hearts and lungs which subsequently, allow them to have larger aerobic capacity. The
latter means that they have greater intake of oxygen during physically tiring activities. On the
contrary, females typically display larger proportion of their body weight in fat and have wider
pelvises (Ember, Ember and Peregrine, 2007).
In adolescence, secretion of various hormones significantly affect the physical changes
that occur during puberty. It is said that hormones impact almost all aspects of an
adolescent’s development. It is the time of growth spurt, when weight and height rapidly
increase (Feldman, 2010). When you look at your reflection, you see these changes in your
physical self.

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At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. explore the different aspects of the physical self,
2. understand the impact of culture on body image and self-esteem,
3. develop a criteria for beauty,
4. express appreciation for discoveries about the self.

How Do I See Myself

[Link]
 Take out your mirror and give some time to look at your reflection.
 After a few moments of looking at yourself in the mirror, reflect on the following
questions.

Processing Questions:

1. Describe what you see in the mirror. How do you see yourself?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. Why do you see yourself that way? How do you feel about your appearance?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3. If you can change some parts of yourself, what specific parts will you change? Why or
why none at all?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

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The Impact of Culture on Body Image and Self-Esteem

Anthropologists define culture as a set of learned behaviors and ideas which is

comprised of beliefs, attitudes, values and ideals that are typical of a specific society or social
group. This means that culture varies across groups of people who share behaviors and ideas
through the process of communication and observation. Hence, culture is commonly shared
and learned (Ember, Ember and Peregrine, 2011).

Given this definition, how then does culture affect a person’s body image and self-
esteem? Do cultural conceptions and standards of beauty affect a person’s perception and
appreciation of oneself? What is the effect of having fat or thin bodies to people? A
comparison of women of different cultures from The Netherlands and Curacao reveal that
they differ in response to imagined weight gain and loss. Despite fluctuations in weight, it
was discovered that women in Curacao culture preserve their body satisfaction and self-
esteem than the women of Netherlands. It is therefore gathered here that cultural beliefs
may facilitate low or high body satisfaction among cultures.

Adolescence is the period that lies psychologically

and culturally between childhood and adulthood (Boyd
and Bee, 2010). Many adolescents go through body
image and self-esteem issues. Body image or body
satisfaction is an important component of self-esteem.
Findings of a study revealed that body image or
satisfaction in both sexes is highly dependent on body
mass index, weight in relation to height, especially for
college-aged population. This finding affirms the general
idea that weight control behaviors are common among
college students (Sira and Parker White, 2010).

Self-esteem, also referred to as self-worth or

self-image on the other hand, is the global evaluative
dimension of the self. Self-concept refers to domain-
specific evaluations of the self, academic, athletic,
physical appearance, etc. (Santrock, 2010). While for
Plotnik and Kouyoumdjian (2009), self-esteem is
determined by how much we like our self and how much
we value our self-worth, importance, attractiveness and
social competence.

It is no wonder then that adolescents appear to be quite conscious of their physical

appearance, the way they look to others and to themselves.
These two aspects - body image and self-esteem, are very important factors in the
way adolescents cope with the different developmental challenges during the adolescent
stage. How do these two factors affect one another? According to research, levels of self-
esteem were positively influenced by levels of body image (Morin, Maiano, Marsh, Janosz and
Nagengast, 2011). This suggests that if a person possesses high self-esteem, it also follows
that he or she would have high levels of body image.

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 In order to combat the effect of one to the other, a study on the longitudinal self-
esteem and body image distress, took into account the moderating effect of relationship with
parents among South Korean adolescents. It was found that for the females, self-esteem
predicted body image distress and vice versa. For males, only self-esteem predicted body
image distress. What is interesting is the effect parental relationship have on these variables.
Researchers found that for the females, better parental relationship moderated the effect of
body image distress on self-esteem. For the males, self-esteem reduced body image distress
more when they have better relationship with their parents (Park and Epstein, 2013).

The Importance of Beauty

Before the 16th century migration and the succeeding hybridization that followed, there
were approximately eleven major human races in the world: Caucasoid, Mongoloid, African
Negroid, Melanesian, Micronesian-Polynesian, Congo or Central African Pygmy, Australoid,
Bushman-Hottentot, Ainu and Veddoid. The Philippines belong to the Far Eastern Pygmy race
characterized by fairly thick lips, wooly head hair, very dark skin color, slight body hair and an
average height of five feet (Palispis, 2007).

However, when you look around, these descriptions do not resemble how a typical
Filipino looks anymore. Interracial breeding has definitely changed the physical appearance of
races across continents and the conception of beauty therefore has also evolved through the
years. Nonetheless, the actual definition of beauty remains elusive. Goldman and Waymer
(2014) attempted to define this concept and they found that participants of their study
defined beauty as relative and non-universal. This implies that beauty means different things
to different people. It was also characterized as an attitude state, that is, if a woman for
instance carries herself as beautiful, then she is by definition, beautiful. They likewise defined
physical beauty as the stereotypical mediated and socially constructed and accepted
standards of beauty in contemporary society. This highlights how media’s portrayals of beauty
influence women’s evaluations, which can however be unrealistic at times.

A study of four countries, two with Western cultures – United States and New Zealand,
and two with Asian cultures – China and India, found that physical appearance and
professional achievement are high across the four countries. This shows that such
universality of the importance of personal appearance and professional achievement could be
due to the globalization and exposure to global media (Durvasala and Lysonski, 2008).

In the Philippines though, advertisements abound across different forms of media on

the attractiveness of having white skin despite the predominantly brown skin color among
Filipinos. In the neighboring country of Indonesia that also shares the similar skin color, this
was also prevalent. According to Wulan (2017), the emergence of the concept of white may
be a legacy of the colonial era. However, the present concept of whiteness is undergoing a
paradigm shift, from the Western whiteness to the now preferred Asian whiteness given the
presence of popular culture from Japan, Korea and China.

This brings to light once again, the question of what is the essence of beauty in
today’s generation. How do we describe the attributes of beauty? What are the barometers
of beauty of face and body from the perspectives of men and women?

Prospects for Change

In the field of consumer research, Russell Belk’s paper on the extended self in a digital
world highlighted that people exists not only as individuals, but as collectivities. According to
Belk, possessions and other external elements have a central role in the definition of self-

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identity. The extended self has four key layers: individual, family, community and group
(Sheth and Solomon, 2014).
This can be a reflection of the Philippine realities where an individual is not seen as
distinct from others but as an extension of some other individuals. For instance, it is common
to hear a person being described as the daughter or son of somebody, the sister or cousin of
this person, a friend of another, or a member of this particular community or group. One
does not exist by himself or herself only, there appears to be a sharing of identities.

It is also apparent that physical appearance alone cannot fully capture the essence of
self and identity. Self-esteem does not seem to be solely dependent on body image, but on a
multitude of other factors, particularly during the adolescent stage when things can be quite
overwhelming. In fact, it was found that a positive relationship exists between spirituality and
self-esteem among college freshmen students. Spirituality served as a buffer between the
relationship of self-esteem and stress (Hayman, Kurpius, Befort, Nicpon, Hull-banks,
Sollenberger and Huser, 2007).

Directions for future investigations lead to a more global approach in understanding

the physical self in relation to culture, body image, self-esteem and standards of beauty. The
traditional conceptions of physical appearance seem to be evolving and these changes are
welcome in today’s more culturally and racially sensitive generation. While transitions are
happening across the globe, support for initiatives and interventions that promote a healthy
and holistic approach towards the physical self should be espoused and disseminated for a
more balanced and psychologically sound human race.

Make a survey of the criteria of beauty by asking your FB friends.

Ask your female FB friends to share their criteria for a handsome man.
Ask your male FB friends to share their criteria for a beautiful lady.
Make a summary in tabular form.

CRITERIA OF BEAUTY

MALE FEMALE

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Give your learnings/insights about physical self by completing the sentences below:

1. Beauty for me means ____________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
2. My idea of a beautiful person is ____________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. I am conscious of how I look because________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4. I believe I am beautiful because____________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5. In this time of pandemic I can take care of my physical self by____________
______________________________________________________________

Personal Reflection:
Close your eyes, listen to the song of Christina Aguilera and reflect on the lyrics of the song.

Beautiful

Christina Aguilera
Don't look at me
Everyday is so wonderful
Then suddenly
It's hard to breathe
Now and then I get insecure
From all the pain
I'm so ashamed
I am beautiful
No matter what they say
Words can't bring me down I am beautiful
In every single way
Yes words can't bring me down
Oh no
So don't you bring me down today

To all your friends you're delirious

So consumed
In all your doom, ooh
Trying hard to fill the emptiness
The pieces gone
Left the puzzle undone
Ain't that the way it is You are beautiful
No matter what they say
Words can't bring you down
Oh no
You are beautiful
In every single way
Yes words can't bring you down
Oh no
So don't you bring me down today

No matter what we do (no matter what we do)

No matter what we say (no matter what we say)
We're the song inside the tune…
Source: LyricFind

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Alata, Eden Joy, Caslib, Bernardo Jr., Serafica, Janice Patria & Pawilen, R.A. 2018.
Understanding The Self . 1st Ed. Manila, Philippines: Rex Book Store, 1st ed.
Brawner, D. and Arcega, A. 2018. Understanding the Self. 1st Ed. Manila, Philippines:
C & E Publishing, Inc.
Corpuz M. Ronald, Estoque S. Ronan, & Tabotabo, Claudio V. 2019. Understanding the Self .
1st Ed. Manila, Philippines: C & E Publishing, Inc. 1 st Ed.
[Link]
Edition/[Link]

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 UNIT II: Unpacking the Self
Lesson 2: The Sexual Self
1 week or 3 hours

We now proceed to another version of self, the SEXUAL one. I would like to emphasize
that we are taking this topic in an OBJECTIVE manner i.e., WITHOUT MALICE. We will
approach this in a mature way for purposes of understanding our own sexuality. Remember
that WE ARE SEXUAL BEINGS, regardless of one’s civil status, profession, race, etc.

