Chapter 4 QUADRATIC EQUATION QUADRATIC EQUATION A Quadratic Equation in| x is an equation that can be written in the form of ax’+bx+c = 0; where a,b,c are real numbers and a ¥ 0, for example x’ Ix+10 = 0; b=-7, c= 10 x = 4; a= 1, b=0, c=-4 Another name for a quadratic equation in x is 2" degree polynomial. There are three basic techniques for solving a quadratic equation. (By Factorization (ii) By Completing Squares (ii) By Applying the Quadratic Formula EXERCISE 4.1 Solve the following equation by factorization: QI 3x’ +4x+1=0 n: 3x 44xt1 = 0 => 3x’ 43x4x4+1 =0 > 3x(x+1D+1(x+1) =0 > GxtN@atl=0 Either or xxt1=0 x=-1Q2 x+7x+12=0 (Lahore Board 2007) Solution: x 47x412 = 0 => 44x43x412=0 => x(k +4) 430044) = 0 => x(x+4)+(x+3) = 0 Either x+4=0 or x+3=0 x=-4 x=-3 Hence the solution set = {~4, ~ 3} Q3 9x’-12x-5 = 0 Solution: 9x°-12x-5 = 0 9x? 15x +3x-5 = 0 3x (3x —5) +1 Gx—5) = 0 (3x —5)Gx+1) = 0 Either 3x-5 = 0 or UVouUUUNY Hence the solution set = -x=2 x pO & wn 2 5 = xx =2 P-x-2=0 x?2n4+x-2 = X(x—2)+ 1 (x— (&-2«+1) =0 Hither x-2=0 or x+1=0 x=2, x=-l Hence the solution set = {-I, 2} 5 x(X+7) = (2x-1) (x +4) (Lahore Board 2011) Solution: X(x+7) = 2x-D)(x+4) x4 7x = 2x74 8x—x—4 2x? + 8x-x-4-x7-7x = 0 x-4=0 ()-QP =0 (x +2)(x-2) = 0 Either x+2=0 or x-2=0 x=-2, x=2 Hence the solution set = {~2, 2} UUUUUY © UUUYUUYx xtl 5 Q6 xett x =23 x#-1,0 Solution: x x#1 5 lg 2 Hel 5 = x(x+l) 72 4x? + 2x41 > > > 50° +x) = 22x 42x41) = 5x°45x = 4x? 4+ dx 42 > > > > > (K+27(K-1N =0 => Either x#2=0 or x-1=0 > x=- or x= Hence the solution set = {~2, 1} i 2 1 QT) satygo = xass ¥ #7-1-2,-5 Solution: 1 Sata. rl xe2 245 X#24+2(xt+1)_ _7 2 (e+ D(K+2) 7x45 x+2+2x4+2 7 Axetete eae 42 x45 3x+4 1 > az - x +3x4+2 x+5 = 700° 43x +2) = (X45) GK 44)Tx + 21x 414 “+ 4x + 15x +20 > => 1x4 21x + 14 —3x? dx — 15x20 = 0 => 4x°+2x-6 = 0 => 2(2x*+x-3)=0 > Ww 4x-3=0 => 2? 43x-2x-3 = 0 => — xQx+3)-1@x+3) =0 => Oxt3)@-)=0 > Either 2x+3=0 or x-1=0 = =1 > eone X* arb a b ees a=b(ax—1) | b=a(bx=1) > eS = 0 ax-1 bx-1 > => (a+b wo atm bx —14ax—1 een ao ax+bx—2 = atb-abo| | — > (a+b aby x + bx —2 (ax = 1) (bx = 1) ~ > Either a+b-—abx = 0 or 0 (Lahore Board 2008)=> abx = a+b or ax+bx-2=0 > x= att or x(atb)-2 = 0 x(at+b) = 2 2 = a+b Hence the solution set 1b } Solve the following equations by completing the square: Q9 x°-2x-899 = 0 (Lahore Board 2007) Solution: x?—2x-899 = 0 > 2x = 899 avn add (3) = (1)? on both sides => 2x41? = 8994(1)7 = (x-Ij’ = 900 = (f= (60) = (x-1) = £30 = Either x-1=30 or x-1 = ~30 > x=31 or x = -29 Hence the solution set = {-29, 31} Q.10 x7 +4x-1085 = 0 Solution: x? +4x— 1085 = 0 => x +4x = 1085 add (3) = (2) to both sides => x7 44x 4(2)? = 1085+ (2) => (+2)? = 1089 => (x+2)" = G3?U Xte > Either x+2 = 3 or a 31 or Hence the solution set = {-3 Q.11 x? +6x—567 = 0 Solution: x’ + 6x-567 = 0 => 46x = 567 6) _ at add (8) = (3) to both sides. > x4 6x +(3) = 5674+(3)° => (x+3)* = 567 => (x+3)y = aay > x+3=40 => Either x4+3=24 or x43 =—24 > x= 21 ox = -27 Hence the solution set = {~ 27,21} Q.12 x*-3x-648 = 0 Solution: x 3x-648 = 0 => x7-3x = 648 3y add @) to both sidesx-3 247 3 Eith a oo = Either x5 or x5 > or x= > x or x= 24 Hence the solution set = (~ 24, 27) Q.13 x*-x-1806 = 0 Solution: => > > > => > x > x 84 > xa-F 2-42 Hence the solution set = {— 42, 43} Q.14 2x7 +12x-110 = 0 Solution: 2x? + 12x—110 = 0=> 2 (x +6x—55) x? +6x—55 = 0 S > xX +6x = 55 Oya add (8) = (3)° to both sides > ¢+6x 403) = 55+) => 55+9 > 64 > (x43) = (8) > (+3) =48 => Biter x43=8 of x4+3=-8 x= or Hence the solution set = {—11, 5} Find roots of the following equations by using quadratic formula. Q15 5x’-13x+6 = 0 Solutio S5x°-13x+6 = 0 Comparing with ax7+bx +c = 0, wehave a= 5, b= —-13, So using a=btybi-dac | = 13) $V 13)" -4 5) 6) =a 2a 7 2(5) _ 13+ ¥169-120 _ 13+J49 1347 7 10 ~ 10 10 aoe eel ; 13-7 > Either x = 10 or x= 19 2 = > x= 75 or x=75 > x=2 ox Hence the solution set =Q16 4x°+7x-1=0 c Solution: