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SMITH CHART

• It is a graphical method of solving the transmission line problems

• It is basically a graphical indication of impedance of transmission line as one move along the line
• Smith chart is constructed within a circle of unit radius and we represent the impedance value in real and imaginary

r + jx
jx

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In a lossless transmission line
Since 𝑍𝐿 is a complex term let us assume
𝑍𝐿 − 𝑍0
𝛤𝐿 =
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍0
𝑍𝐿 = 𝑟 + 𝑗𝑥 ---------- (2)
𝑍𝐿
Normalizing 𝑍𝐿 = Equating (1) & (2)
𝑍0 𝛤𝐿 = 𝛤𝑟 + 𝑗𝛤𝑖
1 + 𝛤𝐿
1 𝑍𝐿 𝑟 + 𝑗𝑥 =
−1 1 − 𝛤𝐿
𝑍 𝑍0
𝛤𝐿 = 0
1 𝑍𝐿
+1 1 + (𝛤𝑟 + 𝑗𝛤𝑖 )
𝑍0 𝑍0 𝑟 + 𝑗𝑥 =
1 − (𝛤𝑟 + 𝑗𝛤𝑖 )
𝑍𝐿 − 1 (1 + 𝛤𝑟 + 𝑗𝛤𝑖 ) (1 − 𝛤𝑟 + 𝑗𝛤𝑖 )
𝛤𝐿 = = ⨯
𝑍𝐿 + 1 (1 − 𝛤𝑟 − 𝑗𝛤𝑖 ) (1 − 𝛤𝑟 + 𝑗𝛤𝑖 )
𝛤𝐿 𝑍𝐿 + 1 = 𝑍𝐿 − 1
1 − 𝛤𝑟2 − 𝛤𝑖2 + 2𝑗𝛤𝑖
=
1 − 𝛤𝑟 2 + 𝛤𝑖2
𝑍𝐿 𝛤𝐿 + 𝛤𝐿 = 𝑍𝐿 − 1
Comparing real and imaginary parts
1 + 𝛤𝐿 = 𝑍𝐿 (1 − 𝛤𝐿 )
1 − 𝛤𝑟2 − 𝛤𝑖2 2𝛤𝑖
1 + 𝛤𝐿 𝑟= 𝑥=
𝑍𝐿 = 1 − 𝛤𝑟 2 + 𝛤𝑖2 1 − 𝛤𝑟 2 + 𝛤𝑖2
1 − 𝛤𝐿 ---------- (1)
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REAL PART 1 + 𝑟 𝑟 + 1 1 − 𝛤𝑟 2
− 𝑟 + 1 1 − 𝛤𝑟2 + 𝛤𝑖2 𝑟 + 1 2
1
=
𝑟+1 2 𝑟+1 2

1 − 𝛤𝑟2 − 𝛤𝑖2
𝑟= 𝑟 + 1 𝑟 1 − 𝛤𝑟 2 − 1 − 𝛤𝑟2 +1 1
1 − 𝛤𝑟 2 + 𝛤𝑖2 + 𝛤𝑖2 =
𝑟+1 2 𝑟+1 2

2 2 2 𝑟 + 1 𝑟 − 2𝑟𝛤𝑟 + 𝑟𝛤𝑟2 − 1 + 𝛤𝑟2 + 1 2 1

𝑟 1 − 𝛤𝑟 + 𝑟𝛤𝑖 = 1 − 𝛤𝑟2 − 𝛤𝑖 + 𝛤𝑖 =
𝑟+1 2 𝑟+1 2

𝑟 1 − 𝛤𝑟 2
+ 𝑟𝛤𝑖2 − 1 + 𝛤𝑟2 + 𝛤𝑖2 = 0 𝑟 2 − 2𝑟 2 𝛤𝑟 + 𝑟 2 𝛤𝑟2 − 𝑟 + 𝑟𝛤𝑟2 + 𝑟 − 2𝑟𝛤𝑟 + 𝑟𝛤𝑟2 − 1 + 𝛤𝑟2 + 1 1
2
+ 𝛤𝑖 =
𝑟+1 2 𝑟+1 2

𝑟 1 − 𝛤𝑟 2
− (1 − 𝛤𝑟2 ) + 𝛤𝑖2 (𝑟 + 1) = 0
𝑟 2 − 2𝑟 2 𝛤𝑟 + 𝑟 2 𝛤𝑟2 + 2𝑟𝛤𝑟2 − 2𝑟𝛤𝑟 + 𝛤𝑟2 2 1
+ 𝛤𝑖 =
Multiplying (r+1) on both sides 𝑟+1 2 𝑟+1 2

2 2
𝛤𝑟2 𝑟 2 + 2𝑟 + 1 + 𝑟 2 − 2𝑟𝛤𝑟 (𝑟 + 1) 2 1
𝑟(𝑟 + 1) 1 − 𝛤𝑟 − (𝑟 + 1)(1 − 𝛤𝑟2 ) + 𝛤𝑖 𝑟 + 1 2
=0 + 𝛤𝑖 =
𝑟+1 2 𝑟+1 2