Meaning and Nature of the Sexual Self

When mothers give birth, their offspring are generally classified based on the sex
organ the babies are endowed with. How do we become males and females anatomically
speaking? The female offspring is a result of the combination of the XX chromosomes at the
time of fertilization while the XY combination
results in a male offspring. The dominant male
hormone is the Testosterone while the female
hormones are estrogen & progesterone.

As human beings grow, developmental

changes are normally occurring, starting from
infancy to adulthood. For each of these changes,
bodies grow and develop through the process of
maturation. Maturation refers to the development
of secondary sexual characteristics. During
puberty, the sex glands ovaries for girls and
testes for boys become active leading to the
increased production of the sex hormones. This
will initiate the unfolding of the menarche (first
menstruation) for the girls and nocturnal emission
(wet dreams) for the boys. These signal the
sexual maturation of the persons.

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. explore the different aspects of the sexual self,

2. understand the role of hormones in sexual behavior,
3. demonstrate reflective thought in analyzing consequences of sexual behavior,
4. express appreciation for the gift of being a sexual person.

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 Body Mapping

1. Draw your body in the box below.

2. Indicate changes that occurred during puberty by putting marks on specific
parts of your drawing.
3. Close your eyes and think back at the time when you were growing up and be
aware of your feelings.

Processing Questions

1. While doing the activity, what were the good/bad things you have remembered while
you were growing up?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. How did you feel about these changes?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3. What questions about being a male/female bothered you at that time?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
4. To whom did you get answers for these questions?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
5. What significant insights did you have about growing up and being a man/woman?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

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 There are so called Primary and Secondary Sexual Characteristics which are universal
wherever you go. The primary sexual characteristics are the sexual organs, while secondary
characteristics are the other changes that occur in relation with the development of the
organism. The primary sexual characteristics start to develop during the fetal development of
an organism, whereas the secondary sexual characteristics start to develop only around the
pubertal age. The secondary sex characteristics set apart the boys from the girls with respect
to outward appearances. Except for the genitals and reproductive systems, there is no major
difference between male and females as far as primary characteristics are concerned.
However, the two sexes differ in appearance with the development of secondary sexual
characteristics.

Behavioral and attitude differences are considerable between two sexes with
secondary sexual characteristics, whereas those are low between males and females with
primary sexual characteristics. As a general rule, girls experience puberty by a year or two
earlier than the boys.

The female secondary sex characteristics include the deposition of fat, predominantly
in the breasts and hips, breast development, and broadening of the pelvis and growth of
axillary and pubic hair. For the boys, these include increased larynx size and deepening of the
voice, increased muscular development, growth of facial, axillary, and pubic hair, and
increased growth of body hair.

At this point, you can probably relate to these events in your life which happened just
a few years back. It may not be very recent anymore but it’s not more than a decade ago.

A significant part of the maturation process is the awareness of differences pertaining

to human sexuality. Human sexuality is a complex phenomenon which involves the interaction
of a person’s biological sex, core gender identity, and gender role behavior. Hence, it can be a
combination of biological, physiological, and psychological factors.

Our sexuality is expressed in various ways. Our manner of dressing, body movements
are some of the ways that communicate our sexual self. Our human body has certain parts
which are considered as erogenous zones. These parts are primarily receptive and increase
sexual arousal when touched in a sexual manner such as the lips, nape of the neck, etc. This
may vary from person to person.

As sexual beings, it is likely for human beings to engage in sexual activity. It is any
activity – solitary, between two persons, or in a group – that induces sexual arousal. This can
be due to inherited sexual response pattern, which can be inherent in the design of human
beings. The extent of expression of the sexual behavior or activity can be influenced by one’s
values, beliefs, orientation, societal standards and norms.

As previously stated, sexual behavior can either be solitary or socio-sexual, meaning

taking place between two persons or in a group. When it is socio-sexual, the persons involved
may be petting, necking or engage in coitus.

In relation to sexual behavior, let us now explore the Human Sexual Response Cycle.
Again, please be reminded that the intention of this is for the EDUCATION of all. I am not
suggesting that you rush into trying this to validate what the literature says.

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Human Sexual Response Cycle
The sexual response cycle refers to the sequence of physical and emotional changes
that occur as a person becomes sexually aroused and participates in sexually stimulating
activities, including intercourse and masturbation. Knowing how your body responds during
each phase of the cycle can enhance your relationship and help you pinpoint the cause of
any sexual problems.

What Are the Phases of the Sexual Response Cycle?

The sexual response cycle has four phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
1. Excitement phase – it is caused by increase in pulse and blood pressure; a sudden rise
in blood supply to the surface of the body resulting in increased skin temperature,
flushing, and swelling of all distensible body parts (particularly noticeable in the male
reproductive structure and female breasts), more rapid breathing, the secretion of
genital fluids, vaginal expansion, and a general increase in muscle tension. These
symptoms of arousal eventually increase to a near maximal physiological level that
leads to the next stage.
2. Plateau phase – it is generally of brief duration. If stimulation is continued orgasm
usually occurs.
3. Sexual climax – it is marked by a feeling of abrupt, intense pleasure, a rapid increase
in pulse rate and blood pressure, and spasms of the pelvic muscles causing
contractions of the female reproductive organ and ejaculation by the male. It is also
characterized by involuntary vocalizations. Sexual climax may last for a few seconds
(normally not over ten), after which the individual enters the resolution phase.
4. Resolution phase – it is the last stage that refers to the return to normal or subnormal
physiologic state. Males and females are similar in their response sequence. Whereas
males return to normal even if stimulation continues, but continued stimulation can
produce additional orgasms in females. Females are physically capable of repeated
orgasms without intervening “rest period” required by males.
Both men and women experience these phases, although the timing usually is
different. For example, it is unlikely that both partners will reach orgasm at the same time. In
addition, the intensity of the response and the time spent in each phase varies from person to
person. Understanding these differences may help partners better understand one another's
bodies and responses, and enhance the sexual experience.

You have just read the Sexual Response Cycle. Please bear in mind what one
quotation said “The ability to accept responsibility is the measure of the man” (Roy Hunt)
Studies show that many young persons are sexually active and the onset of sexual activity is
getting younger. There are those who engage in sex within or outside the bounds of
marriage.
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 Couples may opt to use contraceptive methods. There are natural and artificial means.
The natural methods include abstinence, calendar method, checking the basal body
temperature, cervical mucus method, symptothermal method, ovulation detection, and coitus
interruptus. There are many artificial methods and the most commonly used are oral
contraceptives, condom, hormonal injections, intrauterine device, among others. You are
given the task to read further what these methods are for your understanding.

There are also instances of sexually transmitted diseases which one can contract if not
engaged in safe sex. They are HIV-AIDS, syphilis, gonorrhea, and others. On the other hand,
there are persons experiencing sexual problems.

The Chemistry of Lust, Attraction, and Attachment

Have you ever stopped for a second to think about the science and psychology of
falling in love or why you are falling in love with that special someone?

THE 3 STAGES OF LOVE

Helen Fisher (1948) of Rutgers University identified three stages of love. These are
lust, attraction, and attachment.
1. Lust (libido or sex drive) is characterized by the desire for sexual gratification which is
inherent to every living organism. For humans, this is associated with the sex
hormones, testosterone (for males) and estrogen (for females).
2. Attraction (passionate or obsessive love, infatuation) is characterized by the intense
attention given to a desired partner. An individual with a high degree of attraction
towards another person craves for emotional union with that person. Sometimes,
when one is dominated by passion, one tends to do stupid and foolish acts.
This stage is driven by chemicals and hormones like adrenaline, dopamine, and
serotonin.
a. Adrenaline – is released by the body for “fight” or “flight”. For instance, after
surprisingly meeting one’s object of affection, this hormone will activate one’s
stress response such as sweating and drying of the mouth.
b. Dopamine – ignites an intense rush of pleasure when released. High level of
neurotransmitter like dopamine causes increased energy, less need for food
and sleep, and focused attention to one’s desired partner.
c. Serotonin – is attributed to “falling in love” as this hormone makes a person
think of his or her desired partner at most times.
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 3. Attachment (compassionate love) is characterized by the desire of couples to stay
together. A person who is already attached feels comfort and security from his or her
partner. This phase also includes behaviors anchored on long-term companionship.
This stage is driven by two major hormones, namely oxytocin and vasopressin.
a. Oxytocin (cuddle hormone) – is released during orgasm. The feeling of
attachment becomes more intense after the couple has sexual intercourse.
b. Vasopressin (anti-diuretic hormone) – is released after intercourse. Scientists
discovered the role of vasopressin in attachment by studying prairie vole, small
creatures (like mice) that form monogamous bonds like humans. When male
prairie voles were injected a drug that suppresses vasopressin, they began
neglecting their partners.

