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Chromosomal Disorder Project

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ankitapradhan853
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9K views23 pages

Chromosomal Disorder Project

It's my project

Uploaded by

ankitapradhan853
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT FOR THE SESSION 2022-23 ON “CHROMOSOMAL DISORDERS” submitted by Sthiti Pragyan Jena Class XII-B Krishnamurty World School, Cuttack for the fulfilment of terms and conditions set by Central Board Of Secondary Education (CBSE) for the Biology project practical paper for All India Senior Secondary Certificate Examination AISSCE 2022-23. Project supervisor Mrs Seema Rout(Dept Of Biology) Krishnamurty World School, Cuttack Qe Certificate Prrerocrei rl cevrl This is to certify that “ CHROMOSOMAL DISORDERS” has been submitted by, STHITI PRAGYAN JENA , of class XII-B under the supervision of our Biology teacher Mrs. SEEMA ROUT, has accomplished the requirement of AISSCE, for the session 2022-23. This embodies that the work done by her has been completed under the supervision for the fulfillment of the conditions laid down by AISSCE 2022-23. ~/ Stitt Pragya Jena Xe ie Signature of Student “#4 I a Signature of Teacher , WW dda4 fp U v UIN00Ge ¥ —) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ¢ I, STHITI PRAGYAN JENA of class XII-B, KRISHNAMURTY WORLD SCHOOL, Cuttack do hereby solemnly declare that this project entitled “CHROMOSOMAL DISORDERS” submitted for Biology practical paper of AISSCE 2022-23 consist of my original work done by me under the guidance of Biology teacher. STHITI PRAGYAN JENA MRS. SEEMA ROUT (Dept. of Biology) class XII-B, Roll No -33 KRISHNAMURTY WORLD SCHOOL Jaripada, cuttack f Contents 1. Introduction 2. Classification 3. Common disorders 4. Conclusion 5. Bibliography 5 ™ > op a) "PE - oes > os) ba) => J > | GGee tnt trttyy fl % = Chromosomes are thread- like structures, made of protein and a single molecule of DNA, present within the nucleus that carry hereditary information within the sort of genes which are passed from parents to offspring. Every species features a characteristic structure and number of chromosomes present Humans have 22 pairs of numbered chromosomes (autosomes) and one pair of sex chromosomes (XX or XY), po ke a Se Ye) i af a fh. vyueuddrudd u Pe TM a ne en ef VU f Te OME ttt Cane ed yes Ea | é Down Syndrome (Mongolism) Trisomy 21 ee oe Incidence : The most common chromosomal aberration Incidence 1/700 live birth In 1959, the French physician Jér6me Lejeune identified Down syndrome the cell contain an extra chromosome, number 21 i.e. the cell contains three 21 chromosomes instead of two . a ot oP jypper dd ddd oo e+ Di ds Ma ORE HE a ne as a8 vt 38 Wedd sd Y Features of Down Syndrome + Short height * Severe mental deficiency with decline in the 1Q with age * Brachycephaly with flat face and occiput + Flat and low nasal bridge «+ Upward slanting of palpebral fissures + Malformed large ears + Epicanthal folds of the eyes “> Brushfield spots in iris “ Prominent and protruding tongue +» Simian crease (transverse palmar crease) “ Clinodactly (incurved little finger) 4% Short broad hand Cytogenetics: 45, XO, FEMALE First Described by Henri Turner, an Oklahoma ph nin 1938 Incidence: 1/5000 > Itaffects only females > results when one of the X chromoson (sex chromosomes) is missing or partially missing \er syndrome karyotype rp « p « f @ f + Wide or weblike neck Low-set ears, low hairline + Broad chest with widely spaced nipples, poor breast development + High arched palate, smaller lower jaw + Cubitus valgus + Slowed growth + Cardiac and renal defects Short fingers and toes, narrow and turned upward nails Lack of growth spurts at expected times in childhood + Rudimentary ovaries Failure to begin sexual changes expected during puberty + Early menopause most females with Turmer syndrome, fail to conceive without fe! treatment f y CUS j MAA dd ggg — oo : Dia u f i uv f ¢ VU ee ee ¥ Karyotype from # male with Klinetalter syndrome (472007) Cytogenetics 47,XXY, M Incidence: 1/1000 = Ks yi ys }¢ “ results when a boy is born with an extra copy of the X f chromosome \ {( i ) hs ye K + affect males, and it often isn't Ried tees ith = diagnosed until adulthood. IC i i is NM a » may adversely affect testicular ~~ OH a ois {\ 5 " nom RY growth, resulting in smaller testicles, which can lead to lower production of testosterone It may also cause reduced muscle mass, reduced body and facial hair, and enlarged breast tissue So LAA 4D pep , i444 NOUN Ue ‘ s eg ‘Slow motor development — taking longer than average to sit up, crawl and walk Delay in speaking Problem in descending testicle into the scrotum, Taller than average stature Longer legs, shorter torso and broader hips compared with other boys ‘Absent, delayed or incomplete puberty After puberty, less muscle and less facial and body hair compared