ax? +7x-1 = 0 Comparing with ax? + bx + So using _ = btyfb? —4ac os 2a _ -7+Var-4Hen — 2(4) 7 => Either x = =1s65 or Hence the solution set = i 0, wehave a = 4, nr Q.17_ 15x? + 2ax—a? = 0 Solution: 15x? + 2ax—a? = 0 Comparing with ax? +bx +c = 0, wehave a = 15 So using _ =btyb" LS 2a _ = 2atyf@ay—4 15) Ca’) o 2(15) _ x 2azV4a™+ 60a _ —2at 64a _ -2a+ 8a = 30 = 30 = 30 : 2a + 8: 2a~ 82 > Either x = =e or =e 6 = 10a = 220 o 30 3 a => x=5 or 5 Hence the solution set = { - 2 3 wile b=7, _ 7449416 _ 7465 8 8Q18 16x" +8x+1 = 0 Solution: 16x? +8x+1 = 0 Comparing with ax’ +bx+c = 0, wehave a= 16, b=8 c= So using =b +b —4ac = 2a _ =8+Vi8"-401 0) _ -8+ 64-64 820-8 = 2 (16) 7 32 ~ 32 32 pw > xs-] 1 Hence the solution set = { 4 } Q.19 (x—a) (x—b) + (x—b) (x—c) + (x—c) (x—a) = 0 Solution: (x—a) (X—b) + (K—b) (x—¢) #(X—€) (Xa) = 0 > x” — bx —ax + ab +x" — cx —bx + be +x" — ax —cx tac = 0 3x? — 2ax — 2bx — 2cx +ab + be +ac = 0 u => 3x°—2(a+bt+e)x+ab+be+ac = 0 Comparing with ax? + bx +¢ = 0, we have a=3, b=—2(at+b+0), c=ab+be tac So using bb? —4ac 2a 2atb+o)+ V4 (a+b+c) —4 (3) (ab + be + ac) 2(3) 2at+b+c)+ V4 (ao +b" +7 + Zab + 2be + ac) — 12 (ab + be + ac) 6 at b to) + 24a" + 4b" + de” + Bab + Bbe + Bac — 12ab— 12be ~ 12ac 6 2(atb+c)+ 4a" + 4b" + 4c" — 6 hab — 4be — dac_ 2@+b+c)+2ya" +b’ +c" —ab—be ~ac 6 _ atbtety a7 +b +c — ab— be —ac 3 asbscayet bite ab—be—se| Hence the solution set = { 3 Q.20 (a+b)x?+(a+2b+e)x+b+e = 0 Solution: (atb) x? +(a+2b+e)x+b+e = 0 Comparing with ax’ + bx +¢ = 0, wehave a= a+b, b=a+2b+e, c=bte So using x > Hither x = or x= Hence the solution set = _ x(a 2b+ =b yb" —dac 2a =(at 2b +c) + Vat 2b +c) —4 (at b) (b+) 2 (a+b) = (a+ 2b +0) fa’ + 4b" +c + dab + Abe + 2ac — dab — 4ac— 4b" — 4be 2 (a+b) =(a+2b +0) + Ya" +07 —2ac 2 (a+b) _ = (a+2+0+Va—-— 2(a+b) +b) =(at+2b+e)+(a-c) =(a+ 2b +0)~(a~c) 2(a+b) 2(a+b) _ -a-2b-c+a-c _ -a-2b-c-ate =" 2(atb) os . 2 (a+b) =2b-2¢ = 2(atb) al - _ =2(b+e) = 2(atb) _ bre = aed or or =-1SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS REDUCIBLE TO THE QUADRATIC EQUATION There are certain types of equations, which do not look to be of degree 2, but they can be reduced to the quadratic form. Type I ‘The equations of the form ax”" + bx"+c = 0; a 4 0. Put x" = y and get the given equation reduced to quadratic equation in_y. Type I The equations of the form (x + a) (x + b) (x +c) (x+d) = K where a+b = c+d. Type III: EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS Equations in which variable occurs in exponent are called exponential equations. For example 2”*—3.2°*7 +32 = 0. Type IV: RECIPROCAL EQUATIONS . . : 1: . An equation, which remains unchanged when x is replaced by 5, is called a reciprocal xample x'—3x)+4x?—3x+1 = 0 EXERCISE 4.2 Solve the following equations: Qi xt'-6x7 +8 = 0. Solution: equation, For x'- 6x7 +8 = 0 Put x° = = y(y-4)-2(y-4) = 0 > (y-4)(y-2) = 0 = Either y—4 or > y=4 or When y = 2 equation (1) becomes > when y = 4 equation (1) becomes x =4 > x=+2 Hence the solution set = { +2, +2}(Gujranwala Board 2007, Lahore Board 2010) => (x')-3x'-10=0 Purx!=y > 3y-10 = 0 => —Sy+2y-10 =0 > y(y-5)+2(y-5) = 0 => (y-S)(y+2)=0 => Either y-5=0 of y+2=0 > a. or oy =-2 when y = 5 equation (1) becomes er =5 1 a ee) 1 > x55 when y = —2 equation (1) becomes x'=-2 > ad y(y-8)-I(y-8) =0= Y-SY-H=0 = Either y-8=0 or y-l=0 > y=8 oe when y = 8, equation (1) becomes x =8 > x-8=0 > (w-@y=0 => (x-2)(7 42x44) = 0 => Either x-2=0 or x°42x44=0 _ _ -2+Veyr-40) 4) > x=2 or x= 2() _ -2+ 4-16 = 2 _ -24y-R . 