This illustrates how chemicals secreted in the human body can be quite powerful
in making people feel and behave in certain ways.
With an irresistible cocktail of chemicals, our brain entices us to fall in love. We
call it love, it feels like love, but the most exhilarating of all human emotions is
probably nature’s beautiful way of keeping the human species alive and
reproducing.

Understanding the science of lust, attraction, and attachment can help you develop more
realistic expectations of your relationships. Below are some tools to guide you through the
stages of love:
1. Don’t mistake lust for love – a new relationship time before you start dreaming of a
future together.
2. Keep the dopamine flowing in a long-term relationship by having date
nights, studying your lessons, or going on trips in which you do novel and exciting
things together. Perhaps you can go hiking, climb a rock climbing wall, or go and
see a thrilling movie.
3. Keep the oxytocin flowing by writing cards and or sending text messages, think of
your partner when she's not around, share your hopes and dreams, and support
those of your partner.
4. If you’re the jealous, controlling type, start developing your own activities and
friendships that make you feel important and cared about.

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 Read the following statements carefully and check the column which represents your stand
regarding boy/girl relationships.

BOYS/GIRLS AGREE NOT DISAGREE

SURE

1. Girls have to say ‘No’ to sex, but they really mean ‘Yes’.

2. Boys need to practice sex with different girls so they can

please their wives later.
3. Condoms are only for people with many sexual partners.

4. Boys with no money can never get a girlfriend. Girls are

lucky because they can get money and gifts from men.
5. A family or couple needs a boss and this should be the
man because he is stronger.

6. A girl should always do what her boyfriend tells her.

7. Beating is a good way to make children or women

behave properly.

8. If a boy gives a girl a gift, she has to have sex with him.

9. Women should only speak when the men have finished

and if they are invited.

10. When boys or girls grow up and start to feel sexy, they
should marry quickly to avoid disgrace.

Answer the following questions:

1. If you were invited to speak to teenagers in your barangay about sexuality what will
be the focus of your speech? Write the main concepts of the content of your speech
on the space provided below.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. Your best friend emailed you that she is engaged in pre-marital sex, how would you
share your learnings in the chemistry of lust, attraction, and attachment to him/her?
You can use the space below.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
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 The lesson you just read is intended to make you appreciate your sexuality and
dignity as a human being, Please remember that your body is God’s temple and that
you should endeavor to protect it because it is inviolable.

Alata, Eden Joy, Caslib, Bernardo Jr., Serafica, Janice Patria & Pawilen, R.A. 2018.
Understanding The Self . 1st Ed. Manila, Philippines: Rex Book Store, 1st ed.

Brawner, D. and Arcega, A. 2018. Understanding the Self. 1st Ed. Manila, Philippines:
C & E Publishing, Inc.

Corpuz M. Ronald, Estoque S. Ronan, & Tabotabo, Claudio V. 2019. Understanding the Self .
1st Ed. Manila, Philippines: C & E Publishing, Inc. 1 st Ed.

[Link]
Edition/[Link]

[Link]
response-cycle#1

15
 UNIT II: UNPACKING THE SELF
Lesson 3: The Material/Economic Self
1 week or 3 hours

Before the onset of COVID-19 pandemic, we seem to

live in a world of consumerism. People work to earn money not
only to buy their basic necessities like food, clothes, shelter and
the like but also to buy material things that will give them
comfort, convenience, and pleasure. Some would buy things to
earn admiration, praise, and recognition while others buy things
to represent their status in life. Many people perceive material
things as the extension of their identities. What we want to
have and already possess is related to our self.

Belk (1988) stated that “we regard our possessions as parts of ourselves. We are what
we have and what we possess.” There is a direct link between self-identity with what we have
and what we possess. Our wanting to have and possess has a connection with another aspect
of self, the material self.

In the midst of the COVID-19 situation, we are challenged to look deeply into our
material self, re-examining our needs versus our wants.

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. explain the association of self and possessions.
2. identify the role of consumer culture to self and identity.
3. differentiate between needs and wants.
4. appraise one’s self based on the description of material self.

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 Debit Card Challenge

A very wealthy relative of yours gave you a debit card worth one (1) million pesos.
What are you going to do with such a huge amount of money? Make a list of what you want
to have or how you will spend the money.

LIST of what you want to have or how you will spend the money.

1. ___________________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________________________________
5. ___________________________________________________________________
6. ___________________________________________________________________
7. ___________________________________________________________________
8. ___________________________________________________________________
9. ___________________________________________________________________
10. ___________________________________________________________________
11. ___________________________________________________________________
12. ___________________________________________________________________
13. ___________________________________________________________________
14. ___________________________________________________________________
15. ___________________________________________________________________
16. ___________________________________________________________________
17. ___________________________________________________________________
18. ___________________________________________________________________
19. ___________________________________________________________________
20. ___________________________________________________________________

Answer the following questions:

1. How do you feel as you do the Debit Card Challenge?

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

2. Which among the items in your list you like the most? Why?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

3. From the list, identify your needs as well as your wants.

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

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Material Self
William James, a Harvard psychologist in the late 19th century, wrote in his book, The
Principles of Psychology, that understanding the self can be examined through its different
components. He described three components as 1) its constituents, 2) the feelings and
emotions they arouse - self-feelings; and 3) actions to which they prompt - self-seeking and
self-preservation.

The constituents of the self are composed of the material self, the social self, the
spiritual self, and the pure ego. Our focus for this lesson is the MATERIAL SELF.

The material self, according to James is primarily about our bodies, clothes, immediate
family and home. We are deeply affected by these things because we have put much
investment of our self to them.

SELF

BODY

Clothes

Immediate Family

Home

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Material Self Investment Diagram

The figure above shows that the innermost layer of the material self is the body.
Perhaps you are recalling the physical self which is basically our tangible body. We invest in
our body. We are directly attached to it and we strive hard to make sure that the body
functions well and is healthy. We make sure that it looks and feels good. Any ailment or
disorder directly affects us. We do have preferential attachment or intimate closeness to
certain body parts because of its value to us.

U.S. Celebrities like Mariah Carey and Jennifer Lopez had certain body parts insured.
Mariah had her vocal cords and legs insured at $35 million each. On the other hand, JLo had
her butt insured at $27 M. What about you? Which body part has the highest value to you?

Next to the body are the clothes we wear. James

believed that clothing is an essential part of the material
self. Hermann Lotze, a German philosopher, stipulates in
his book Microcosmus, that any time we bring an object
into the surface of our body, we invest that object into the
consciousness of our personal existence taking its
contours to be our own and making it a part of the self.
The fabric and style of the clothes we wear bring
sensations to the body which directly affect our attitudes
and behavior. Thus, clothes are placed in the second
hierarchy of the material self. Clothing is a form of self-
expression. We choose and wear clothes that reflect our
self.

Third in the hierarchy is our immediate family. Our parents and siblings are another
important part of the self. What they do or become affects us. Their success becomes ours,
too and we feel down in their failures. We get affected when anybody in the immediate family
gets sick and more so when the ones we love pass away. In difficult situations we always
prioritize our immediate family for we always say that blood is thicker than water. We place
huge investment, emotionally or otherwise, in our immediate family because we see them as
the nearest replica to our self.

The fourth and outermost component of the material self in our home. The home is
the extension of the self; it where the heart is. Our home was the non-living witness to many
of our experiences, pleasant or not. It is the earliest nest of our childhood. There are parts of
the house and possessions which are unforgettable. There be some of you who transferred
homes several times but may still be able to connect with a home which held many of your
memories.

The investments we made to these constituents make us attach to them. The more we
invest, the more likely we identify. We tend to collect and possess priorities. Our collections
become a part of the self. As Russell Belk, American professor of marketing, said “we regard
our possessions as part of ourselves. We are what we have and what we possess.” The
identification of the self to things started in our infancy stage when we are able to make
distinctions between the self and others in the environment.

As a person grows older, putting importance to material possessions decreases.

However, some people resort to acquiring a lot of material possessions because these become
their source of happiness, associate these things with significant events, accomplishments and

19
people in their lives. There are times when the material possession of a person that is closely
associated to that person gains acknowledgment with high regard and value even if the
person is gone already. For instance, a Kobe Bryant fan raked in a big amount of money after
selling Bryant’s towel, which he acquired many years ago. The towel that Lakers legend Kobe
Bryant wore over his shoulders after playing in the final game of his NBA career sold for more
than $30,000 at auction over the weekend. Iconic Auctions sold the towel for $33,077.16 after
receiving 16 bids. It marked the second time the towel had been auctioned.
The possessions that we dearly have tell something about who we are, our self-
concept, our past, and even our future.
In your case, what do you cherish?

The Consumer Culture on One’s Sense of Self and Identity

Through credit cards, people can now buy goods or avail of services even without cash
or checks. Credit cards have brought convenience, security, and comfort in the way people
engage in the consumption of goods and services in society. Transactions are made simply by
swiping the card. Credit cards are now accessible even to low-income earners.

