LIFE PROCESSES
IMPORTANT LIFE PROCESSES
NUTRITION TRANSPORTATION EXCRETION
NUTRITION
Macronutrients(Carbohydrates, proteins and fats)
NUTRIENTS
micronutrients (Minerals and vitamins)
HOW DO LIVING THINGS GET THEIR FOOD?
AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION
The mode of nutrition in which an organism prepares its own food is called autotrophic nutrition.
Green plants and blue-green algae make their food by a process called photosynthesis.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
➢ The process by which plants in the presence of pigment, sunlight, water, and carbon diox to
form food and release oxygen is known as photosynthesis.
➢ The overall reaction occurring in photosynthesis is as follows:
PHOTOSYNTHESIS – Raw Material and Events
Chloroplast
It contains the main photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll and accessory pigments xanthophyll
and carotenoids.
Stomata
Gaseous exchange and transpiration (loss of water as water vapors) take place through ma inute
aperture on the surface of leaves called stomata. Stomata has a pore (stomata pore) guarded bybean
shape guard cells (regulate the opening and closing of stomata.
HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION
In this type of nutrition, organisms obtain their nutrient from other living organisms (parasites)
[Link] or dead and decaying objects (saprophytes e.g. Fungi like bread molds, yeast and
mushrooms.
HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ORGANS AND THEIR ROLES-
DENTAL CARIES (TOOTH DECAY)
It is caused due to acid produced by bacteria. In this enamel softens and may cause dental plaque
and cavities.
RESPIRATION
Keywords
Cytoplasm Fluid part within the cell
Mitochondria Site of energy production (the powerhouse of the cell)
Pyruvate The intermediate product of respiration
Ethanol A type of alcohol (C2H5OH)
ATP Adenosine triphosphate, an energy-rich compound
The process of Breaking complex organic material into a simpler form with the help ofenzymes is called
reparation.
Types of respiration and site
Type Definition Site
Aerobic respiration It occurs in the presence of oxygen Cytoplasm and Mitochondria
Anaerobic respiration It occurs in the absence of oxygen. Cytoplasm
Fermentation It is a type of anaerobic respiration Cytoplasm
occurs in a few microorganisms
PROCESS OF RESPIRATION
➢ Glucose is broken down into pyruvate in the cytoplasm of a the cell.
➢ In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate enters into mitochondria and completely oxidized
there to produce C2 and energy (ATP).
➢ In the absence of oxygen pyruvate partially decompose and form. Eg- Ethanol in yeast
(fermentation), b- Lactic acid in muscle cells
HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
(consists of the nostril, nasal passage, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles,
alveoli, diaphragm, and ribcage.)
TRANSPORTATION IN HUMAN BEINGS
Blood Connective tissue consists of RBC, WBC, Platelets and plasma.
Plasma The fluid portion of the blood
Systole Contraction of heart chambers
Diastole Relaxation of heart chambers
Double circulation Blood goes through the heart twice
Arteries Thick-walled. elastic, Carry blood away from heart to various organs
Veins Thin-walled, carry blood from different organs to the heart
Platelets Helps in blood clotting during an injury
Lymph / Tissue Fluid in intercellular space in the tissues. They carry digested and
fluid
Sphygmomanomet Measure blood pressure
er
HEART
TRANSPORTATION IN PLANTS
Stomata Gaseous exchange, Transportation (loss of water in form of vapor)
Xylem Water conduction channels composed of xylem tissue, vessels and tracheid
Transport water and mineral from root to aerial part (unidirectional)
Phloem Transport food from the leaves to other part (multidirectional).
EXCRETION
Excretion Removal of harmful metabolic wastes from
the body
Kidney Excretory organ of human
Nephron Structural and functional unit of kidney
Urinary bladder Store urine
Ureter Connect urinary bladder with kidney
Hemodialysis Artificial kidney, a device to remove
nitrogenous waste products (urea, uric acid)
from the blood.
EXCRETION IN HUMAN BEINGS
• Basic filtration units in kidneys are clusters ofthin-walledd capillaries. These are
associated with cup-like structure which collects the filtered urine.
• There is reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, salts, and water in tubules of nephrons.
• The concentrated urine enters into urinary bladder via the ureter and finally passes
outsidethe body through the urethra.
EXCRETION IN PLANTS
• Stomata play an important role as is the site for gaseous exchange and transpiration.
• Some waste products are released in form of resin, gums.
• Falling of leaves also helps in the removal of waste products.
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
1- What is the normal systolic and diastolic pressure in humans-
a- 120 mm Hg / 80 mm Hg
b- 80 mm Hg/ 120 mm Hg
c- 120 mm Hg/ 120 mm Hg
d- 80 mm Hg/80 mm Hg
Ans: a
2- By which apparatus we can measure blood pressure-
a- Barometer
b- Hygrometer
c- Ammeter
d- Sphygmomanometer
Ans: d
3- Which conducting tissue is responsible for multidirectional transport in plants-
a- Xylem
b- Phloem
c- Guard Cell
d- Parenchyma
Ans; b
4- Cuscuta is a special organism as it is-
a- Animal parasite
b- Plant parasite
c- Fungal parasite
d- Blue green algae and saprophyte
Ans: b
5- Nature of nutrition in fungi are-
a- Parasite
b- Autotrophs
c- Saprotrophs
d- Mixed autotrophs
ans: c
6- Which acid is formed in our muscles after vigorous
exercise? Ans: Lactic acid
7- How much energy is released when terminal phosphate linkage in ATP is broken
down?
Ans: 30.5 Kj/mol.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
8- What is holozoic nutrition? Give one example.