2 = -12¥53 when y = 1 equation (1) becomes wel = (wc) =0 > (K-D@ xt =0 =} Either x—-1 = 0 or -1+y3 Hence the solationset= | 1,2, 2 13] Q4 8x°-19x3-27 = 0 Solution: 8x°— 19x27 = 0 => 8) 19x7-27 = 0 Purse = yo teeaee (a) => by’-19y-27=08y —27y +8y-27 = 0 y (8y 27) +1 (8y—27) = 0 (8y-27) (y+ 1) = 0 Either 8y-27=0 or y+1=0 27 $1 vdupy y 27 when y = — equation (1) becomes 27 va QG = ss 27 = 827750 xy = 0 (2x3) (4x? + 6x +9) = 0 => Bither 2x-3=0 or 4x +6x+9=0 u u =6+y(6) = 4 (4) (9) > Oo. xo oe 3 _ -6+ 36-144 > x= 3 = 8 _ 6+ 108 8 ~6+6y-3 7 8 -3+3y-3 ~ 4 when y = —1 equation (1) becomes x I 3 > x41=0 > (kt D(CP-x+D = 0 = Hitter x¢7-0 or wt KEI =0 | _ ieVen-4Mm > =- ox = oa liV1-4 14-3 > = ao ae 1lty3 sane} 4 Hence the solution set =Q5 xP +8 = 6x” Solution: 2s oon a) => => y-4y-2y+8=0 => yly-4)-2-4) = 0 — (y¥-4) (y-2) = 0 => ithe y-4=0 or > ys4 or when y = 4 equation (1) becomes Sod > xa (4 > x = 1024 when y = 2 equation (1) becomes x8 9 Hence the solution set = {32, 1024} Q6 (xt 1) (x +2) (x43) (x44) = 24 Solution: (+ D(K+2%+39(K4+4 = As 144=243 = we combine Lx + 1) (x + 4)] (x + 2) (x + 3)] = 24 => Ix? + 4x +x +4)] [07 + 3x + 2x +.6)] = 24 =X + 5K +4) [07 + 5x +6)] = 24 Putx?+5x=y ete qa)=> — lyt4ilyt+6] = 24 => yr +6y+4y = 24 = 24 => y+l0y=0 => yly+10) =0 > Either y = 0 or y+10=0 > ory =-10 Put y = 0 in equation (1) > 45x =0 => x(x+5)=0 => Either x =0 or x45=0 > ox =-5 Put y = — 10 in equation (1) => 45x =-10 => wvtsx+10=0 =S+VGY— 40) 00) _ =5+y25—40 _ 5+ 15 > 2) : 2 7 2 Hence the solution set = {-5 0 = 3) Q.7 (X= 1) (K+5) (KX +8) (x +2)- 880 = 0 Solution: (x1) (x +5) (x +8) (x +2) —880 = 0 As -1+8=S5+2 So we combine [ex 1) (& + 8)] [& +5) (& +2)]- 880 = 0 > [x? + 8x — x — 8] [x° + 5x + 2x + 10] -880 = 0 Ix? + 7x8] [x” + 7x + 10]- 880 = 0 u Put x°+7x = => ly-8Ily+10)—880 = 0 y’ + 10y —8y — 80-880 = 0 => y+2y-960 = 0 U> y +32y-30y-960 = 0 => — y(y+32)-30(y +32) = > (y +32) (y- 30) = 0 > Either y+32 =0 or y-30=0 = y = -32 ory = 30 Put y = —32 and y = 30 in equation (1) => 47x =-32 => x+7x = 30 > x47x4+3250 => vtTx-30=0 72V" 4) G2 2 > . Sa = 4 10x-3x-30=0 a) =71+ \49— 128 > = 5 > x(x +10)-3 (x +10) = 0 =1#-7 > = ats => (x10) (x-3) = 0 => Either x+10= 0 or > x=-10 ot -1+y= Hence the solution set = {-10,3, ts 2 Q.8 (x—5) (x-7) (x + 6) (x +4) - 504 = 0 Solution: (x ~5) (x7) (x +6) (x +4) 504 = 0 As -5+4=-746 So we combine > [(x — 5) (x + 4)] [( — 7) (x + 6)]- 504 = 0 > [x? + 4x — 5x — 20] [x7 + 6x — 7x — 42] 504 = 0 => [x?-x—20] [x?7-x—42] 504 = 0 Bie @ > — ly~20)ly-42]-504 = 0 y? —42y— 20y + 840-504 = 0 => y-62y +336 = 0 uy —S6y —6y +336 = 0 > => yly-56)—6 (y—56) = 0 => — (y-56)(y-6) = 0 => Either y-56=0 or y-6=0 > y = 56 oy =6 Put y = 56 and y = 6 in equation (1) > = 56 > > x 56 =0 > = x” —8x+7x—56 = 0 > > x(x-8)+7(x-8) =0 > x(*\-3)+2(%-3) = 0 > (x—8)(x+7) =0 > (x—3)(x+2) = 0 > Either x—-8 = 0 or x+7=0 > Either x-3 = 0 or x+2=0 > x=8 or x =-7 > x=3 or x=-2 Hence the solution set = {~7, —2, 3, 8} Q9 (x-1) (x—2) (x-8) (x +5) +360 = 0 Solution: (x= 1) (X=2) (x8) (x +5) +360 = 0 So we combine [(x = 1) (x = 2)] [(& —8) (x + 5)] + 360 = 0 [x? = 2x —x +2] [x + 5x — 8x — 40] + 360 = 0 > = [x 3x +2] [x 3x40] +360 = 0 Put x°-3x = y op a) > ly +2] [y—40] + 360 = 0 => y-40y + 2y- 80+ 360 = 0 => y?—38y +280 = 0 => ~~ y’~28y- 10y +280 = 0 => y(y—28)-10(y—28) = 0 => Either y-28=0 or y-10=0 = y = 28 or y= 10 Put y = 28 and y = 10 in equation (1)> > > > > x" — 7x + 4x —28 > > x(x—7)+4(x-7) = 0 => > (x-7) (x+4) = 0 > > Either x-7 = 0 or x+4=0 > > x=7 or x=-4 > Hence the solution set = {-4, —2, 5, 7} Q.10 (x + 1) (2x + 3) (2x + 5) (x +3) = 945 Solution: (x + 1) (2x + 3) (2x + 5) (x +3) = 945 Here we combine [(x + 1) (x +3)] [2x +3) Qx +5)] = 945 > [x? + 3x 4x +3] [4x7 + 10x + 6x + 15] = 945 => [x 4x +3] [4x7 + 16x + 15] = 945 => [x 4x +3] [4 07 + 4x) + 15] = 945 Put x°+4x = y cesesees a) => ly +3) Gy+15] = 945 => dy’+ Sy + 12y +45 = 945 => dy? +27y 445-945 = 0 Ay’ +27y-900 = 0 > => dy’ +75y—48y —900 = 0 => y(y+75)-(4y +75) = 0 => (y+75)(y-12) = 0 > Either 4y+75 = 0 or y-12=0 > y= = or y = 12 =15 Put y = —Z> and y = 12 in equation (1) Sa = 10 x —3x-10 = 0 x°— 5x +2x-10 0 x(x-5)#2(x-5) = 0 (x-5) (+2) =0 Either x-5 = 0 or x+2=0 x=S5 or x=-2 (Lahore Board 2007) 8 44x = 14x” + 16x = —75 => x+4x-12 =0 4x? + 16x +75 = 0 > XP 46x—2x-12 = 0 = 16 = J6)" —4 4 75) 24) ~16 +944 = 8 =1624F59 = —_ n=- waa 8 60 ~4ty-59 2 x= x(x+6)—2(x+6) = 0 > Either x+6 = 0 or x-2=0 Hence the solution set = }—6,2, QA (2x7) (x? -9) (2x4+5)-91 = 0 Solution: > (2x —7) (x? —9) 2x +5)-91 = 0 (2x — 7) (x +3) (x3) (2x +5)-91 = 0 Here we combine U U VUYVUUNUTY [2x — 7) (+ 3)] [&—3) 2x +5)]-91 = 0 2x7 + Ox — 7x — 21] [2x7 + 5x —6x—15]-91 = 0 2 [2x?