Credit cards definitely changed consumer

culture and its role in how individuals, as
consumers, function as part of the process of
production and consumption. Many credit card
holders find themselves vulnerable to incurring
too much debt. This is why a credit card holder
must be responsible for knowing his or her limits
when purchasing goods and services via credit
card.

Credit cards also modified how

transactions and payments are made and done.
Having credit cards may urge people to make
unnecessary purchases that may make them seem capricious and extravagant. Some people
may also tend to purchase goods just for the sake of buying. Consequently, credit cards may
lessen one’s opportunity to save money because one’s income will be allotted for paying credit
card debt.

Over the years, innovations and developments in advertising further changed

consumer culture. Advertising is influential in shaping how and why people consume goods
and services. It lets individuals relate to particular goods and services in order to convince or
compel them to purchase these. Advertisements in any form, when viewed by an individual,
further emphasizes his or her identity as a consumer with the ability to avail of goods and
services based on his or her financial capacity, preference, and practical interests.

The world of consumer culture has turned shopping into a lifestyle. It says that
shopping often works as a substitute for something that we are missing in life. Is it true?

In addition, the person may succumb to becoming materialistic. Materialism is defined

as a trait that can affect both rich and poor, and which the researchers define as “a value
system that is preoccupied with possessions and the social image they project is both socially
destructive and self-destructive.” It smashes the happiness and peace of mind of those who
succumb to it. It is associated with anxiety. There has long been a correlation between
materialism, a lack of empathy and engagement with others, and unhappiness.
20
 A series of studies published in the journal “Motivation and Emotion” showed that as
people become more materialistic, their well-being (good relationships, autonomy, sense of
purpose and the rest) diminishes.

Materialism forces us into comparison with the possessions of others, a race both
cruelly illustrated and crudely propelled by that toxic website. This is a dreadful mistake we
are making allowing ourselves to believe that having more money and more stuff enhances
our well-being.

We are what we have and what we possess. A man’s self becomes the sum total of all
that he has, these possessions become part of an extension of the self.

Needs versus wants

One’s sense of self and identity is influential on how an individual chooses to purchase
his or her wants and how he or she makes economic decisions that will address his or her
personal and social needs.

The decision that go into the purchase of items and certain services is dependent on a
number of items and certain services is dependent on a number of factors, including financial
constraints, availability of items and services, and the influence of family and friends.
However, the most important factor is
determining whether these items and
services fall under “wants” or “needs”.
Some people may confuse needs with
wants, but there is a clear distinction.
Needs are those important for survival.
Food, clothing, and shelter are basic
needs so people purchase them out of
necessity. Wants, however, are
synonymous with luxuries. People buy
them for reasons that do not warrant necessity. Buying cellphones and other gadgets for
communication can be perceived as a necessity but purchasing units on the high-end line can
be a way of projecting a particular social status or taste. People sometimes purchase items to
build how they want to be perceived by others. Clothes may be a necessity, but people who
have the capacity choose brands and styles to project their identity for other people to see.
Regardless of whether the things that people have are needs or wants, material possessions
tell something of the personality and social values of those who own them. Possessions are
extended versions of oneself.
As consumers, people have different buying behaviors. Some are considered to be
impulse buyers - buying anything without giving much thought to what they buy and the
consequences that may come later on. Some may also reason that they are working hard in
order to buy things. Other people work in order to ensure that they have everything they
need while others work in order to have both needs and wants. Other consumers do not
easily differentiate their needs from their wants because they do not inculcate self-control in
their buying behaviors. There are instances when some people spend more money on
luxurious things in order to keep up with the latest trends and end up living paycheck to
paycheck, with no savings allotted for needs that may arise in the future. This is why there is
a need to balance needs from wants.

As a consumer, one should know what to prioritize that would benefit him or her in the
long run. One should also allocate part of his or her earnings for savings so that when

21
important reasons to expend comes in the future, one is ready. In spending money, one
should avoid being impulsive and instead be practical and prudent. One should take note that
every person has free will whether to buy or not. Conscious consumption is about practicing
responsible buying habits.

In the process of acquiring material goods, people generally consider two things:
utility and significance. Utility is concerned with how things serve a practical purpose. On the
other hand, significance is concerned with the meaning assigned to the object. It is also
concerned with how objects become powerful symbols or icons of habit and ritual which can
be quite separate from their primary function. Significance, in contrast to utility, has more to
do with expression and meaning. However, meanings are often culturally determined. For
some, even the smallest utilitarian objects are capable of embodying values. To further
understand the term significance, Roland Barthes studied the concept of semiology or the
study of signs. He was one of the first philosophers to analyze the relationship between
people and objects. According to Barthes, it is through objects that people assert their
identities. Objects are not just things but are reflections of the wider lives of communities and
individuals; the things people possess are also in sync with what is valued by their
community. This idea suggests that objects, aside from contributing to how an individual
identifies himself or herself, also signify relationships of people with others based on what
they possess.

The possession of material things also indicates one’s status in the society. People can
tell whether the owner is part of a wealthy family or in the middle class. One’s possessions are
perceived as personal choices that define people to a certain extent. These personal choices
build one’s material and economic self which is an extension of his or her social identity.

“Find satisfaction independent of material trappings.” - Steven Redhead, Life is a cocktail

22
1. Wants and Needs, Utility and Significance

List down at least 10 material things that you possess. Indicate whether they are wants and
needs. Write their utility and significance.

Material Things Wants/Needs Utility Significance

2. Write yourself a series of text messages, meme description and “hugot” lines in
the light of your material self amidst the COVID-19 pandemic.

23
Alata, E.J.P. et al (2018). Understanding the Self. : Quezon City: Rex Bookstore Inc.

Corpuz, R.M. et al (2019). Understanding the Self. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.

Macayan, J.V. et al (2019). Understanding the Self (Outcome-Based Module). Quezon City: C
& E Publishing, Inc.:

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

24
 UNIT II: UNPACKING THE SELF
Lesson 4: The Political Self
0.5 week or 1.5 hours

The Philippines as we know it today has only emerged in the 1890’s after over three
centuries of colonization of the Spaniards. Meanwhile, liberation from the last colonizers, the
Japanese, only occurred in 1946. Foreign culture, beliefs, language and religion have made a
huge dent on our own by setting a foundation to the contemporary Filipino identity and
culture.

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. identify different Filipino values and traits;

2. reflect on your selfhood in relation to your national identity; and
3. develop and enhance a Filipino identity.

25
Who is a Filipino?
Cut out pictures or illustrations from magazines and newspapers that show what being
a Filipino is about. Paste them below.

Processing Questions: Answer the questions below in relation to what you have posted in
the activity.
1. How does this activity remind you of your being a Filipino?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

2. Are you proud of being a Filipino? Why and Why not?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

3. Imagine that you were of a different nationality, what would change in you aside
from your citizenship and origin?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

4. How extensive are the effects of being Filipino in your selfhood?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
26
Who is a Filipino?

Technically, according to the 1987 Constitution, Filipino citizens are”…those whose

fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines, those born before January 17, 1973, of
Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority, and those
who are naturalized in accordance with law.” However, citizenship is not the only marker of
being a Filipino. Culture and history have greatly influenced the manner Filipinos learn, live,
and behave to date. People who were born and grew up in the same culture develop and
share common personality traits and values. Generations after generations, common traits
and values have been passed on that the Filipinos of today still embody. (Alata EJ et al,
2018).

Values are standards of behavior which subscribe to the conceptions of what is “good,
true, beautiful, and desirable.” The Filipino values can best be seen from the aspects of
personal and social relationships. In addition, knowing ones trait that serves as a
distinguishing characteristics typically belonging to a person or group of people can be
functional and beneficial to the Filipino experience and identity.

Filipino Values and Traits

1. SIR (Smooth Interpersonal Relationship)
It is getting along with others with minimum conflict. Indirect or tactful answer,
silence or mere approvals are the individual’s effort of avoiding to hurt the feelings of
others.

2. Reciprocity
It is another version of SIR. It is a form of behavior which serves as an exchange
for a favor granted and is attached with the sense of obligation to repay. As a debt of
gratitude, an honor or an appreciation, utang na loob is observed in many situations:
economic, political, social. It never ends as long as relationships exist. Failure to
acknowledge the favor would cause the person to display hiya or shame.

3. The Filipino hospitality

This value is done by people
who welcome visitors with warmth
and enthusiasm and that it promotes
goodwill and cooperation. Filipino
welcomes their guests and tourists as
if they are their own brothers and
sisters: they always make their guests
feel at home/ offering them something
to eat, or even a place to stay.

27
4. Respect for elders
Filipinos greet their elders while saying “Mano Po!” and constantly using “Po” and
“Opo” in conservations. Forgetting to address older people properly will regard them as
rude and impolite.

5. Close Family Ties

Filipinos maintain a tight relationship with their families regardless if the children
are old enough and already have families of their own. It is solidifying the existence of the
extended family system that symbolizes love, affection, and unity among family members.
The pattern of interdependence among them serves as buffer to economic, social and
spiritual inadequacies experienced during trying times.

6. Cheerful Personality
Filipinos have a habit of smiling and laughing a lot. They smile when they are
happy, or sometimes even when they are sad or angry. Smiling has been a coping
strategy for many Filipinos especially during trying times and calamities.

