YEAR 7 SCIENCE
CHAPTER 8: EARTH IN SPACE
(EARTH & SPACE SCIENCE)
QUESTION AND ANSWER
BOOKLET
STUDENT’S NAME:
_____________________________
THE PURPOSE OF THIS QUESTION
AND ANSWER BOOKLET
TO ENCOURAGE STUDENTS TO READ AND UNDERSTAND
THE SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS COVERED THROUGHOUT THIS
CHAPTER.
TO ENCOURAGE STUDENTS MAKE EFFECTIVE USE OF
FIGURES OR DIAGRAMS, TABLES AND GRAPHS
THROUHOUT THIS CHAPTER IN ORDER TO REINFORCE
BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE CONTENTS COVERED.
TO MOTIVATE THE STUDENTS TO USE CRITICAL
THINKING SKILLS IN RESPONDING TO THE REVIEW
QUESTIONS AT THE END OF EACH MODULE OF THIS
CHAPTER AS WELL AS THE CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS.
TO ENCOURAGE STUDENTS TO BECOME INDEPENDENT
LEARNERS AND MAKE EFFECTIVE USE OF THE CONTENTS
COVERED IN THIS CHAPTER BY PROVIDING CORRECT OR
ACCURATE ANSWERS FROM THEIR SCIENCE TEXTBOOK.
TO INSPIRE STUDENTS TO FOLLOW A STRUCTURED FORM
OF LEARNING AND ORGANISING THEIR SCIENCE WORK.
TO MOTIVATE AND INSPIRE THE STUDENTS TO ENJOY AND
APPRECIATE THE IMPORTANCE AND APPLICATION OF
STUDYING SCIENCE NOW AND INTO THE FUTURE.
TO ENABLE STUDENTS PREPARE ADEQUATELY FOR THE
CLASS TEST AT THE END OF THIS CHAPTER AS THE
QUESTIONS IN THIS BOOKLET WILL BE SELECTED AT
RANDOM TO TEST THE STUDENTS.
MODULE 8.1: THE NIGHT SKY
READ PAGES 344 – 348 AND ANSWER EACH OF THE FOLLOWING
REVIEW QUESTIONS.
Term Definition/Meaning
The nuclear reaction that converts hydrogen
into helium.
The different shapes of the moon as seen
from Earth.
Definition/Meaning Term
Sun
Meteor
The bright band of light that can be seen in the night sky is the Milky Way.
The average person can see about 2000 stars without the use of a telescope.
If you are in the city and it is a cloudy night, or if there is a bright full
moon and the brightness of the sun, the number of stars you can see is
reduced.
Mercury Jupiter
Venus Saturn
Earth Uranus
Mars Neptune
The moon does not generate its own light. The Moon reflects the light from
the sun. Therefore, moonlight can be considered to be sunlight.
Planets reflect light falling on them from the Sun. This allows us to see
them in the night sky, as points of light that look like stars.
The Halley’s comet appears approximately once every 76 years. It’s most
recent appearance was in 1986. It will most likely appear again in 2062.
There would be a ripple pattern around the point where the drop landed.
The impact from behind the meteor would cause a crater to form around
the place where the meteorite struck the moon.
Venus
Venus, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.
A planet A star
-Does not generate its own life -Generates its own light through
-Made of rock and gas fusion reaction
-Reflects light from the sun -Made of hydrogen gas
A star The Milky Way
-Is a massive burning ball of -Is a bright band of light that is
hydrogen gas. made up of over 200 billion stars.
A meteor A meteorite
enters Earth’s atmosphere, A part of a meteor that is big
usually creating a bright streak enough to hit the ground.
across the sky as it burns up.
A meteoroid A comet
-Is a small rock in space. -a ball of ice, dust and rock that
orbits the Sun in a highly elliptical
orbit.
They could be stars, constellations, planets, moons, comets, dwarf planets,
asteroids, meteoroids, meteors.
Stars, moons, planets, constellations, asteroids, meteoroids, meteors,
meteorites, dwarf planets.
A comet does not always head towards Earth, and can just orbit the Sun.
However, a meteor should come closer and closer until in burns up in the
atmosphere.
Comets leave behind several pieces of debris most of the time, not just a
singular rock. This causes meteor showers most of the time, rather than
individual shooting stars.
A meteor burns up in the atmosphere, and is therefore unable to create
craters. The tiny parts of a meteor that break off and reach Earth, which
are called meteorites, can cause craters.