—x — 21] [2x°-x -15]-91 = 0 Put 2x°-x = y ly-2I] fy-15]-91 = 0 y’— ISy-2ly+315-91 =0 y’—36y +224 = 0 y?— 28y — 8y +224 = 0 y (y—28)—8 (y—28) = 0 (y~28)(y-8) = 0 Either y-28=0 or y-8=0 y = 28 o =y=8 Put y = 28 and y = 8 in equation (1)> 2x" x = 28 > => 2x? -x-28 = > => 2x? -8x+7x-28 = 0 => => 2x(x-4) #7 K-4) = 0 > = aes > (x4) +(2x+7) = 0 = _ Lees > Either x—4 = 0 or 2x4+7=0 => xed or ge : Hence the solution set = {da 4 | Q.12 (x? + 6x +8) (x? + 14x +48) = 105 Solution: (x? + 6x +8) (x7 + 14x +48) = 105 > (+4 + 2K +8) (x7 + BX + 6x 4.48) = 105 > x (R44) +2 (x +4)] [OK (K+8) +6 (X+8)] = 105 > UK +4) (K+ DIK +8) (K+6)] = 105 > (KFA) (K +2) (K+8) (X46) = 105 As 24+8=4+6 So we combine [(x + 2) (x + 8)] [+ 4) (x +6)] = 105 => [x7 + 8x +2x +16] [x7 + 6x + 4x +24] = 105 => [x7 + 10x + 16] [x7 + 10x +24] = 105 Put x?+10x = yates a) => ly+16] ly +24] = 105 => — -y' +24y + loy +384 = 105 => y?+40y + 384-105 = 0 => y+40y+279 = 0 => — y+3ly+9y+279 = 0YOYRSD+9I(¥ +31) = 0 (y+9)(y+3l) =0 Either y+9=0 or = y+31=0 Vuduvy y=-9 oo y- a Put y = —9 and y = 31 in equation (1) > x4l0x =-9 => x 410x =-31 => x+10x+9=0 => x+10x+31=0 _ 210+ Vdoy -4() BD) — =. 2() 2 =10+V100— 124 > XP F9KFKH9=0 > == 30 124 —10+\= => x(x 941 (x49) = 0 > = aa 28 =10+2\- — 9 (x+ 1 (x+9) = 0 > _ unEaaee = Either x+1=0 or x+9=0 > = -Sty-6 > x=-1 or x=-9 Hence the solution set = {—1,-9,-5+\-6 } Q.13 (x? + 6x27) (x’— 2x35) = 385 Solution: (x? + 6x — 27) (x? — = (P+ 9x — 3x27) (X?— Tx + 5x —35) = 385 => [x (K+ 9)—3 (K+ 9] [x (K—7) +5 (X—7)] = 385 > > 2x —35) = 385 [x +9) (x 3)] [&—7) (+ 5)] = 385 (x +9) (x—3) (K—7) (X45) = 385 As 9-7 = 5-3 So we combine [& +9) (K— TIO +5) (X—3)] = 385 => [x 7x + 9x63] [x”—3x + 5x —15] = 385 > [x? + 2x — 63] [x? + 2x — 15] = 385Put x +2x = => ly- 63] [y—15] = 385 => — y—I5y-63y +945 = 385 => yy + 945-385 = 0 => yy +560 = 0 > y-Toy—8y +560 = 0 > y (y—70)-8 (y—70) = 0 > (y—70) (y—8) = 0 => Hither y-70=0 or y-8=0 > y = 70 or oy =8 Put y = 70 and y = 8 in equation (1) => 42x = 70 > => x°42x-70 = 0 => _ 22£¥Q2y -4() 70) 7x 20) =2+y4 +280 SS . > 2 _ -2+ 284 > = 5 > —2+2y71 > = > > > = -14V71 > Hence the solution set = { —4,2,-1 4/71 } Q.14 4.2**1_9.2%41 = 0 Solution: goat! 42°*.2-9.2%+1=0 82-92% +1 =0 9.2+1=0 Pit & = ¥ énecaeeus (a) => sy -9y+1=0 x’4+2x = 8 x’ +2x-8 = 0 x? 44x—2x-8 = 0 x(x+4)-2(x+4) = 0 (x+4)(x-2) = 0 Either x+4=0 or x-2=0 -4 or x=2 (Gujranwala Board 2005)Vudvy u 8y —8y-y+1=0 8y(y-D-l(y-) =0 (y-1) ®y-1) = 0 Hither y-1=0 of B8ya1 =0 y=l or ys% ie Put y = 1 andy = g in equation (1) eed al = > = ye? > red a. “72 x=0 > war > Hence the solution set = {-3, 0) Q15 2°+2***-20 = 0 Solution: uUuud 438 0-0 242*.2%-2 = 0 2° +64x*-20 =0 Put 2° = y heen a Wey! y+64y'-20=0 64 ~-20 = 0 yay Multiplying by ‘y* y’ +64—20y = 20 y — loy—4y +64 = 0 y(y-16)-4(y- 16) = 0 (y-16)(y-4) = 0Either y— 16 = oy y= 16 or oy =4 Put y = 16 and y = 4 in equation (1) 2 = 16 => Mead e=2 > Fa? x=4 > x=2 Hence the solution set = {2, 4} Q.16 4°—3.2°*3 +128 = 0 Solution: 43.2734 128 = 0 (27)°-3,2".2° +128 = 0 > => -2-24.2" + 128 = 0 Pur =y ee 0) => y-2dy+ 128 = 0 => y’- l6y—8y + 128 = 0 > y (y- 16) —8 (y- 16) = 0 => (y-16)(y-8) = 0 => Eithr y-6=0 or y-8=0 > y=16 o y=8 Put y = 16 and y = 8 in equation (1) => 2. 