7. Self –Sacrifice
The self-sacrificing attitude of Filipinos can be seen as an extension of the Filipino
hospitality. Filipinos go out of their way to extend help to their friends, families and loved
ones. They wish comfort and better lives for their loved ones and would even go to the
extent of working abroad hundreds of miles away to earn more money and save up for
them.

8. Bayanihan
A certain task is effectively and easily completed if everybody shares his time,
effort, and money to expedite the completion of a task. Bayanihan is the spirit of
communal unity and cooperation of Filipinos. It is also about giving without expecting
something in return. Example: transferring the whole nipa hut to another place is done by
bayanihan way; digging a drainage canal by the barangay people; cleaning the area for
the putting up of the basketball court.

9. “Bahala Na” Attitude

It is the “come what may” or “que sera sera” attitude that rests on the line of least
resistance. This is a kind of fatalism in which a person leaves everything to fate. He lets
fate control his destiny and decides his success. “Bahala na” is the Filuipino version of the
famous”Hakuna Matata,” meaning no worries. The phrase is said to have originated from
“Bathala na,” where Bathala means God, and the phrase meaning leaving everything into
God’s hands. It can also be viewed as something similar to the cheerful and positive
attitude of Filipinos and allowing situations take care of themselves instead of worrying
about them. This is utilized to maintain mental balance in times of stress; it gives courage
and determination.

10. Colonial Mentality

Colonial mentality is regarded as the lack of patriotism and the attitude where
Filipinos favor foreign products more than their own. This does not only concern goods
but also the desire to look for foreign than local and keep up with foreign beauty trends.

28
11. “Manana “ Habit
This is the Filipino term for procrastination or the tomorrow-attitude. It was
derived from a longer Filipino phrase called “Mamaya na” meaning dawdling things which
could have been done at an earlier time. It is a poor habit of laziness that results in
heavier workloads. People can accomplish many things if they only make use of their time
profitably.

12. “Ningas Kugon”

“Ningas” is a Filipino term which means to catch fire while “kugon” is a fast burning kind
of grass. Thus, ningas kugon refers to enthusiasm that is intense only at the start but
gradually dies down. It is the attitude of eagerly starting things but quickly losing
eagerness soon after experiencing difficulty; just like how fast the fire of a Cogon grass
burns out after being ignited. This could be a hindrance towards initiative and productivity.
Laziness is a common problem among Filipinos that is why Filipinos are regarded as “Juan
Tamad” or Lazy Juan. In an affair/occasion for instance, there is so much publicity at the
start – but at the end of the affair, all the chairs, tables, used plates are left and nobody
volunteers to put these things on their proper place.

13. Pride
Most Filipinos hold on to their pride as if they are more precious than keeping a good
relationship with family and loved ones. When two parties are not in good terms, they find
it so hard to apologize and wait until the other party asks for an apology first.

14. Crab Mentality

This is a toxic trait among Filipinos where one resents the achievement of another, instead
of feeling happy for that person. Just like crabs in a container, they pull each other down
and ruin each other’s reputation rather than bringing them up resulting to no progress. To
counter this negative attitude is to develop a sense of helping to those who lack, while
also looking back to those who helped him during his bad times.

15. Filipino Time

Filipinos have this common attitude of arriving late at commitments, dinner or parties
especially if they are meeting someone close to them. They tend to not observe
punctuality altogether.

The Hallmarks of Being a Filipino and the Constant Reminders of our Nationality

1. Proverbs or Salawikain
These are sayings that convey a lesson and reflection on Filipino practices, beliefs,
and traditions. Proverbs are classified into six (6) categories.
a. Proverbs expressing a general attitude towards life and the laws that govern life;
b. Ethical proverbs recommending certain virtues and condemning certain vices;
c. Proverbs expressing a system of values;
d. Proverbs expressing general truths and observations about life and human nature;
e. Humorous proverbs; and
f. Miscellaneous proverbs.

An example of a Filipino proverb is the saying “Kung may tiyaga, may nilaga,”which
means that hard work will be rewarded.
29
2. Superstitions
In the vernacular, it is called
pamahiin or beliefs to the unknown. These
superstitions are passed down from
generation to generation.
A woman singing while cooking will
end up a spinster according to a Filipino
superstition so parents remind their
daughters to avoid singing while preparing
their meals. Filipinos also avoid taking
picture in threes as the one in the center is
said to die, according to another
superstition.

3. Myths and Legends

Stories that are beyond one’s imagination and aimed to explain the origin of
things, at the same time, teach a valuable lesson. Some of these stemmed in Pre-
Christianity period, but have evolved to the stories we know today.
A famous legend is about the origin of the pineapple fruit. It is about a story of a
young and lazy girl named Pina who always asked where her mother kept the things she
needed without looking for them first, so her mother wished that eyes be planted on
Pina’s face so she would start using her eyes. To her mother’s surprise the next morning,
Pina was gone and a fruit implanted with “eyes” all around its body was left which was
later called “pineapple.”

4. Heroes and Icons

They serve as a reminder of true patriotism and nationalism as they have sacrificed
their lives for the sake of country’s freedom and progress.
Famous Filipino icons such as Lea Salonga, Manny Pacquiao, and our national
hero, Jose Rizal, also serve as important Filipino markers as they have made the Filipino
name more pronounced worldwide through their own expertise.

How to Be a Good Filipino

1. Cherishes the Filipino culture.
2. Understand and respects the history of Filipinos.
3. Be an active Filipino citizen
4. Upholds Filipino values and traits.
5. Support local products.
6. Speak the Filipino language.
7. Sees himself as one with his fellow Filipinos, regardless of wealth or class or
appearance or religion or gender.

30
 1. Discuss how being a Filipino affects your “self”. How can becoming a better
Filipino influence your duty to becoming a better version of yourself?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

2. If you will be given the chance to choose who you are, do you still want to become a
Filipino? Why?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

3. Complete the statement below:

I am a Filipino and I love being a Filipino because _____________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Alata, E. J., Caslib, B. Jr., Serafica, J. P. & Pawilen, R.A. (2018). Understanding the self
(1st ed.). Manila: Rex Book Store.

Aligada, G. & Trajeco, S. (2010). Introduction to sociology and anthropology: Text and
workbook. Quezon City: AMMS Publications.

Ariola, Mariano (2012). Sociology and anthropology with family planning. Intramuros, Manila:
Purely Book Trading and Publishing Corp.

Atienza, M.E., Rico, R., Arugay, A., Franco, J. & Quilala, D. (2016). Understanding culture,
society and politics. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.

Brawner, D. & Arcega, A. (2018). Understanding the self. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.

Limpingco, D. & Tria, G. (2007). Personality (3rd ed.). Quezon City: KEN Incorporated.

31
 UNIT II: UNPACKING THE SELF
Lesson 5: The Spiritual Self
1 week or 3 hours

When a pandemic like COVID 19 spreads, people

turn to religion. When war hits, people pray for and
depend on one another. When terror tries to steal life
from us, we stand in solidarity and hope for the
goodness of humanity.

The spiritual self is one of the three sections

of the self according to William James. It is the most
intimate, inner subjective part of self. It is the most
intimate version of the self because of the satisfaction
experienced when one thinks of one’s ability to argue
and discriminate, of one’s moral sensibility and conscience,
of our unconquerable will is more pure than all other
sentiments of satisfaction (Green, 1997).

The ability to use moral sensibility and conscience may be seen through the
expressions of religion, its beliefs, and practices. In the same manner, cultural rituals and
ceremonies are some manifestations what people believe in. Moreover, seeking the meaning
of life is a journey that the Spiritual Self is on.

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. compare and contrast spirituality and religiosity.
2. identify various religious practices and beliefs.
3. understand the self in relation with religious beliefs.
4. explain ways of finding the meaning of life.

32
 Art Recall

Recall:
When was the first time you realized that there is a higher being than yourself? How old were
you then? What made you believe that there is a higher being?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

Draw: Make a poster about the instance or situation that made you believe in the existence of
higher being.

33
Discuss the following questions:

1. How did these experiences affect your belief on a higher being?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

2. How is the belief on a higher being related to your self?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

3. Do you consider having a spiritual self? Why or why not?

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Spirituality and Religiosity

When we speak of the spiritual self, two ideas come into our minds. These have to do
with spirituality and religion.

What is spirituality? Spirituality can be defined broadly as a sense of connection to

something higher than ourselves. Many people search for meaning in their lives. The sense of
transcendence experienced in spirituality is a universal experience. Some find it in
monotheistic religion, while others find it in meditation.

While the understanding of spirituality differs across religions and belief systems, it can
be described by finding meaning and purpose in life. Religion and spirituality are not
understood in the same way, though they often overlap.

Spirituality has a much broader understanding of an individual’s connection with the

transcendent aspects of life. Puchalski (2004) defined spirituality as the aspect of the self that
is associated to an individual’s process of seeking and expressing meaning and how he or she
is connected to the self, to others, to the moment and to everything else that composes his or
her environment, including the sacred and the significant. Thus, spirituality talks about
meaning and purpose that go beyond the physical realities of life. One should ask himself or
herself “what meaning do I put in my life”. Another aspect of spirituality is focused on a
person’s connections to different aspects of his or her existence: to other people, to nature,

34
and to sacredness and divinity. Spirituality is relational. In the pursuit of and applying
meaning to one’s life, relationships are created and sustained not only with people but with
other life forms or with a higher being. The way people relate to others, to family members,
to peers in school, and to nature speaks of an individual’s core values. Spirituality also talks
about the sacred and transcendent. It is a general belief that in this vast universe, there is a
force higher than the self. In believing that death is inevitable, the different beliefs of what
comes afterwards shape how people choose to act and live their lives. The search for
sacredness is also triggered by the drive to attain peace and fulfillment. Acceptance and/or
contentment is fostered and established despite problems that may occur.

