Unit 2.

URBANISATION
I. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of
primary stress in each of the following questions.
1. A. agree B. interest C. prepare D. demand
2. A. urbanize B. develop C. labourer D. industry
3. A. request B. vital C. urban D. crucial
4. A. imperative B. desirable C. essential D. popular
5. A. urbanize B. develop C. continue D. proposal
II. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three
in pronunciation in each of the following questions.
1. A. here B. fear C. clear D. where
2. A. hello B. below C. alone D. come
3. A. poor B. sure C. tour D. pure
4. A. how B. shout C. low D. count
5. A. play B. train C. nation D. urban
III. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined
word(s) in each of the following questions.
1. The organization's long-term goal is to gain a strong position in the European market.
A. short-sighted B. short-term C. short-handed D. short-tempered
2. The number of young people finding a part-time job in big cities has fluctuated over the past five years.
A. increased B. decreased C. levelled out D. fell
3. More and more people are migrating to urban areas to look for better job opportunities.
A. crowded B. quiet C. rural D. spacious
4. Urbanization has resulted in massive problems besides the benefits.
A. major B. serious C. few D. minor
5. Overpopulation in big cities has severely affected the air and water quality.
A. seriously B. insignificantly C. largely D. commonly
IV. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
1. It is desirable that the hotel manager ____ to call the maintenance staff every 6 months to clean up the air
conditioners.
A. remember B. will remember C. must remember D. remembers
2. The Principal demanded that the heaters ____ immediately. Winter is coming!
A. are repaired B. be repaired C. were repaired D. repair
3. It's vital that the government ____ more on environmental issues.
A. focuses B. must focus C. should be focused D. focus
4. The boss insisted that Sam ____ at the meeting as he is too talkative for such a confidential project.
A. not be B. isn't C. was D. is
5. The fans proposed that they ____ there when G-Dragon gets off the plane.
A. be standing B. stood C. should have stood D. were standing
6. It is recommended that the candidate ____ take as many IELTS mock tests as possible before going for the
real exam, which cost nearly $250.
A. takes B. should take C. must take D. will take
7. The board of executives requested every employee ____ to the meeting this weekend.
A. to come B. comes C. come stem D. must comedy
8. We suggested that you ____ to the organization.
A. be admitted B. admitted C. admit D. are admitted
9. It is imperative that you ____ ready when the car comes for you.
 A. be B. will be C. getting D. are already
10. Olga recommends that his brother ____ the job without reading the work contract thoroughly.
A. should take B. can take on C. take D. not take
11. The doctor advised that the man ____ to a private room.
A. should transfer B. be transferred C. transfer D. must be transferred
12. The lawyer was insistent that the contract ____ in the presence of all the parties concerned.
A. sign B. should be signed C. must be signed D. were signed
13. These days, most young people would like to look for ____ the jobs rather than secure ones.
A. long-term B. well-paid C. fast-growing D. long-lasting
14. More and more people are moving to live in the city in search of better ____ prospects.
A. occupation B. job C. career D. work
15. People migrate to urban areas on a massive ____ for many reasons.
A. scale B. level C. extent D. number
16. The rural areas are said to suffer from the lack of natural resources as well as ____ weather conditions.
A. rigid B. extreme C. poor D. worsened
17. In some urban areas, it is reported that the population almost ____.
A. doubles B. twice C. two times D. twofold
18. If listeners are overloaded with too much information, they tend to ____.
A. turn off B. see off C. switch off D. take off
19. Loyalty is key to a ____ relationship.
A. long-lasting B. deep-rooted C. short-term D. far-sighted
20. People should be tolerant of other cultures; they should be more ____.
A. half-hearted B. light-hearted C. open-minded D. single-minded
21. There have been several in-depth and ____ talks on urbanization and its effects delivered in the university
hall.
A. thoughtless B. unthinkable C. thought-provoking D. thought-raising
22. To test his theory, the chemist ____ an experiment.
A. set up B. set out C. set forth D. set in
23. The manager threw a party ____ the group of computer experts from the United States.
A. in honour of B. in favour of C. in welcome of D. in celebration of
24. X: “I saw a film about Africa on TV several weeks ago. It's really hot there, isn't it?"
Y: “____”
A. Certainly not. B. I've been there. C. Not all the time. D. Next month.
25. X: "How did your father go to France? By plane or by ship?"
Y: “____”
A. I don't know. B. Why not? C. To Paris. D. To go sightseeing.
26. We have discussed this problem at some ____, but have not found out the solution.
A. time B. energy C. length D . distance
27. I met ____ that I decided to book the room right away.
A. such nice receptionist B. so nice a receptionist
C. a nice receptionist D. a receptionist so nice
28. ____ get older, the games they play become increasingly complex.