8 > SS wet => => Hence the solution set = {3, 4} Q.17 3%-'_12.3"+81 = 0 Solution: Bee 25a) el. 0 oe oe 31 0 = L_pstssi-oJU u UuUULUSU u U Multiplying by *3” 3°36 .3° +243 = 0 GY 36.3% +243 = 0 Put 3. =y y’ —36y +243 = 0 y-27y—9y +243 = 0 y(y~27)-9(y—27) = 0 (y-27)-(y-9) = 0 Either y-27=0 or y-9=0 y=27 oy =9 Put y = 27 and y = 9 in equation (1) 3\=27 => 329 = 33 > *=3 <4 > x=2 Hence the solution set = {2, 3} Q18 (x+t) -3(x+4)-4 =0 Solution: uyuUvbuayg (=-8) a I Puxty = ¥en ay y-4yty-4=0 yiy-4)+1(y-4) = 0 (y-4)+1(y-4) = 0 = (y-4yly+ 1) = 0 Either y-4=0 or y#1l=0 y=4 o y= 1 Put y = 4 and y = —1 in equation (1) 1 xtyat4 = x#-=-11 > x+7+1=0 x > = > wtlex=0 => x-4x+1=0 => w4xtl=0 _4eVoy-400) _ -1ev"-4 a) = 2(1) oe 20) 4416-4 -1+y1-4 5 5 eS 4412 = 13 > . = 4423 eee => x=24+3 Hence the solution set = { 243 1 1 2 = a QI V+x-44 4 = 0 Solution: 2 14 4x-44545=0 ax => given equation becomes > y-2+y-4=0VuULUUY L y +y-6=0 y' +3y-2y-6 =0 y(y+3)-2(y+3) = 0 (y+3)(y—2) = 0 Hither y}3=0 of y-2-0 y=-3 of 2 Put y = —3 and y = 2 inequation (1) 1 x+2=-3 > x Multiplying by “x” X41 = —3x > 43x41 =0 > ~32VGy-4() 0) 2) = =349-4 x > => Hence the solution set = | 1, el 1 x+5=2 x Multiplying by *x” 41 = 2x 2+) =0 (x-1 = 0 x-1=0then > => => Above equation (A) becomes y-243y-2=0 => ye3y-4= > yt4y-y-4=0 > yly+4)-1(y+4) =0 > (t4y-D=0 > Either y+4=0 9 of y-1=0 > y=-4 ca Put y = —4 and y = 1 in equation (1) . =e oxetel => > > > =42V@4)-4() 0) a 20) ” 4216-4 2 5 > > x= 45 L x= 3 > te > -24y3 Hence the solution set = { 2a, 1+¥3)Q.21 2x'-x°+x°-3x+2 Solution: 2x! 4x°-3x42 = 0 Dividing each by x? (A) Above equation (A) becomes > 2(y-2)-3y-1 = 0 => 2 -3y-5=0 > dy-Sy+2y-5 =0 => yQy-5)+1Qy-5) =0 > Qy-Sth =0 => Either 2y-5=0 or y+l=0 = 3 > > . x > => w4tle—x> 2x" +2 = 5x > x $xt1= -ltyay-4()() > 2x°-5x+2=0 > x= 2 2 = 1- => Ix? 4x-x4+2=0 > = ry 2 ‘ -It+y-3 > 2x (K-2)-14-2) = 0 — > (Qx—1)(x-2) = 0 > Either 2x-1 = 0 or x-2=0 ai =? > x=3 or x=2 =1+¥-3 Hence the solution set = 3. 2, aa Q.22. 2x4+3x?-4x?-3x+2 = 0 Solution: ox' + 3x3 — 4x? 3x+2 = 0 Dividing by x? pie a ee os i) => [r+ - yr - twa PP Te PT x 3.2 => 2x 43x-4-24=0 x*x 3 > are Se ax 3 = a(teh)ea(x!)-ae0 Pt i 1 WX Yaneeeee (a) Then (x-4) = +42 x x = Above equation (A) becomes 20° +2)+3y-4 = 0 => 2 +443y-4=0— | ey ty 0 > yQy+3)=0 => Either y = 0 or =.24y+3 = 0 > Put y = 0 and y > > > > > &+ID@-1) =0 > > Either x+1 = 0 or x-1=0 > > x=-l or x=1 > > 2x (x+2)-1(x+2) = 0 > (x+2)Qx-l = 0 > Either x+2 = 0 or 2x-1=0 1 > x=-2 or x=5 | Hence the solution set = } — 2! Q.23 6x'— 35x" + 62x"- 35x +6 = 0 Solution: 6x! — 35x° + 62x" —35x +6 = 0 Dividing by x” (xu Aine 02x, | don 161 2 0. = Se as ee 2 35. 6 > 6° 35x 462-43 =0 x *x 6 35 > 6x +-3-35x- 462 = 0Then oudvueuvud u u VULUUU YU u 1 Put x+y = y ec 1) (x+2), =y > vader Above equation (A) becomes 6 (y?—2)-35y +62 = 0 oy’ — 12-35y +62 = 0 oy’ —35y +50 = 0 by? — 20y ~ 15y +50 = 0 2y (By — 10)~5 Gy 10) = 0 (Gy -10) Qy-5) = 0 Either 3y-10=0 or 2y-5=0 10 3 y=5 oy =5 10 5 Put y = “3 and y = 5 in equation (1) 0 KH =5 > 2 10 x +l 3 x > 3x7 +3 = 10x > 2x42 = 5x 3x°- 10x +3 = 0 = % o2—0 3x°-9x-x43 = 0 => 24x12 =0 3x (x—3)-1(x-3) = 0 => 2x (x-2)-1(x-2) = 0 (x-3)Gx-1) = 0 > &-2)@x-=0 Either x-3 = 0 or 3x-1=0] = — Either x-2 = 0 or 2x-1 = =3 at at x= 3 or K=3 > or cn} ado3 i) Hence the solution set = 2.35553] 0_ 2. Q.24 xt 6x7 410-344 =0 Solution: x*-o2+10-S44=0 eo 4.1 29 6 = ta oP 3410 = 0 > (+k) -6(e+2)+10=0 cesses (A) Put x24 = @ ux 4a = y = above equation (A) becomes y’-2-6y+10 = 0 y-6y+8 = 0 y-4y-2y+8 = 0 y(y-4)-2(y-4) = 0 (y-4)(y-2) = 0 Hither y-4=6 or y-2=0 eu UUEUY y=4 ory =2 Put y = 4 and y = 2 inequation (1) => xeae4 > x 4 2 — x+le & => > x-4?41=0 = >_ 44aVCn 4) _— 20 ne +Vi6— - 4+ us 4 = > | 2 > (&+D(%-) =0_ 2. Q.24 xt 6x7 410-344 =0 Solution: x*-o2+10-S44=0 eo 4.1 29 6 = ta oP 3410 = 0 > (+k) -6(e+2)+10=0 cesses (A) Put x24 = @ ux 4a = y = above equation (A) becomes y’-2-6y+10 = 0 y-6y+8 = 0 y-4y-2y+8 = 0 y(y-4)-2(y-4) = 0 (y-4)(y-2) = 0 Hither y-4=6 or y-2=0 eu UUEUY y=4 ory =2 Put y = 4 and y = 2 inequation (1) => xeae4 > x 4 2 — x+le & => > x-4?41=0 = >_ 44aVCn 4) _— 20 ne +Vi6— - 4+ us 4 = > | 2 > (&+D(%-) =0442y3 => oe => Either x+1 = 0 of x-1= > x = 243 > x=-l or x= => x= #243 Hence the solution set = { — 1, 1,4./2+3 } TYPE V: RADICAL