Ans: The nutrition that involves the taking in of solid or liquid particles of food which have to be further
broken down into simpler particles inside the organism. Example- Amoeba
9- What is the importance of nutrients?
Ans: i. Energy production
ii- growth and repair
iii- Protection from disease
10- Why do photosynthesis consider a photochemical reaction?
Ans: plants convert the energy of sunlight into stored chemical energy by forming carbohydrates
from atmospheric carbon dioxide and water and releasing molecular oxygen as a byproduct.
11- What is the role of the following in photosynthesis- i-Chloroplast ii- Water iii- CO2
Ans: Chloroplast trap the sunlight (radiation) Water undergoes photolysis to evolver oxygen CO2
reduces to form carbohydrates.
12- Write the similarity between the heart and phloem.
Ans: Both are conduction tissues. The heart is responsible for the conduction of blood while the phloem for food
in plants.
13- Mention the importance of Double circulation and Volves in the human heart.
Ans: Double circulation importance: helps keep oxygenated (blood rich in oxygen) separate from
deoxygenated (blood rich in carbon dioxide). This results in a more efficient circulation ofblood.
14- Specify the role of the conducting tissues in plants.
Ans: phloem is food-conducting tissue and xylem is water-conducting tissue.
Phloem transports food in many directions from leaves to other parts of plants like another leaf,
flower, stem, root, and storage part.
Xylem conducts water only in one direction from the root to the aerial parts of the plant.
15-What is saliva? State its role in the digestion of food.
Ans: Saliva contains salivary amylase enzymes that help digest the starches in our food.
An enzyme called amylase breaks down starches (complex carbohydrates) into sugars, which
your body can more easily absorb.
It helps in moistens the food for easy swallowing.
16- (a) What is the peristaltic movement?
(b) ‘Stomata remain closed in desert plants during daytime’. How do they do photosynthesis?
Ans: (a) The relaxation of gut muscles to move the partially digested food downwards throughout the
alimentary canal is called peristaltic movement.
(b) In desert plants, stomata open at night and take in carbon dioxide (CO2). Stomata remain closed
during the daytime to prevent the loss of water by transpiration. They store the CO2 in their cells until
the sun comes out so that they can carry on with photosynthesis during the daytime.
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
17- Differentiate the followings-
I. Vena cava and Aorta II- Pulmonary artery and Pulmonary vein III- Anaerobic respiration and
fermentation IV- Bronchi and bronchiole
Ans:
• Vena cava: carries deoxygenated blood from body parts to the heart
Aorta: carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body parts
• Pulmonary artery: carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs
Pulmonary vein: carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
• Anaerobic respiration: respiration without oxygen
Fermentation: respiration without oxygen in microorganisms
• Bronchi: extends from the trachea, have incomplete cartilage ring
Bronchioles: extended from bronchi
18-Draw a cross-section of the leaf and label the stomata. Also mention any two
roles of stomata in plants.
Ans: Fig 6.1, page 96, NCERT
19-Draw a labeled diagram of the structural and functional unit of the kidney.
Also, mention its role.
Ans: Fig: 6.14, page 111, NCERT
Filtration of blood, reabsorption, secretion and excretion of useful and harmful substances
present in the blood.
20-Give reasons:
i- Ventricles have thicker muscular walls than atria.
ii- The transport system in plants is slow.
iii- Blood circulation differs in aquatic vertebrates from that in terrestrial vertebrates.
iv- During the daytime, water and minerals travel faster through the xylem as compared to
thenight.
v-Veins have valves whereas arteries
do not. Ans:
(i) Ventricles pump blood into various organs with high pressure so they have thicker walls.
(ii) Plants are non-motile, less active, and require less energy so their cells do not need to be
supplied with materials so quickly.
(iii) The aquatic vertebrates like fish have gills to oxygenate blood. Fishes have single
circulation. Terrestrial vertebrates like birds and humans have four-chambered hearts and
show double circulation.
(iv) it is due to a high transpiration rate id day time.
(v) The lumen of veins has valves, which allow the blood in them to flow in only one direction.
Thus preventing the backflow of blood.
21- Describe the double circulation of blood in human beings. Why is it necessary?
Ans: In the human heart, blood passes through the heart twice in one cardiac cycle. This type of
circulation is called double circulation. Double circulation ensures complete segregation of
oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
It includes - Pulmonary circulation and Systemic circulation.
In Pulmonary circulation: The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood into the lungs where itis
oxygenated. The oxygenated blood is brought back to the left atrium, and from there it is pumped
into the left ventricle and finally, blood goes into the aorta for systemic circulation.
In Systemic circulation: The oxygenated blood is pumped to various parts of the body from the left
ventricle. The deoxygenated blood from different parts of the body passes through the vena cavato
reach the right atrium. The right atrium transfers the blood into the right ventricle.
22-Mention the location of four major glands associated with the digestive
system of humans and explain the function of each.
Ans:
i- Salivary Glands- There is three pairs of salivary glands (Parotid, submaxillary and sublingual)
that secrete saliva. Saliva moistens the food, disinfects food by lysozyme and digests starch by
salivary amylase.
ii-Gastric Glands- these are present inside the stomach. Gastric glands
secreteHCI- disinfect found od, provide an acidic medium for digestive
juices.
Pepsin - for partial digestion of proteins to form peptones and proteases
iii-Liver- secretes bile, which neutralizes the acidity of chyme and emulsifies fat.
iv-Pancreas- Lies in the loop of the duodenum below the stomach.
It secretes trypsin (digest protein), lipase (break down of fat)
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