Meteorite Crater in Arizona
Jupiter is a gas giant, therefore it does not have a solid surface. It has a
small rocky core covered in layers of hydrogen and helium, therefore
making it impossible to land on. We would sink into the planet and be
killed by the pressure and the storms before we can reach the core of the
planet.
READ PAGES 352 – 356 AND ANSWER EACH OF THE FOLLOWING
REVIEW QUESTIONS.
Term Definition/Meaning
The model of the universe with the Sun at tis
centre.
A group of stars which form a recognisable
pattern in the night sky.
Definition/Meaning Term
Retrograde
Motion
Planet
The Greek philosopher Aristarchus, the German mathematician Johannes
Kepler and the Polish mathematician Nicholas Copernicus
The Southern Cross can be seen all year from the southern hemisphere.
Pluto orbits the sun and is roughly spherical but it is part of the Kuiper
Belt. This means that it has failed to clear its orbit. For this reason, Pluto is
no longer considered to be a planet but is now considered a dwarf planet.
Aristotle’s model of the universe has Earth (geo-) at the centre (-centric) of
the universe.
Galileo lived in Italy, at a time when religious authorities were very
powerful. Some passages of the Bible had been interpreted as meaning that
Earth is at the centre of the universe. Galileo’s ideas and outspoken
manner brought him into conflict with the authorities and he was
imprisoned and banned from publishing his ideas and from writing to
other scientists.
Predictions made with the heliocentric model did not match the
astronomical observations of the time.
The section of the planet’s path at which it reverses its direction is known
as retrograde motion.
Ptolemy refined the geocentric model so that it could explain retrograde
motion.
Galileo discovered that the planet Venus went through phases just like the
Moon. This observation could only be properly explained if Venus was
orbiting the Sun and not Earth.
The Moon is orbiting the Earth, instead of the Sun, so despite clearing its
orbit and being roughly spherical, it is classified as a dwarf planet.
Although Ceres is spherical and orbits the sun, it is classified as a dwarf
planet as it has failed to clear its orbit of dust, rock and other objects, as
the asteroid belt still exists and hasn’t been cleared yet.
The illustration on page 352
Figure 8.2.16
The illustration on page 352 is geocentric as it has a picture of the Earth in
the centre of the circle. Figure 8.2.16 has a picture of the sun in the centre
of the circle.
The Polish mathematician Nicholas Copernicus used the heliocentric model
to explain retrograde motion, therefore creating a big shift in the
understanding of the positions of planets and stars in the Solar System.
He used the ideas of scientists before him as a guide for his observations.
He made this claim to not appear arrogant and that he did not make his
discoveries without help.
READ PAGES 363 – 368 AND ANSWER EACH OF THE FOLLOWING
REVIEW QQUESTIONS.
Term Definition/Meaning
The path a planet takes around a star, or
a moon or artificial satellite takes around
a planet
Invisible field that causes masses to be
attracted to each other.
It is an oval shape.
Definition/Meaning Term
satellites
eclipse
phases
Gravity and Magnetism
The Earth
Jupiter
The Moon
International Space Station
(ISS)
The ellipse would become smaller as the pins come closer.
Iron fillings can align with the field lines around a magnet, The strong field
lines between these magnets will pull them together and show the magnetic
field around a magnet.
Gravity causes items to be attracted to each other. We are not floating up
into space due to the gravitational field of the Earth.
The mass of you and the wall is too small to have a stong gravitational pull.
There is a tiny pull due to the gravitational attraction between you and the
wall, but it cannot be felt.
The gravity of the Earth keeps the satellite in orbit, which the satellite is
orbiting fast enough that it is not being pulled towards the Earth.
Millions of rock fragments, ice and dust particles form the rings that orbit
Saturn.
The rings don’t fly [Link] into space due to gravity, but it may be pulled
towards or ‘fall into’ Saturn due to its gravitational pull. However, it is not
pulled in as it is orbiting fast enough that it can orbit Saturn without
‘falling.’ It is as a ball would. If it is thrown fast or hard enough, it will
orbit the Earth. Otherwise, it will fall towards the Earth.
If the rings slowed down, they would be pulled towards Saturn due to its
gravitational pull and would collapse into Saturn.
A solar eclipse occurs whenever light from the Sun is blocked by the Moon,
casting a shadow onto Earth. The Moon is too small to clock light from the
Sun over the entire Earth. Some regions experience a complete eclipse
because they are under the full shadow known as the umbra. Other regions
are under a less dense shadow known as a penumbra and so they will
experience a partial eclipse.