Seeking a meaningful connection with something bigger than yourself can result in
increased positive emotions. Transcendent moments are filled with peace, awe, and
contentment—emotional and spiritual wellbeing overlap, like most aspects of wellbeing.
([Link]

On the other hand, Rebecca Stein (2011) defines religion “as a set of cultural beliefs and
practices that usually includes some or all of basic characteristics. These characteristics are:

1. a belief in anthropomorphic supernatural being, such as spirit and gods;

2. a focus of the sacred supernatural, where sacred refers to a feeling or reverence and
awe;
3. the presence of a supernatural, where sacred refers to a feeling or reverence and
awe;
4. the performance of ritual activities that involves the manipulation of sacred object to
communicate to supernatural beings and/or to influence or control events;
5. the articulation of worldview and moral codes through narratives and other means;
and;
6. provide the creation and maintenance of social bonds and mechanism of social control
within a community; provides explanation for unknown and a sense of control for
individuals.

An individual lives in a society where there are many practice of religion. The choice of
religious belief lies within the spiritual self. Although the choice may be influenced by the
society and its culture. Our practice of a religion can contribute to our spirituality.

The practice of religion may involve rituals. A ritual is the performance of ceremonial
acts prescribed by a tradition or sacred law (Penner 2017). It is a specific, observable mode of
behavior exhibited by all known societies. Thus, it is possible to view ritual as a way of
defining or describing humans.

Rituals have three fundamental characteristics (Penner 2017). These include

1. a feeling or emotion of respect, awe, fascination, or dread in relation to the sacred;

2. dependence upon a belief system that is usually expressed in the language of myth;
and
3. is symbolic in relation to its reference.
There are world religious beliefs and practices which will be explored in this section.

35
 There are different religions with different beliefs and practices. Some of the major
world religions are Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, and Judaism.

A. Buddhism

Beliefs
It teaches that life is unsatisfactory. When experience is unsatisfying, we tend to crave
pleasant experiences and avoid disappointing ones. Our habits tie us into a reactive cycle
of craving and aversion. Buddha taught that a way to break this cycle is to practice ethics
and meditation, and to cultivate wisdom, which is a deep understanding and acceptance
of things as they are.

B. Christianity

Beliefs
Christians believe that God became fully present in the world in the person of Jesus
Christ of Nazareth. Christians believe that Jesus Christ’s dying on the cross, made Him a
sacrifice to reconcile all humanity with their Creator.
There are different Christian denominations throughout the world.

C. Hinduism

Beliefs
The term “Hinduism” was coined as recently as the 19th century to cover a wide range
of ancient creeds, textual traditions, and religious groups. Hinduism is best understood as
a complete way of life, a path of sanctification, and discipline that leads to a higher level
of consciousness. Hindus revere a body of texts as sacred scriptures known as the Vedas.

D. Islam

Beliefs
Islam is an Arabic word which means willing submission to God. The root of the word
Islam comes from a word meaning peace and Muslims believe it is the way of peace as
laid down in the Quran or Koran. The Arabic word Allah means one God.

E. Judaism

Beliefs
The Jewish people believe themselves to be descended from a Semitic tribe that
originated in the land of Canaan in the Middle East. Jews believes of the coming of the
Messiah, the Savior. Study and interpretation of the Torah is an integral part of Jewish life.
Jewish food laws are highly complicated, prohibiting certain animals and shellfish.

Religious beliefs, rituals, practices, and customs are all part of the expression of the
spiritual self. Religious beliefs and practices therefore are formed relative to its context and
culture.

Another dimension to our spiritual life is finding meaning in our lives. One therapy which is
effective is logotherapy.

36
Logotherapy - Finding and Creating Meaning of Life

Logotherapy was created by Dr. Viktor Frankl (1905 – 1997), author of the bestseller
Man’s Search for Meaning. Frankl was a psychiatrist and neurologist who lived in Vienna and
who treated suicidal patients both before and after World War II. Logotherapy is a term
derived from “logos,” a Greek word that translates as “meaning,” and therapy, which is
defined as treatment of a condition, illness, or maladjustment.

As a Jew, Frankl was incarcerated in four different concentration camps during the
holocaust. One day some fellow prisoners wanted to run into the electric fence in order to kill
themselves. They felt there was nothing more they could expect from life. Frankl turned their
statement around and said, “Do not ask what you expect from life; ask what life expects from
you!”

Frankl understood that it is not suffering itself that causes despair. Rather,
if you feel you have nothing to give and no one to love, you have nothing to live
for!

Today, the evidence is overwhelming that having a sense of meaning and purpose
extends life. Human beings have higher aspirations. The rest of creation has energy and
emotion but does not contemplate itself. Yet, logotherapy is the only meaning-based and
values-based approach in existential psychology or psychology generally.
([Link]

Components of Franklian Philosophy

There are three main components that are at the heart of the Franklian philosophy:
1. Each person has a healthy core.
2. The primary focus is to enlighten a person to their own internal resources and provide
them with the tools to use their inner core.
3. Life offers you purpose and meaning; it does not owe you a sense of fulfillment or
happiness.

Logotherapy assumptions

All psychotherapies make philosophical assumptions about the human persons that
cannot be proved with certainty. Victor Frankl Insitute of Logotherapy (n.d.) states the
assumptions of logotherapy, which include the following:

1. The human being is an entity consisting of body, mind, and spirit. This first
assumption deals with the body (soma), mind (psyche), and spirit (noos). According to
Frankl, the body and mind are what we have and the spirit is what we are.

2. Life has meaning under all circumstances, even the most miserable . Assumption two is
“ultimate meaning.” This is difficult to grasp but it is something everyone experiences
and it represents an order in a world with laws that go beyond human laws.
3. People have a will to meaning. The third assumption is seen as our main motivation
for living and acting. When we see meaning, we are ready for any type of suffering.
This is considered to be different than our will to achieve power and pleasure.

37
 4. People have freedom under all circumstances to activate the will to find meaning.
Assumption four is that we are free to activate our will to find meaning, and this can
be done under any circumstances. This deals with change of attitudes about
unavoidable fate. Frankl was able to test the first four assumptions when he was
confined in the concentration camps.
5. Life has a demand quality to which people must respond if decisions are to be
meaningful. The fifth assumption, the meaning of the moment, is more practical in
daily living than ultimate meaning. Unlike ultimate meaning this meaning can be found
and fulfilled. This can be done by following the values of society or by following the
voice of our conscience.
6. The individual is unique. The sixth assumption deals with one’s sense of meaning. This
is enhanced by the realization that we are irreplaceable.

In essence, all humans are unique with an entity of body, mind, and spirit. We all go
through unique situations and are constantly looking to find meaning. We are free to do these
at all times in response to certain demands,

FINDING MEANING WITH LOGOTHERAPY

Popova (2017) discussed Victor Fankl’s work. There are three possible sources of the meaning
of life: purposeful work, courage in the face of difficulty, and love.

1. Purposeful work. To find the meaning of life starts with holding a future goal. Each
individual has each own future goal to achieve or a task to perform. That task or goal
to fulfill becomes the meaning of their life. Therefore, the meaning of life is unique to
every individual.

2. Courage in the face of difficulty. A meaningful life is a life full with suffering. Suffering
is inevitable part of life. To find meaning of life is to recognize suffering, pain, and
death as part of life and to have the courage to face these life difficulties.

Frankl believed that suffering is a part of life, and that man’s ultimate freedom
is his ability to choose how to respond to any set of given circumstances, even the
most painful ones. Additionally, people can find meaning in their lives by identifying
the unique roles that only they can fulfill. For example, when a man consulted with
Frankl due to severe depression following the death of his wife, Frankl asked him to
consider what would have happened if he had died first and his wife had been forced
to mourn his death. The man was able to recognize that his own suffering spared his
wife from having that experience, which served as a curative factor and helped relieve
his depression. ([Link]

3. Love. Popova (2007 quoted Dr. Frankl’s notes about his experience in the Nazi camp.):
“For hours I stood hacking at the icy ground. The guard passed by, insulting me, and
once again I communed with my beloved. More and more I felt that she was present,
that she was with me; I had the feeling that I was able to touch her, able to stretch
out my habd and grasp hers. The feeling was very strong: she was there. Then, at
that very moment, a bird flew down silently and perched just in front of me, on the
heap of soil which I had dug up from the ditch, and looked steadily at me.”

38
 Dr. Frankl’s wife, parents, and some relatives, were victims of gas chambers. His love
for his wife kept him fight for his life. Popova (2017) also quoted Dr. Frankl’s definition of
love: “Love is the only way to grasp another human being in the innermost core of his
personality. No one can become fully aware of the very essence of another human being
unless he loves him. By his love, he is enabled to see the essential traits and features in the
beloved person; and even more, he sees that which is potential in him… Furthermore, by his
love, the loving person enables the beloved person to actualize these potentialities. By making
him aware of what he can be and of what he should become, he makes these potentialities
come true.”