A. Children B. Children, when they C. As children D. For children to
29. Rarely ____ last longer than an hour.
A. do tornados B. tornados C. tornados that D. tornados do
30. Your picture is ____ to the picture in my bedroom.
A. same B. identical C. familiar D. resembling
V. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct word or phrase
that best fits each of the numbered blanks.
New technology helped cities grow. Elevated trains carried passengers over (1) ____ streets. In 1887, the
first (2) ____ streetcar system opened in Richmond, Virginia. Ten years later, the nation's first electric subway
trains began running beneath the streets of Boston.
Public transportation gave (3) ____ to suburbs, living areas on the outskirts of a city. People no longer
had to live in cities to work in cities. Steel bridges also (4) ____ suburban growth. The Brooklyn Bridge,
completed in 1883, (5) ____ the city centre in Manhattan to outlying Brooklyn. As a result, New York City was
able to spread out to house its growing population.
Cities began to (6) ____ upward as well as outward. In 1885, architects in Chicago constructed the first
10-story building. People called it a “skyscraper” because its top seemed to touch the sky. By 1900, (7) ____
skyscrapers up to 30 stories high towered over cities. Electric elevators whisked office workers to the upper
floors.
As cities grew outward from their old downtown sections, living patterns changed. Many cities took on a
(8) ____ shape. Poor families crowded (9) ____ the oldest sections at the city's center. Middle-class people lived
farther out in row houses or new apartment buildings. The rich built fine homes on the (10) ____ of the city.
1. A. filled B. crowded C. crammed D. packed
2. A. electronic B. electrified C. electrocuted D. electric
3. A. rise B. raise C. place D. way
4. A. sped B. urged C. discouraged D. accelerated
5. A. related B. associated C. connected D. linked
6. A. expand B. extent C. lengthen D. widen
7. A. steel-framed B. steel-framing C. frame-steeled D. frame-steeling
8. A. alike B. same C. similar D. close
9. A. out of B. into C. at D. with
10. A. suburbs B. corners C. banks D. outskirts
VI. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of
the questions.
If “suburb” means an urban margin that grows more rapidly than its already developed interior, the
process of suburbanization began during the emergence of the industrial city in the second quarter of the
nineteenth century. Before that period the city was a small highly compact cluster in which people moved about
on foot and goods were conveyed by horse and cart. But the early factories built in the 1830s 1840s were
located along waterways and near railheads at the edges of cities, and housing was needed for the thousands of
people drawn by the prospect of employment. In time, the factories were surrounded by proliferating mill towns
of apartments and row houses that abutted the older, main cities. As a defence against this encroachment and to
enlarge their tax bases, the cities appropriated their industrial neighbours. In 1854, for example, the city of
Philadelphia annexed most of Philadelphia County. Similar municipal maneuvers took place in Chicago and in
New York. Indeed, most great cities of the United States achieved such status only by incorporating the
communities along their borders.
With the acceleration of industrial growth came acute urban crowding and accompanying social stress
conditions that began to approach disastrous proportions when, in 1888, the first commercially successful
electric traction line was developed. Within a few years, the horse-drawn trolleys were retired and electric
streetcar networks crisscrossed and connected every major urban area, fostering a wave of suburbanization that
transformed the compact industrial city into a dispersed metropolis. This first phase of mass-scale
suburbanization was reinforced by the simultaneous emergence of the urban Middle class whose desires for
homeownership in neighbourhoods far from the ageing inner city were satisfied by the developers of single-
family housing tracts.
1. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
 A. The growth of Philadelphia B. The Origin of the Suburb
C. The Development of City Transportation D. The Rise of the Urban Middle Class
2. The author mentions that areas bordering the cities have grown during periods of ____.
A. industrialization B. inflation C. revitalization D. unionization
3. The word "encroachment" is closest in meaning to ____.
A. the smell of the factories B. the growth of mill towns
C. the development of waterways D. the loss of jobs
4. Which of the following was NOT mentioned in the passage as a factor in nineteenth-century suburbanization?
A. Cheaper housing B. Urban crowding
C. The advent of an urban middle class D. The invention of the electric streetcar
5. It can be inferred from the passage that after 1890 most people travelled around cities by ____.
A. automobile B. cart C. horse-drawn trolley D. electric streetcar
VII. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each
of the questions.