A natural satellite An artificial satellite
-Is a planet or moon that is -A space station such as the ISS,
naturally made. made for space exploration and
research.
Orbits of Pluto Comets with the orbits of the planets
-it is roughly round
-Is slightly elliptical
This statement is a bit of both. Gravity pulls things towards the Earth,
which means that it pulls you ‘down.’ However, if an item is thrown hard
enough or is flying fast enough, it can resist gravity and stay in orbit
around the planet or star it is orbiting.
DCBA
A quarter of the moon is visible, as the other half of the moon is not visible
to us at all times.
READ PAGES 373 – 376 AND ANSWER EACH OF THE FOLLOWING
REVIEW QUESTIONS.
Term Definition/Meaning
The time a planet takes to rotate once completely
on its own axis
The time a planet takes to revolve once around
the Sun
One complete orbit around the Sun.
The Earth spins from east to west.
365 days
365 ¼ days
366 days
Perth is further towards the west, than Adelaide, therefore it is behind in
time. Melbourne is further towards the east, so it is 2 hours ahead of Perth
and half an hour ahead of Adelaide in time.
Some people are born on February 29th , a day that appears only once every
four years, as it is the additional day in a leap year, to catch up on the ¼
day that the calendar skips out each year.
February 29th
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
C
B
D
A
21 December
21 June
2 times
21 September
21 March
6 hours
6 a.m.
12 p.m.
4 years
The time that the Earth takes to revolve around the Sun is 365 ¼ days. This
is difficult to represent on a calendar, so it is rounded to 365 days. Every
four years, the ¼ day become a full day, and therefore is counted as a day,
and the year is considered to have 366 days, which is known as a leap year.
The time is the same throughout all of China, although it is darker at p.m.
in East China than West China.
We would always have the same season.
We would have seasons with more extreme weather.
We would have seasons with more mild weather.
Neptune tilts at an angle larger than Earth. While Earth tilts at 23.5
degrees, Neptune tilts at 29 degrees.
Neptune’s tilt gives it four seasons as different parts of Neptune are facing
the Sun at different times of a Neptunian year, which consists of 165 Earth
years.
A Neptunian year is 165 Earth years, while a Neptunian season is 41.25
years.
READ THE WHOLE OF CHAPTER 8 AND ANSWER EACH OF THE
FOLLOWING CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS.
Term Definition/Meaning
Oval Shape
The line connecting the North Pole with the
South Pole. Earth rotates around the axis.
Object in orbit around another larger object.
Definition/Meaning Term
Moon
Day
Phases
Lunar Eclipses
Aristotle, Claudius Ptolemy
Aristarchus, Nicholas Copernicus
In 1596, the German mathematician Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
produced a heliocentric model that cosely matched existing astronomical
data.
Earth blocks the Sun from the Moon.
Shooting starts are space rocks burning up in our atmosphere as they
plunge towards Earth.
Some meteor showers are caused by Earth passing through debris left
behind by comets, which can form meteor showers.
The terrestrial planets, or inner planets, are known are rocky planet. They
consist of Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars.
Moon rocks have a similar composition to those found on Earth. This
suggests that the Moon was once part of Earth.
Water once flowed on the surface of Mars.
Jupiter has more than 60 moons ranging in size from Ganymeded, with a
diameter of about two-fifths that of Earth, to unnamed chunks of rock
barely a kilometre across.
The rings of Saturn appear solid when viewed from Earth but are made of
countless pieces of rock ranging in size from dust to chunks metres across.
Earth’s axis tilts at an angle of 23.5 degrees. This tilt gives us our seasons,
summer autumn, winter and spring.
A day is the amount of time that it takes for Earth to make one full rotation
around its axis, which is 24 hours.
A year is amount of time it takes for Earth to make one full revolution
around the Sun, which is 365 ¼ days.
The meaning of day and night would be different for different parts of the
world. For example, in Australia, 12 pm would be noon, or midday.
However, 12 pm in America would be midnight.
Mid flight, when you are the highest in the atmosphere.
During the take-off and landing of the flight.
C
D
E
A
B
Similarities:
(i) ___________________________________________________
(ii) __________________________________________________
Differences:
A star A planet
Similarities:
(i) ___________________________________________________
(ii) __________________________________________________
Differences:
A comet A meteor
Similarities:
(i) ___________________________________________________
(ii) __________________________________________________
Differences:
Revolution of a planet Rotation of a planet
Similarities:
(i) ___________________________________________________
(ii) __________________________________________________
Differences:
A solar eclipse A lunar eclipse