Costello (2015) captured Victor Frankl’s message: “The ultimate secret on the spiritual
foundation of life is that love is salvation and joy eternity.” The ultimate factor to find
meaning of life is love.

Frankl considers the transcendental power of love: “Love goes very far beyond the
physical person of the beloved.” Frankl contributes to history’s richest definition of love: Love
is the only way to grasp another human being in the innermost core of his
personality.

The world is currently in a state of tremendous suffering. Globally, humans are

desperate to make sense of the tragedy and psychological pain that is being experienced.
From this vantage point, the only way through it is with spirituality.

Our understanding of the meaning of life, the purpose we have within it, and the love
that we share for humanity must grow now more than it ever has in our lifetime. Stepping
fully into what matters for humans will aid us in survival and into lives that are flourishing.

With appreciation, love, self-compassion, gratitude, and kindness, we might have a

chance to shift into a state of improved wellbeing. Be responsible with your thoughts. Be
responsible with your emotions. Be responsible in the way you treat others.

Be well, and love the ones you can.

“The foundation of a person is not in matter but in spirit.”

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MISS - My Inner Soul and Spirituality
Answer the following questions:

1. How do you view your life at the moment? Is it good or bad? Why?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

2. When you are going through a difficult time, what is the first thing that goes through your
mind? Explain.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

3. Think of moments when you were having a serious problem, why do you think it happened
to you?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

4. Ask yourself this question: How am I of value to myself, to others, and to what I belive in?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

5. How does your belief of a higher being affect your life?

____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

6. What makes your life meaningful?

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

After answering these questions, think of one tagline that can capture all your responses
above. Write it in the box below:

40
Alata, E.J.P. et al (2018). Understanding the Self. : Quezon City: Rex Bookstore Inc.

Corpuz, R.M. et al (2019). Understanding the Self. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.

Macayan, J.V. et al (2019). Understanding the Self (Outcome-Based Module). Quezon City: C
& E Publishing, Inc.:

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

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 UNIT II: UNPACKING THE SELF
Lesson 6: The Digital Self
1 week or 3 hours

These days, more people are becoming active in using the Internet for research,
pleasure, business, communication, and other purposes. Indeed, the internet is of great help
for everyone. On the other hand, people assume different identities while in the cyberspace.
People act differently when they are online and offline.

As they say, in the internet, no one

knows who you actually are. The
information, activities, ideas and thoughts
that a person uploads on Facebook, or any
other social networking site represent how
he or she wants to be perceived in a virtual
space. The “self” that is presented online can
be regarded as one’s “extended self.” Belk
(1998) presented the concept of the
extended self twenty-five (25) years ago,
when the internet was still being developed.
Today, with the development of many
technologies, the possibilites of self-
extension have never been so extensive.

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. define online identity.

2. compare real identity versus online identity.
3. explain the importance of technology in one’s lives and how it impacts the self.
4. distinguish what types of information can be shared or not in social media.
5. discuss the proper way of demonstrating values and attitudes online.

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Three Facts, One Fiction

Construct four sentences that should start with “I am _______________________.” Three of

the four sentences should be true about yourself. You can talk about your characteristics,
strengths, weaknesses, accomplishments, personalities, and behavior. One statement should
be a lie - something that you just made up about yourself. Make the activity more fun by
making your teacher believe that the statement is true.

1. I am ____________________________________________________.

2. I am ____________________________________________________.

3. I am ____________________________________________________.

4. I am ____________________________________________________.

Answer the following questions:

1. What have you learned from the activity?

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

2. Applying the same activity in the virtual world or cyberworld, how do people portray
themselves online?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

3. What are the things that you would want to post/share online?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

4. What are the things you want others to share online?

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

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 Social media is defined as forms of electronic communication (such as websites for
social networking and microblogging) through which users create online communities to share
information, ideas, personal messages, and other content (such as videos) (Merriam
[Link]). It allows people to create other forms of self-expression via virtual
communities and networks.

Through the use of social media, people may act differently since the interaction in
social media do not happen face-to-face and there is no physical presence required. This is
called online disembodiment. With this people are less likely to display their “real selves” to
others especially to strangers.

What is Online Identity?

It is a social identity that an Internet user establishes in online communities and

websites. It can also be considered as an actively constructed presentation of oneself.

Up for some trivia?

The number of people who are becoming active online continues to
increase worldwide.
More than half the world now uses a smart phone.
Almost two-thirds of the world’s population now has a mobile
phone.
More than half of the world’s web traffic now comes from mobile
phones.
More than half of all mobile connections around the world are now
“broadband.”
More than one in five of the world’s population shopped online in
the past 30 days. This figure may have increased given the pandemic
and ECQ. But this only applies to those who have connectivity and
ample resources.
The Philippines is among one of the countries with the most active
Internet users.

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 In this age of digitalization, people may be prone to selective self-presentation. The
Internet and digital technologies present abundant opportunities for individuals to manage the
impressions they make on others. The ubiquitous nature of the Internet means that for most,
presenting the self to other individuals via the Internet is a common, usually daily activity
(Chris Fullwood, Oxford Handbook of Cyberpsychology, 2019). According to sociologist, Erving
Goffman, E. (1959) and psychologist, Mark R. Leary (1995), self-presentation is the “process
of controlling how one is perceived by other people”. Self-presentation includes behaviors
used for creating, modifying, and maintaining other people's impression about oneself. It is
the process of creating a digital artifact which is a carefully chosen representation or
expression of one’s real world self. This explains why our behavior can change if we notice we
are being watched/observed.

Self-presentation and privacy are displayed in different online contexts—from early

applications such as personal websites, multi-user dungeons, and chat rooms to social
networking sites (SNSs). Self-presentation is part of a broader set of behaviors called
impression management. Impression management refers to the controlled presentation of
information about all sorts of things, including information about other people or events. Self-
presentation refers specifically to information about the self. Impression management is a
conscious or subconscious process in which people attempt to influence the perceptions of
other people about a person, object or event. This leads us to an understanding that while
impression management is a broader concept, self-presentation is more specific in nature.

At first this was applied in face-to-face (FtF) communication or interaction; but today,
it’s applied in computer-mediated communication (CMC).

Having been born before 2012, our present college students belong to Generation Z and
possess the following characteristics:

1. Gen Zers are technologically advanced and knew how to use a smart phone from an
early age.
2. Gen Z representatives have never seen the world without the internet and thus have
affinity for texting and messaging on mobile apps or online platforms, sometimes even
over in-person, face-to-face communication.
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 3. Another characteristic of the Gen Z population is that they absorb tons of new
information every day. Gen Z kids spend several hours a day in social media or
searching the internet for information.
4. According to infographics by Upfront Analytics, Generation Z perceives information
visually, so marketing campaigns that are targeted at Gen Zers revolve around
storytelling, explainer videos, and other forms of visualization.
5. Being independent, self confident and autonomous are also some of the key
characteristics of Generation Z. They do not rely on their parents as much as previous
teen generations did. The reason is that the internet and technologies allow Gen Zers
to start earning money at much earlier age than their parents. (Retrieved from:
[Link]

Thus, you are digital natives. Somehow, there is a dichotomy between your real
identity and online identity. In an effort to construct positive image and create a good
impression in the digital world, we may gradually lose our real selves along the way.

This lead us to ponder on the following questions? Who are you online? Are you the
“real you” online? If not, who are you? Are you living in an insta-lie or reality? These are
questions worth pondering on as you spend a good amount of your time using different Apps.

The rise of social media has meant that we as a global population are more connected
than we have ever been in the history of time.

Social media platforms can have their benefits, however it can have a detrimental
effect on our physical and mental health. Using them too frequently can make you feel
increasingly unhappy and isolated in the long run.

Dr. Tim Bono, author of When Likes Aren’t Enough explained, “When we derive a
sense of worth based on how we are doing relative to others, we place our happiness in a
variable that is completely beyond our control.”

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In the likely circumstance that a young person finds the self depressed due to social media,
here are Ways to Combat Social Media Depression:

1. Watch your thoughts.

The first step to breaking the cycle of comparison is to become mindful of the
thoughts as they happen. When you find yourself scrolling through photos of other
people’s lives, be aware if there are thoughts coming into your mind that are negative,
either towards them or towards yourself and try to squash that feeling of inadequacy
we have inside.

2. Speak to others about the way you are feeling.

Open up to your friends and family about how you are feeling. This can seem
silly, but that’s all the more reason to say it out loud. Often in our minds, we make
things out to be a lot worse than they are in reality. So if you can mention to a friend
about feeling a bit crappy after seeing someone else’s tropical holiday online, you
might find they understand. Or even better they might remind you of the holiday you
went on not so long ago that you’d forgotten all about.

3. Focus on what you have.

Starting a gratitude practice is a wonderful way to remind yourself of the
fantastic things you have in your life NOW. Even if you don’t have a lot, there is
always something to be grateful for. Practicing gratitude does not need to be deep or
involved, you can be grateful for something as simple as the breath that flows in and
out of your body.