EQUATIONS Equations involving radical expressions of the variable are called radical equations. To solve a radical equation, we firs obtain an equation free from radicals. Every solution of radical equation is also a solution of the radical free equation but the new equation have solutions that are not solutions of the original radical equation, Such extra solutions are called extraneous roots. There are four types of radical equations (i) The equations of the form: / (ax? + bx) + mJax7 + bx +e (ii) The equations of the form: x+at+Vx+b = Vx+e (iii) The equations of the form: \fax” + bx +c +\/px'+qx +r = flo tmx+n (iv) The equations of the form: -fax7+ bx +e+4)px + qx +r = mx +n EXERCISE 4.3 0 ° Solve the following equation: Qa 3x74 2x-3x7+2x-1 = 3 Solution: 3x? + 2x 3x7 + 2x1 Put \3x" +2x-1 = 3x +2x-1 > 3x? 42x = y+] = equation (1) becomes ytl-y > y-y+l => y-y-2 > P_oyty - y(y-2)+ 1 (y-2) = 0— Y-4AythH=0 => Bithr y-2=0 of y+l=0 > y=2 ory =-l Put y = 2 and y =~—1 inequation (2) = VBx+2x-1=2 > => 3 +2x-1=4 => => 3x°42x-1-4=0 > => 3x’+2x-5 = 0 => => 3x $5x-3x-5 = 0 > > — x(Gx+5)-1@x+5) =0 = > Gxt5)(x-1) =0 > = Either 3x+5=0 or x-1=0 | = > 1 > 5 7 > x=1,-§. 3 Checking: Put x = 1 in equation (1) 31 +2()-V3) +20) -1 = 3 342-\342-1 =3 3=3 => LAS. = RAS. 5 Put x = —3 inequation (1) V3x"+2x-1=-1 3x°+2x-1 3x°+2x-1-1=0 3x°+2x-2 = 0 =24Y@)y —4 3) (2) 2(3) =244424> LAS. = RAS. alty7. 4 Put x = ——3~— in equation (1) 3(=E2) 2(=t) fet) os > 143 = L.H.S. # R.H.S. 1-y7 Put x = —3~ in equation (1) (8) a(S) \h(-5% 1#3 > L.H.S. # [Link]. oa . -1+y7 On checking, we find that ——~ are extraneous roots, Hence the solution set = { 1, 3 = x-3\2x?-3x+2 Q2. ¥-5-7 = x—32x7 3x42 o = x~J yas" - x +2 > = ear — Se +t > —14—20 +620 - Ie t72 = 0 > 3x -144+6V2x"°-3x+2 =0 Put /2x7-3x+2 = y Then 2x*—3x +2 ao =Equation (1) becomes y-2-144+6y =0 => y+6y-16=0 => y+8y-2y-16 = 0 > y(y+8)-2(y+8) =0 => (y+8)(y-2) = 0 => Hither y+8#e 6 or y—2=0 > yao ce Put y = —8 and y = 2 in equation (2) => vexe-3x+2 =-8 Se => 2x? -3x+2 = 64 => = 2x?-3x+2 => 2x 3x+2-64 = 0 => 2x°-3x+2-4=0 => 2x? -3x+-62 = 0 => 2x? 3x 42-4 =0 34VC3 4 C02 . > x { 5 4G) C 62) => wk 4x+x-2=0 Q) £04 156 => ce as > 2x (x-2) +1 (x-2) = 0 34/505 > fe aaalss => (x-2Ox+1) =0 > Either x-2 = 0 or 2x41 =0 I > x=2 or XS 9 x= Checking: 1 Put x = —5 in LLS. of equation (1) (4) 3(4)-eoe) a) 1 2 1 3 =i 4 +5-144+6 2 q)++2-0=RusPut x = 2 in L.H.s. of equation (1) 2 (27-3 (2)°- 14 +6 2 (2) -3(2)+2 = 0 = RHS. 3+ 505 Put x = =~ 4° in LHS. of equation (1) 3.4505)", ( 3+ {505 (+55) -3(22993) 1446 => LHS. # R.H.S. _ 3-505 a! Put x in LHS. of equation (1) | [Link]. # [Link]. On checking, we find that a Hence the solution set = Q3 \2x484+\x45 =7 Solution: V2x+84+yxt+5 =7 Squaring on both sides (\Pxv8+yka3) = 07 (2x48 P+ (x45) +2 (2x 48) (x45) = 49 > => +8 4K4542 2x +8(K+5)) = 49 => 3x +13 +29/2x7 + 10x + 8x +40 = 49 => 242s" + 18x +40 = 49—3x - 13 > 22x" + 18x +40 = 36—3x = =24/2x7 4 18x +40 = 3x- 36 Squaring again (2 2x24 18x4+40) = Gx —36) 9 42x? + 18x +40) = 9x? + 1296 — 216x. 8x7 + 72x + 160 = 9x? + 1296 — 216x U9x" + 1296 — 216x — 8x" — 72x — 160 > > x? 288x +1136 = 0 => x? 284x—4x + 1136 = 0 > x (x—284)—4 (x 284) = 0 => — (x-284)(x-4) = 0 => Bither x-284=0 or x-4=0 > x = 284 ox a4 Checking: Put x = 284 in L.H.S. of equation (1) 2 (284) +8 +/28445 = 41 4 RHS. Put x = 4 in LHS. of equation (1) 2) +8+445 = 7 = RUS. > x = 284 isan extraneous root. Hence the solution set = (4) Q4 V3xt+4 = 24+\2x-4 Solution: 3x+4 = 24+y2x-4 Bxa4—-Y2x-4=2 00 ae a Squaring both sides (yixed_j—a) = (\5x44) + (2x4) -2-V3x 42x = 4 > => 3x4442x-4-2Gx+D Ox_-4 = 4 => 5x—2.f6x7=12x+8x-16 = 4 => 5x-4 = 26x" —4x— 16 Squaring again => 25x" + 16—40x = 4 (6x? —4x — 16) => 25x" + 16-40x = 24x>— 16x — 64 25x? + 16 — 40x — 24x” + 16x +64 = 0 x? 24x +80 = 0 u¥UVudvy Qs 20x —4x +80 = 0 x (x 20)—4 (x — 20) = 0 Either x-20=0 or x-4=0 x= 20 or x =4 Put x = 20 in LHS. of equation (1) 3 (20) + 4-1/2 (20)-4 = 2 = RH Put x = 4 in [Link]. of equation (1) None of them is extraneous root. =2=5 E53. Hence the solution set = {4, 20} X+74\x+2 = \6x+13 (Gujranwala Board 2006) Solution: UouUUTUY GuUUUUYUY Vxt7 4x42 = ¥6x+13 Squaring on both sides (VK+7) + (K+ 2) 42x 47x42 = (Vox+ 13) X#T4X+24 2X47) (X42) = Ox413 2x+94+2yx +2n47n+ 14 = 6x +13 CQ) 2x74 9x+ 14 = 6x +13—2x-9 2x +9x +14 = 4x44 AV 49x + 14 = 202K +2) r+ 9x + 14 = 2x42 Squaring again x$Ox4¢14 = 2x42)" 4x? +4 48x 4x? 44+ 8x—x°-9x-14 = 0 49x 414 3x°-x-10 = 0 3x? 6x +5x~—10 = 0 3x (x2) +5 (x2) = 0 (x—2)+(x+5) = 0> or 3x45 = 0 > x=2 or => x=2andx= Checking: Put x = 2 in equation (1) VQ)47+\242 = VE@+B 5=5 > L.H.S. = R.H.! Put x = > [Link]. # [Link]. 5 > X = —3 isan extraneous root. Hence the solution set = {2} Q6 Verextl-\e+x-1=1 Solution: rene l-Verx-1 = Let Yxvtxtl =a and Yx7+x-1=b Now a’—b? ab? =2 The given equation can be written as er 3) Dividing equation (2) by equation (3) ab 2 aa(L) wm +n41-K -241 (txt DO? +x-D(a+b) (a—b) (a—b) atb=2 0 eae (4) adding (3) and (4) =2 > %=3 > => Veexel 2 9 > xtxtl aq > 4wedxtd ad => 4 44x44-9=0 > 4x 44x-5 = 0 ~4ty4) -4 (4) (5) ” 2a) — =44 16480 -44 96-4246 -12 V6 7 8 Ss ss Checking —1iv6 . , Put x = ——y~~ in LHS. of equation (1) yz > (8) (5%). (55) + alanis 1=12RUHS. ve. er Put x = in LHS, of equation (1) = (29%) «(pS (=98) ve = = ras Hence the solution set Q7 x’ + 2x—34+ yx + 7x—8 = V5 (x + 3x-4) Solution: x +2x—34Yx +7x-8 = Y5(043x-4) 00 ee (a) > Wx + 3x—x-—3 4x" +8x—x—8 = V5 (x +4x—x-4)> > > > = Eithryx—-1=0 or > 1-0 of > tee or > > > > > => > > > > > > => > > = Checking: Put x = I in equation (1) Vay +2)-34+V0)+70)-8 = 5 (a +3() 4) 0+0=0 NX (x +3)— 1 (x4 3) +-Yx (+8) —1 (x +8) = V5 (K+ 4) (K-D. RFD @-D+VGtDR-D = SRPDED VED O—D+VO489 O-D-YSRFN RD = 0 (x1) [Vx4+34+¥x+8-V5K+4 ] = 0 Vxe3+ykt8-V5SQF4 = 0 \ee34yk+8 = SR44 Squaring on both sides X+34X4842 Yxt+3yxt8 = 5(x4+4) 2x4 11+ 2x + 8x4 3x 424 = 5x +20 2x7 + 11x +24 = 5x+20-2x-11 2x + 11x +24 = 3x49 Squaring again (2eelixe ay = 6x49? 4 (x? + 11x24) = 9x7 +81 + 54x 4x? +44x +96 = 9x7 +81 + 54x 9x? +81 + 54x —4x” 44x96 = 0 5x’ +10x—15 = 0 5(x°+2x-3) = 0 x°+2x-3 = 0 xX 43x-x-3 =0 x(x43)-1(x+3) = 0 (x43) (-1) = 0 Either x+3=0 or x-1=0 x=-3 or x=l2x° + 24x4+x+12 Vx-34+3-yx+12 = 0 yx—-343 = yx+12 Squaring on both sides, x—-34946yx—3 = x412 6Vx—3 = x+12-x+3-9 6\x-3=6 yx-3=1 Squaring again x—3 =1 x=4 > LAS. = RuALS. Put x = —3 in equation (1) Ve3P +2 3)-3+VE3 +763)-8 = V5 (C37 +33)-4) O+\V-20 = y-20 > [Link]. = R.H.S. Hence the solution set = {1,—3} Q.8 2x?=5x—-34+3 2x41 = 2x7 + 25x +12 Solution: VW2x" —5x—34+3Y2x+1 = 2x" + 25x 412 > 2x" -6x+x—34+3Y2x+1 = > W2x (x—3) + 1 (X—3) +3 2x + 1 = 2x (x + 12) + 1 (x + 12) > V(2x + 1) (x—3) +3 2x41 = Y(2x + 1) (x + 12) => VOx+1) 3) +3 y2x41-VOx4 DOF 12) = 0 => Vox+1 [V¥x-3+3-Vx+12] =0 Either y2x+1 = 0 > m+1s0 1 > 2x = 5 1 > x=-7,4 Checking: 1 Put x = 3 in equation (1) Nie " n (4) as(Aee nic=> LAS. = RALS. Put x = 4 in equation (1) \2AP 5A) —343\2O41 = PHBH 349 = 12 => LHS. = RES. Hence the solution set = it | Q.9 3x7 5x 424 6x?— 11x45 = 5x°- 9x44 (Lahore Board 2003) Solution: a)3x7— 5x +24-J6x—11x+5 = 5-944 see a) > 3x7 — 3x — 2x +2 +-fOx"— 6x —Sx+5 = Sx” — Sx—4x +4 = BK D-2K—-D + Vox &K—-D-SG_D = Y5xQ—-D-46-D, = V@—1NGBx-2) + V&—D 6-5) = VR Gx-4) => V@—-NGx-2)+V&—D Ox) -V-D Gx-4) = 0 = Vx-I[ V3x—2+-Vox—5-f5x—4] = 0 = Either .{3x—2+/6x—5-—/5x—4 = 0 or vx-1=0 => \3x—2+ox—5 = 5x-4 or x-1=0 o x=1 Squaring on both sides 3x—2 + 6x—5+23x—26x—5 = 5x-4 = 9x-7+2VGx—2) (x—5) = 5x-4 > 18x" — 15x — 12x + 10 = Sx—4-9x +7 => 18x" —27x +10 = —4x +3 => ~24f18x7= 27x +10 = 4x-3 UuUL Squaring again 4 (18x? 27x + 10) = 16x” +9 —24x 72x" — 108x +40 = 16x" +9 — 24x 72x" — 108x +40 — 16x” 9 + 24x = 0 56x" - 84x +31 = 0_ +844 Yi 84)" —4 (56) BD) = . 2 (56) 84470566944 844/112 > = = 112 2 _ s4t4y7 212y7 = = 112 = 28 2+y7 = x1, Checking: Put x = 1 in equation (1) \3dy 5) +2+ Jody )+5 = sy 9 +4 0+0=0 > LHS. = RHS. 2 Put x = ast in equation (1) besa -Eab ane Ea). = 302557) (23?) 