APPLICATION LAYER

The application layer is present at the top of the OSI model. It is the layer through
which users interact. It provides services to the user.

Application Layer Protocols :-

1. TELNET:
Telnet stands for the TELetype NETwork. It helps in terminal emulation. It allows
Telnet clients to access the resources of the Telnet server. It is used for managing files
on the internet. It is used for the initial setup of devices like switches. The telnet
command is a command that uses the Telnet protocol to communicate with a remote
device or system. Port number of telnet is 23.

2. FTP:
FTP stands for file transfer protocol. It is the protocol that actually lets us transfer
files. It can facilitate this between any two machines using it. But FTP is not just a
protocol but it is also a program. FTP promotes sharing of files via remote computers
with reliable and efficient data transfer. The Port number for FTP is 20 for data and 21
for control.
3. TFTP:
The Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) is the stripped-down, stock version of
FTP, but it’s the protocol of choice if you know exactly what you want and where to find
it. It’s a technology for transferring files between network devices and is a simplified
version of FTP. The Port number for TFTP is 69.
4. NFS:
It stands for a network file system. It allows remote hosts to mount file systems
over a network and interact with those file systems as though they are mounted locally.
This enables system administrators to consolidate resources onto centralized servers
on the network. The Port number for NFS is 2049.
5. SMTP:
It stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. It is a part of the TCP/IP protocol.
Using a process called “store and forward,” SMTP moves your email on and across
networks. It works closely with something called the Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) to send
your communication to the right computer and email inbox. The Port number for SMTP
is 25.
6. LPD:
It stands for Line Printer Daemon. It is designed for printer sharing. It is the part
that receives and processes the request. A “daemon” is a server or agent. The Port
number for LPD is 515.
7. X window:
It defines a protocol for the writing of graphical user interface–based client/server
applications. The idea is to allow a program, called a client, to run on one computer. It
is primarily used in networks of interconnected mainframes. Port number for X window
starts from 6000 and increases by 1 for each server.
8. SNMP:
It stands for Simple Network Management Protocol. It gathers data by polling the
devices on the network from a management station at fixed or random intervals,
requiring them to disclose certain information. It is a way that servers can share
information about their current state, and also a channel through which an administrate
can modify pre-defined values. The Port number of SNMP is 161(TCP) and 162(UDP).
9. DNS:
It stands for Domain Name System. Every time you use a domain name,
therefore, a DNS service must translate the name into the corresponding IP address.
For example, the domain name [Link] might translate to [Link].
The Port number for DNS is 53.

10. DHCP:
It stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). It gives IP addresses
to hosts. There is a lot of information a DHCP server can provide to a host when the
host is registering for an IP address with the DHCP server. Port number for DHCP is
67, 68.
11. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is used to transfer electronic mail from
one user to another. This task is done by means of email client software (User Agents)
the user is using. User Agents help the user to type and format the email and store it until
internet is available. When an email is submitted to send, the sending process is handled
by Message Transfer Agent which is normally comes inbuilt in email client software.
Message Transfer Agent uses SMTP to forward the email to another Message Transfer
Agent (Server side). While SMTP is used by end user to only send the emails, the Servers
normally use SMTP to send as well as receive emails. SMTP uses TCP port number 25
and 587.
Client software uses Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) or POP protocols to
receive emails.
12. Post Office Protocol (POP)
The Post Office Protocol version 3 (POP 3) is a simple mail retrieval protocol used
by User Agents (client email software) to retrieve mails from mail server.
When a client needs to retrieve mails from server, it opens a connection with the
server on TCP port 110. User can then access his mails and download them to the local
computer. POP3 works in two modes. The most common mode the delete mode, is to
delete the emails from remote server after they are downloaded to local machines. The
second mode, the keep mode, does not delete the email from mail server and gives the
user an option to access mails later on mail server.
13. Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
The Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the foundation of World Wide Web.
Hypertext is well organized documentation system which uses hyperlinks to link the pages
in the text documents. HTTP works on client server model. When a user wants to access
any HTTP page on the internet, the client machine at user end initiates a TCP connection
to server on port 80. When the server accepts the client request, the client is authorized
to access web pages.
To access the web pages, a client normally uses web browsers, who are
responsible for initiating, maintaining, and closing TCP connections. HTTP is a stateless
protocol, which means the Server maintains no information about earlier requests by
clients.
HTTP versions
• HTTP 1.0 uses non persistent HTTP. At most one object can be sent over a
single TCP connection.
• HTTP 1.1 uses persistent HTTP. In this version, multiple objects can be sent
over a single TCP connection.