In 1860 the United States was predominantly rural. Most people were engaged in agriculture, and about
80 percent of the population actually resided on farms or in small villages. Only 20 percent lived in towns and
cities of 2,500 or more, the census definition of an urban area after 1880. New York alone in 1860 had more
than 1 million people, and only 8 cities could boast about a population of more than 100,000. Thereafter the
transition from a rural to a predominantly urban nation was especially remarkable because of its speed. By 1900,
urbanization, with all of its benefits, problems, and prospects for a fuller life, became the mark of modern
America.
The changing physical landscape reflected the shift to an urbanized society. Railroad terminals,
factories, skyscrapers, apartment houses, streetcars, electric engines, department stores, and the increased pace
of life were all signs of an emerging urban America. Indeed, the vitality, dynamic quality, variety, and restless
experimentalism in society centred in the urban communities where the only constant factor was changing itself.
Urbanization did not proceed uniformly throughout the nation. New England and the Middle Atlantic
states contained the highest percentage of city dwellers. In the Middle West, the growth of cities such as
Chicago, Milwaukee, Cleveland, and St. Louis showed the importance of urbanization in that region. The three
West Coast states also experienced rapid urban growth. In the South, urbanization developed much more
slowly, although by 1910 the expansion of transportation, commerce, and industry had greatly increased the
population of older cities such as New Orleans and stimulated the growth of new urban centers such as
Birmingham. However, the South remained predominantly rural. Only somewhat more than 20 percent of the
population in that region was urban by 1910.
In some regions, the urban impact had a depressing effect upon the surrounding rural communities.
Much of New England in the late nineteenth century presented a discouraging picture of abandoned farms and
sickly villages as people forsook the countryside and rushed to the larger towns and cities. In the Middle West,
particularly Ohio and Illinois, hundreds of townships lost population in the 1880s.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. The benefits brought about by urbanization in the 1800s
B. The population of large urban areas in the 1800s
C. The problems associated with urban areas in the United States
D. The history of the urbanization of the United States
2. According to the passage, which of the following was the census definition of an urban area after 1880?
A. An area with a population that had recently increased by 20 percent
B. A city with a population of 1 million or more people
C. A town or city with a population of at least 2,500
D. An area or region with a population of at least 100,000
3. It is implied in paragraph 1 that people were attracted to urban because of ____.
 A. the existence of public transportation B. the possibility for a fuller life
C. the lack of agricultural work D. the availability of housing
4. The word "shift" in the passage is closest in meaning to ____.
A. position B. resource C. change D. returns
5. Which of the following are mentioned in the passage as a sign of urbanized society in the United States in the
late 1800s?
A. Streetcars B. Schools C. Cultural activities D. Roads and highways
6. In paragraph 2, life in urban communities is characterized as ____.
A. dangerous B. competitive C. increasingly expensive D. constantly changing
7. Which of the following areas of the United States can be inferred to be the most urbanized at the end of the
1800s?
A. The states in the Middle West B. The three states on the West Coast
C. The New England and the Middle Atlantic states D. The states in the South
8. The author's main purpose in paragraph 4 is to ____.
A. establish that urban areas were important in contributing to the economic growth of the United States
B. demonstrate that the population of the United States increased dramatically during the late nineteenth
century
C. prove that the Middle West was the most adversely affected by large shifts in population
D. knowledge that urbanization had a negative impact on some communities in the United States
9. The word "forsook" in the passage is closest in meaning to ____.
A. left B. forewarned C . used D. populated
10. Which of the following does the passage support?
A. The percentage of the population of the United States engaged in agriculture decreased between 1860
and 1900.
B. The economic factors that caused large population shifts in the 1800's were unique to the United
States.
C. The changing physical landscape that resulted from urbanization created more disadvantages than
advantages.
D. The number of people who lived in the southern region of the United States in 1900 was significantly
less than in 1860.
VIII. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the
following questions.