4 y— 0.083 + y— 0.010 4 y— 0.035 a L.H.S. # R.H.S. 2-7 Put x = > in equation (1) 21-y7y 21-y7 aay (45 2) vb 8 )-s( 28 Jrrerfol aw) Nag +5 21-y7)\ 21-y7 = s( 8 J» 2 tA L.H.S. # R.H.S. tity? > x 3g ae extraneous roots . Hence the solution set = {1}QAO (x+4) (K+ 1) = Vx + 2x- 1543x431 Solution: (x44) (x41) = x + 2x15 4 3x 431 > Paxtdx td = fx 42x 1543x431 => x $5x44—1x7+2x—15-3x-31 = 0 = xP 42x-27-4x742x—15 = 0 sess (D) Put NVeem-DB=f estas: 44 (2) Then x? +2x-15 = 42x = y 415 Equation (1) becomes y+15—27-y = > y-y-12=0 = y-4dy+3y-12 =0 rity 4) 34) > (y-4)(y+3) = 0 > Either y-4=0 or y#3 = > ys4 ory =-3 Put y = 4 and y = ~3 in equation (2) Ve 42-15 = 4 r+ 2x—15 = -3 => x? 42x-15 = 16 => 42-15 =9 => x 42x-15-16 = 0 => x42x-15-9 =0 = 242-3120 => x 742%-2=0=2+Veyr-4C3 2 22 VQ -4D C3) 5S oe = x= 20 : 2a > x(x+6)-4(x+6) = 0 es 128 => (x+6)(x-4) = 0 = 248 > Bither x+6=0 or x-4=0 = -144,2 > See eg x = -6,4,-1+4y2 Checking: Put x = —6 in LHS. of equation (1) (6) +26) - 27-6) +2 (6) — 15-6 + 0 > LHS. + RHS. Put x = 4 in L.H.S. of equation (1) (47 +2(4)-27-Y@)" +24) 15-6 #0 > LHS. # RHS. Put x = —1+44,/2 in LHS. of equation (1) (1443) +2144 y3)-27-C 144d) +2144 q9) - 15 = 0 = RUS. => LHS. =RES. Put x = ~1~4 42 in LHS. of equation (1) G1 43) 42 Ie 4y2)-27-VC 1-42) +2(-1-4,2)-15 = 0 = RAS. => LHS. = RHS. => x = —6, and x = 4 are extraneous roots. Hence the solution set = {- 1 +4 4/2} QL 3x7 = 2x + 9 + /3x7—2x—4 = 13 Solution: 3x 2x +94./3x"— 2x4 = 13 (ly Let W3x°-2x+9 =a and W3x"-2x-—4(3x" — 2x —4) x" = 2x +9) — 3x? 2x +9-3x7 42x44 ee 2) ab Equation (1) can be written as a+b = 13 Dividing (2) by (3) (a+b) (a—b) a+b a-be=l Adding (3) and (4) Qa=14 > a=7 \Bx 2x49 =7 3x°-2x +9 = 49 3x? 2x + 9-49 = 0 3x°-2x-40 = 0 3x” — 12x + 10x40 = 0 3x (x4) + 10 (x4) = 0 (x—4) Gx +10) = 0 Either x-4=0 or jQUTVUcoeaes 3x+10=0 7 nad or x=) Checking: Put x = 4 in [Link]. of equation (1) 34) 24) 49+ =74+6= 34-2 @)—4 3=RHS. > LHS. 10, oA Put x =~" in LHS. of equation (1) DP) +94 /sl [Link]. } -2(—2)- 4=7+6= 13 = RHS.=> = LARS. = RAS, \ 0 Hence the solution set = (4, -2| Q.12) 5x" +7x+2-\ 4x74 7x+18 = x-4 (Gujranwala Board 2003) Solution: [5x4 784 2-Yae Txt 1B = x4 ee a) Let \fSx7+7x+2 =a and \fax7+7x418 = b Then a’—b> = (5x7 +7x +2)—(4x" + 7x + 18) = 5x7 47x +2—4x7—7x- 18 Spe (2) Equation (1) can be written as aba x—4$ teas ) Divide (2) by (3) x—4 a—b)(a+b) _ (x+4)(x~4) (a—b) (x4) eee ai (4) Adding (3) and (4) 2a = 2x > asx => Vox 47x42 =x => > Se 47x42 = 0 => 4472x4250 7£y (7y —4 (4) Q) = = 2(4) _-11NO=B _-127 = 8 3 im a1 0Checking: 7 Put x = alt in equation (1) a/s(8 1) (ss 1.94 /s(2 1) +7(8I7) .18 _at+Vi7_, 2M 5 (— 0.3596)" + 7 (— 0.3596) + 2-4 (— 0.3596) +7 (— 0.359) + 18 = —0.3596 — 4 1.8706 + 2—J— 1.8706 + 18 = —4.3596 0.3597 — 4.0161 = — 4.3596 — 3.6564 = — 4.3596 _ -7-yl7 gin equation (i) NE G@ L.H.S + RHS > x = 1eN7 are extraneous roots > SS = 6 THREE CUBE ROOTS OF UNITY As we know that square roots of one (unity) are two, 1 and ~ 1. Similarly cube roots of one (unity) are three and these can be calculated as Let “x’ be the cube root of unity, then 1B 118 1 > Gia) =0Checking: 17 Put x = alt in equation (1) SE Ee ott 17 4 - =i [ 5 (— 0.3596)" + 7 (— 0.3596) + 2-4 (— 0.3596) +7 (— 0.359) + 18 = —0.3596 — 4 V— 1.8706 + 2—— 1.8706 + 18 = —4.3596 0.3597 — 4.0161 = — 4.3596 — 3.6564 = — 4.3596 _2v im equation (i) NE @ NY 52 =I), . vf e ty 5). po Wn 7 5(—1.39)' + 7(-1.39) +2 —f4(-1.39)' + 71.39) + 18 = -1.39-4 5(1.93) — 9.73 + 2 —V4(1.93) — 9.73 + 18 = —5.39 Put, x 1.92— 15.99 = i538 1-1 = i 261 = -3.39 > L.H.S + RHS > x = 7 are extraneous roots => sS = 6 THREE CUBE ROOTS OF UNITY As we know that square roots of one (unity) are two, | and — 1. Similarly cube roots of one (unity) are three and these can be calculated as Let *x’ be the cube root of unity, then 118 1 > Goa =0