with other teens ‘Small, firm testicles, Small penis Enlarged breast tissue (gynecomastia) Weak bones Low energy levels Problems with reading, writing, spelling or math Low sperm count or no sperm Frontal baldness absent Tendency to grow fewer chest hairs Pp + ¥ AAA a Edwards Syndrome > also known as trisomy 18 > John Hilton Edwards, et al., discovered ‘Tiisorny 18 Edwards syndrome in 1960 (Echrarc’s Syndrome) > Most cases result from having three copies of chromosome 18 Lows set 1 out of every 3600 to 10000 live births > most (at least 95%) fetuses don't survive “J full term. oe tone se. Vv Karyotype trom = temate with Rehwarse wyncironme (47 25-048) fen Die WHE EE MOK af ac if 3g 28 08) aE 38 ae uje 7 Features of Edward Syndrome cep of back pat Mental deficiency Growth retardation Prominent occiput with elongated head Webbing of the neck Short sternum Micrognathia Low-set malformed ears Cardiac , Renal anomalies Clenched fists with overlapping of fingers Hypoplastic nails 2 a serious rare genetic disorder caused by having an additional copy of chromosome 13 in some or all of the body's cells also called trisomy 13 severely disrupts normal development and, in many cases, results i birth or the baby dying shortly after birth affects about 1 in every 5,000 births More than 9 out of 10 children born with Patau's syndrome die during the first year About 1 in 10 babies with less severe forms of the syndrome, KN DEM ME OK A O38 ae fe The br halves(holoprosencephaly) often does not divide into 2 cleft lip and palate abnormally small eyes, absence of 1 or both eyes reduced distance between the eyes smaller head size (microcephaly) skin sing from the scalp ear malformations and deafness raised, red birthmarks an abdominal wall defect resulting in the intestines being outside the body, covered only by a membrane(omphalocoele) cysts in the kidneys an abnormally small penis in boys, enlarged clitoris in girls abnormalities of the hands and feet, such as extra fingers or toes (polydactyly) Patau syndrome (trisomy 13) Microcephaly! ‘Cutis aplesia Tet Clet Iipvpalate Polydactyty i coon ane = aint ‘ompnalocele Be Rocker-bottom feet > po yp ttt? d. Wd Bo S Se . chromosomal condition that results when a piece of chromosome 5 is missing Known as cat's cry syndrome Described in 1963 by doctor Lejeune Features include Mental retardation Slow motor skill development Low birth weight and slow growth Small head (microcephaly) Partial webbing of fingers or toes Wide-set eyes (hypertelorism) High-pitched cry HH nw 10 Wwwnws kt Qa se th Re re at sl Aa UE as 63 XYY syndrome characterized by an extra copy of the Y chromosome in each of an individual's cells. Although many people with this condition are taller than average, the chromosomal change H il il ij ii il ak *© se 7% 8 XVY Syndrome sometimes causes no unusual physical features Most individuals with 47,XYY syndrome have normal production of the male sex hormone testosterone and normal male sexual il il il il il il il i development, and they are usually abletofather “, 9 3 w2 13 “4 18 16 children. ~~ Physical features related to 47,XYY syndrome can include increased belly fat a large head (macrocephaly) unusually large teeth (macrodontia) flat feet, fifth fingers that curve inward (clinodactyly) Wibas tana lw) 1 2 2 wy p PA fp ‘ i NN UU ey ip SN mn XXX syndrome also called trisomy X Triple X Syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects about 1 in 1,000 females affected female has three X i \ {| HT il il il il chromosomes. fas 4 & eT SF Many with triple X syndrome don't experience symptoms or have only ij ii ii ii il il il i so nw Bb w I 6 mild symptoms Delayed development of speech and ~s language skills, as well as motor il il niu wlll 7 18 aby 2 2 2 skills, Learning disabilities, Behavioral and psychological problems may = occur in some kidney, ovary problems and seizures may occur in a small number of girls and women 1) Deletion : loss of a portion of a chromosome 2) Duplication : extra piece of a chromosome. . 3) Inversion : fragmentation of a chromosome followed by reconstitution with a section inverted. 4) Translocation : the transfer of a chromosome or a segment of ittoa non-homologous chromosome et Conclusion a) 78 « Ee * Chromosomal disorders can affect both autosomal or sex chromosomes. § e These poses risk ranging from mild to severe to the affected individual. S c e These disorders contributes to a significant number of death of foetus or S & newborn, also these hamper the normal lifestyle of individual. So the r pregnant mother should be screened at early stages for any chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus so that early intervention could be carried out. Cal al At Dot ogo Bibliography NCERT Class XII Biology Text book National center for biotechnology information(NCBI) [Link] [Link] [Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]

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