As digital natives, it is not surprising that even young children are exposed to gadgets,
mobile applications, and the internet. Their minds seemed to be attuned to the intricacies of
different gadgets and technological innovations, and most especially, the internet. The
internet primarily serves five major purposes: social interaction, information acquisition and
generation, and entertainment. As a result, your daily life is almost always dependent on the
functions of technology, especially the internet which provides people with a venue of
presenting their identities through social media platforms.

The advent of technology comes with a corresponding challenge: to ensure that

technology is used properly. This is the essence of digital citizenship, which refers to the
norms of appropriate and responsible behavior towards technology use. Digital citizenship is
anchored on three general principles: respecting, educating, and protecting oneself and
others. Technology is both a bane and a boon. On one hand, people’s way of life has been
made easier due to the convenience that technology brings. Communication is more efficient
and access to information is made easier. With the rapidly changing social environment,
people are likely to engulf in the different forms of technology. Digital citizenship serves the
purpose of regulating human behavior in a highly technological and digital world.

A major concern of living in the digital era is how technology shapes one’s sense of
self and identity. There is no doubt that the beliefs, value orientation, and behavior of
individuals especially those constantly exposed are heavily influenced by technology. One
concept that is related to the concept of the digital self is online disinhibition. It is defined as
the lack of restraint one feels when communicating online in comparison to communicating in
person. Some individuals lose their inhibition in social interactions because there is an aspect
of being present only in the virtual, a sort of anonymity. It provides a comfort zone for

47
individuals to communicate what they want to express, without censure and punishment. Is
this a good thing or a bad thing? It may depend on the context. Anonymity may serve as an
option for individuals who are naturally shy and introverted to express their thoughts, without
threat to their self-esteem. However, there are also cases when online disinhibition can be
harmful and negative, as seen in cases of cyberbullying. Anonymity can shield the identity of
the cyberbully. This is an example of how the digital world can influence the development of
the self and identity.

Nowadays, however, people are more inclined to show their own personalities via
online channels. The internet becomes a multi-media for showcasing personal traits, qualities,
and even experiences. The way one views himself or herself is expressed through the
worldwide web. Apart from social media, the use of internet-based applications on different
gadgets including mobile phones can be an indicator of the kind of person one is. The values
and beliefs he or she upholds are also expressed in his or her online behavior. Thus,
technology through the development of virtual spaces and communities accessible through
the internet, can be a basis of evaluating the consistency of the self. How identity is projected
in real-life can also be the same way with how one’s identity is projected on the internet. It
would be interesting to assess the difference between one’s attitudes in real-life settings and
online.

Boundaries of the self on-line

Belk (2013) explained that sharing ourselves is no longer new and has been practiced
as soon as human beings were formed but digital devices help us share more information
broadly, than ever before. For avid users of Facebook, their social media friends are more
updated about their daily activities than their immediate families. Diaries that were once
private are now posted as blogs.

Facebook and other social media applications are now a key part of self-presentation
for one sixth of humanity. As a result, researchers and participants become concerned with
actively managing identity and reputation and to warn against the phenomenon of
“oversharing”. Labrecque, Markos, and Mine (2011); Shepherd (2005); Suler (2002); Zimmer
and Hoffman (2011).

In addition to sharing the good things we experience, many of us also share the bad,
embarrassing, and “sinful” things we experience. We also react and comment on negative
experiences of others. Sometimes we empathize with people and also argue with others
online.

Consequently, we should have a filtering system to whatever information we share

online, as well as to what information we believe in, which are being shared or posted by
others online.

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Setting Boundaries to Your Online Self: Smart Sharing

The following guidelines help us share our selves online in a smart way that protects
ourselves and does not harm others. Before posting or sharing anything online, we should
consider the following questions:

 Is this post/story necessary?

 Is there a real benefit to this post–is it funny, warm-hearted, teachable–or am I just
making noise online without purpose?
 Have we (as a family or parent/child) resolved this issue? An issue that is still being
worked out at home, or one that is either vulnerable or highly emotional, should not
be made public.
 Is it appropriate? Does it say within the boundaries of our family values?
 Will this seem as funny in 5, 10, or 15 years? Or is this post better suited for sharing
with a small group of family members? Or maybe not at all?

GUIDELINES for PROPER SHARING

Here are additional guidelines for proper sharing of information and ethical use of the internet
(New 2014).

 Stick to safer sites.

 Guard your passwords.
 Limit what you share.
 Remember that anything you put online or post on a site is there forever, even if you
try to delete it.
 Do not be mean or embarrass other people online.
 Always tell if you see strange or bad online behavior.
 Be choosy about your online friends.
 Be patient.

What Not to Post Online

Below are some information, activities, thoughts, opinions, and feelings that must be kept
private or personal from the cyberspace.

1. Sexy or revealing pictures

These kind of photos should be kept in private for security reasons. Some
people may take advantage of these photos and spread them without the knowledge
of the original owner.

2. Pictures or videos showing private moments with loved ones

Even if sometimes people are too showy of their feelings towards their loved
ones, kissing and intimate moments and activities must be kept in private and should
not be divulged in online platforms.

49
3. Pictures or videos showing bad habits
Some examples of these pictures showing a person drinking liquor and being
intoxicated, smoking cigarettes, and gambling. It is indecent to brag and inform the
public about one’s vices, it only shows that one is too proud about his or her bad
habits and it definitely sets a bad example for other people present in the cyberspace.

4. Negative comments on another person’s attitudes

It is indecent to post negative comments and announce to the world what you
think of another person’s attitudes. It is unfair and damaging to another person’s
reputation. To some extent, it is unethical to criticize the person online for it open for
everyone else to see and can be posted without the knowledge of the person one is
referring to. This is considered crime of slander.

5. Posts announcing conflicts with other people

As the saying goes, “Do not wash dirty linen in public.” Conflicts with other
people cannot be resolved by posting about them online. The best way of resolving
these conflict is to face them - without any screens in between. Posting conflicts online
only heightens them.

6. Posts of the results of a particular competition with the names of defeated participants
While everyone has the right to brag about his or her achievement or success,
it is indecent to display and inform the world the failure of other people. It can be
damaging to people’s reputation and it can also impact their psychological well-being.

7. Comments showing strong opposition to certain issues

Any individual is free to express his or her ideas and opinions on a certain topic
or issue but sometimes it may offend other people or worst, it can even lead to
earning an enemy. While social media can be an avenue to express one’s view on
certain issues, there is no assurance that other people on social media will be open-
minded. Some social media users engage in bashing, name-calling, and other forms of
inappropriate behaviors because they feel at ease since they are only in virtual space.

8. Comments with foul, vulgar, indecent, and offensive words

Even if a negative comment was first thrown at you, it does not mean that it is
acceptable to counterattack through harsh words. A person’s response reflects who he
or she is and it has nothing to do with the one he or she is responding to.

9. Pictures or videos revealing one’s financial status

One must be careful in revealing anything about his or her fiancés for it may
put him or her at security risk.

10. Pictures or videos showing family trips

Posts revealing too much information about family gatherings may also pose
security risks for it may attract unwanted attention from criminals.

11. Pictures or videos displaying one doing good deeds

While doing good deeds can be a moment to be proud of, it is misleading to
take photos of such deeds for it tends to focus more on the doer of the good deed
instead of the deed itself.

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 12. Pictures or videos in hospitals
It is both unethical and illegal to take photos in hospitals. Whether it is just a
photo of a part of hospital or of a patient that is your relative, taking of photos in
hospitals is against the law.

13. Posts of every single thing you do

Social media is not a diary where you can write down every single thing that
happens to you everyday. People who announce in social media every detail of their
daily activities may show or tell the world that they lack self-esteem. Those who post
on social media everything they do seem to be looking for public approval or public
recognition which is a sign of low self-esteem.

Technology is here to stay. There is a need to adapt to the dynamic changes that
technology entails. For educators and learners, more and more software applications, learning
management systems, and other digital learning tools are being produced every day and
these are imbibed by students within the prescribed teaching styles and methodologies.
Technology offers limitless opportunities; its presence is inevitable. However, technology need
not control the society and the people’s lives. It should be complimentary to human needs
and behaviors. Technology shoud not define anyone. An individual must define himself or
herself based solely on his or her terms.

“Think before you click. If people do not know you personally and if they cannot see you as
you type, what you post online can be taken out of context if you are not careful in the way
your message is delivered.” - Germany Kent

1. Rank the following social media sites (Column A) and technology tools (Column B) that
you frequently use (1 = least used and 5 = most used). Write the ranking on the
space provided and answer the questions.

Column A Column B
Facebook Computer
Twitter Cellphones
Instagram Television
Messenger Radio
Viber Ipad/Tablet

1. How does social media and technology tools influence your daily life as a student and as a
member of your family?

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
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2. If you were to completely avoid the most frequently used social media in your life, how
would you feel? What would be its effect on your life?

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

3. If you were to completely avoid the most frequently used technology tool in your life, how
would you feel? What would be its effect on your life?

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

4. Are you a responsible netizen? Justify your answer.

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

Alata, E.J.P. et al (2018). Understanding the Self. : Quezon City: Rex Bookstore Inc.

Corpuz, R.M. et al (2019). Understanding the Self. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.

Macayan, J.V. et al (2019). Understanding the Self (Outcome-Based Module). Quezon City: C
& E Publishing, Inc.:

[Link]

[Link]
during-covid-19-lockdown/

[Link]

Merriam [Link] Retrieved on July 15, 2020

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