1. Some managers require that the secretary is responsible for writing all reports as well as for balancing the
A B C D
books. be
2. It is essential that cancer is diagnosed and treated as early as possible in order to assure a successful cure.
A B be diagnosed C D
3. It was suggested that Oscar studies the material more carefully before attempting to pass the exam.
A B should study C D
4. It is imperative that a graduate student maintains a grade point average of “B” in his major field.
A B should maintain C D
5. It is necessary that one met with a judge before signing the final documents for a divorce.
A B meet C D
6. The famous Jim Thorpe won both the pantaloon or decathlon in the 1912 Olympic Games.
A B C and D
7. Knowledges about cultures provides insights into the learned behaviours of groups.
A Knowledge B C D
8. The most bulkiest of the poisonous snakes is the diamond backed rattler, which reaches 8 feet 8 inches long.
bulkiest
 A B C D
9. Trees are designed as neither hardwoods or softwoods.
A B C either D
10. Copper was the first metal used by man and is still of strong demand because it is a good conductor of
A B C D
electricity. in
IX. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the
following questions.
1. How about having these exercises finished before playing games?
A. I suggest you play games before finishing these exercise.
B. I suggest these exercises be finished before we play games.
C. Let's play games before having these exercises finished.
D. Why not finish these exercises after playing games?
2. Because the weather was nice, we decided to go on a camping trip.
A. Because of the nice weather, we decide to go on a camping trip.
B. It was such nice weather that we decided to go on a camping trip.
C. In spite of the nice weather, we decided to go on a camping trip.
D. The weather was too nice for us to go on a camping trip.
3. Although he felt very sleepy, he tried hard to finish the exercises.
A. Sleepy as he feels, he tries hard to finish the excises.
B. He felt so sleepy that he tried hard to finish the exercises.
C. He felt very sleepy, but he tried hard to finish the exercises.
D. He tried hard to finish the exercises, which made him feel sleepy.
4. Because his parents encouraged him a lot, he passed all the exams.
A. If his parents did not encourage him a lot, he wouldn't pass all the exams.
B. Had it not been for his parents' encouragement, he wouldn't have failed all the exams.
C. Thanks to his parents' encouragement, he passed all the exams.
D. If his parents had encouraged him a lot, he would have failed all the exams.
5. "Do you still remember Darin, our childhood friend?" Mary asked me.
A. Mary asked me to remember Darin, our childhood friend.
B. Mary reminded me of our childhood friend, Darin.
C. Mary wanted to know if Darin, our childhood friend, still remembered me.
D. Mary asked me whether I still remembered Darin, our childhood friend.
X. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the sentence that best combines each pair of sentences in the
following questions.
1. Şunny Hills is close to public transportation. Sea View is near a beautiful park.
A. Sunny Hills is close to public transportation, so Sea View is near a beautiful park.
B. Sunny Hills is close to public transportation, but Sea View is near a beautiful park.
C. Sunny Hills is close to public transportation, for Sea View is near a beautiful park.
D. Sunny Hills is close to public transportation, or Sea View is near a beautiful park.
2. I haven't got any milk left. I must go and buy some.
A. I haven't got any milk left, but I must go and buy some.
B. I haven't got any milk left, or I must go and buy some.
C. I haven't got any milk left, for I must go and buy some.
D. I haven't got any milk left, so I must go and buy some.
3. We couldn't get a seat. We arrived quite early.
A. Because we arrived quite early, we couldn't get a seat.
B. If we had arrived early, we could have got a seat.
 C. Although we arrived quite early, we couldn't get a seat.
D. We arrived too early to get a seat.
4. Many airlines are offering discount tickets for flights. More people are flying for weekend trips to scenic
cities.
A. If many airlines are offering discount tickets for flights, more people will be flying for weekend trips
to scenic cities.
B. Although many airlines are offering discount tickets for flights, more people are flying for weekend
trips to scenic cities.
C. As many airlines are offering discount tickets for flights, more people are flying for weekend trips to
scenic cities.
D. Many airlines are offering discount tickets for flights, or more people are flying for weekend trips to
scenic cities.
5. Minh had a terrible headache. He went to school.
A. If Minh hadn't had a terrible headache, he would have gone to school.
B. Because Minh had a terrible headache, he went to school.
C. Minh had a too terrible headache to go to school.
D. Despite having a terrible headache, Minh went to school.