Adding 1/(r+1)2 on both sides 𝑟2 2𝑟𝛤𝑟 1

𝛤𝑟2 + 2
− + 𝛤𝑖2 = 2
𝑟+1 𝑟+1 𝑟+1
1 + 𝑟 𝑟 + 1 1 − 𝛤𝑟 2
− 𝑟 + 1 1 − 𝛤𝑟2 + 𝛤𝑖2 𝑟 + 1 2
1
=
𝑟+1 2 𝑟+1 2
𝟐
𝒓 𝟏
𝜞𝒓 − + 𝜞𝟐𝒊 = 𝟐
𝒓+𝟏 𝒓+𝟏

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IMAGINARY PART

2𝛤𝑖
𝑥=
1 − 𝛤𝑟 2 + 𝛤𝑖2

2 2 2𝛤𝑖 𝑎−𝑏 2
= 𝑏−𝑎 2
1 − 𝛤𝑟 + 𝛤𝑖 =
𝑥

2𝛤𝑖
1 − 𝛤𝑟 2
+ 𝛤𝑖2 − =0
𝑥

Adding 1/x2 on both sides

2𝛤𝑖 1 1 𝟐
1 − 𝛤𝑟 2
+ 𝛤𝑖2 − + 2= 2 𝟏 𝟏
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝜞𝒓 − 𝟏 𝟐 + 𝜞𝒊 − =
𝒙 𝒙𝟐
2
1 1
1 − 𝛤𝑟 2 + 𝛤𝑖 − =
𝑥 𝑥2

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From real Part From imaginary Part

𝟐
𝒓 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝜞𝒓 − + 𝜞𝟐𝒊 = 𝜞𝒓 − 𝟏 𝟐 + 𝜞𝒊 − =
𝒓+𝟏 𝒓+𝟏 𝟐
𝒙 𝒙𝟐

𝒓 Equation of circle 𝟏
𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓 → ,𝟎 𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓 → 𝟏,
𝒓+𝟏 𝒙
𝟐 𝟐
𝒙−𝒉 + 𝒚−𝒌 = 𝒓𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔 → 𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓 → (𝒉, 𝒌) 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔 →
𝒓+𝟏 𝒙
𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔 → 𝒓

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From real Part

𝒓 𝟐 𝟏
𝜞𝒓 − + 𝜞𝟐𝒊 = 𝟐
𝒓+𝟏 𝒓+𝟏
jx

𝒓 𝟏
𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓 → ,𝟎 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔 →
𝒓+𝟏 𝒓+𝟏

For r = 0 𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓 → 𝟎, 𝟎 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔 → 𝟏

𝟏 𝟏
For r = 1 𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓 → ,𝟎 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔 →
𝟐 𝟐
r
(0,0) (½ ,0) (1,0)
𝟐 𝟏
For r = 2 𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓 → ,𝟎 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔 →
𝟑 𝟑
.
.
.

For r = ∞ 𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓 → 𝟏, 𝟎 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔 → 𝟎

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From imaginary Part

𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
𝜞𝒓 − 𝟏 𝟐 + 𝜞𝒊 − =
𝒙 𝒙𝟐 jx
(1,1)
𝟏 𝟏
𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓 → 𝟏, 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔 →
𝒙 𝒙

(1,1/2)
For x = 0 𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓 → 𝟏, ∞ 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔 → ∞

For x = 1 𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓 → 𝟏, 𝟏 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔 → 𝟏

(0,0) (1,0) r
𝟏 𝟏
For x = 2 𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓 → 𝟏, 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔 →
𝟐 𝟐
.
.
.

For r = ∞ 𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓 → 𝟏, 𝟎 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔 → 𝟎

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jx
• It can then be seen that all of the circles of one family
will intersect all of the circles of the other family.
• Knowing the impedance, in the form of r + jx, the
corresponding reflection coefficient can be
determined.
• It is only necessary to find the intersection point of the
two circles corresponding to the values r and x.
• The reverse operation is also possible, Knowing the
reflection coefficient, find the two circles intersecting r
at that point and read the corresponding values r and × (1,0)
on the circles.
• Determine the impedance as a spot on the Smith
chart.
• Find the reflection coefficient (Γ) for the
impedance.
• Having the characteristic impedance and Γ, find
the impedance.
• Convert the impedance to admittance.

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 Q) A lossless
YouTubetransmission
- IMPLearn line with Z0 = 50Ω is 30m long and
operates at 2MHz. The line is terminated with a load ZL= 60+j40 Ω
. If u = 0.6c on the line find
(i) Reflection coefficient Q
(ii) Standing wave ratio
(iii) Input impedance

Solution
𝑍0 = 50 𝑙 = 30 𝐹 = 2𝑀𝐻𝑧 𝑍𝐿 = 60+j40 𝑢 = 0.6𝐶 P

Normalizing
𝑍𝐿 60 + 𝑗40 0.47+j0.03
𝑍𝐿 = = = 1.2 + 𝑗0.8
𝑍0 50 O S
𝑂𝑃 3.2 𝑍𝐿 − 𝑍0 60 + 𝑗40 − 50
|Γ| = = = 0.3516 Γ= =
𝑂𝑄 9.1 𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍0 60 + 𝑗40 + 50
∠Γ = ∠𝑆𝑂𝑃 = 560 = 0.197 + 𝑗0.29
𝟎
𝜞 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝟏𝟔∠𝟓𝟔 𝜞 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓∠𝟓𝟓. 𝟖

1 + |Γ| 1 + 0.35
𝑆𝑊𝑅 = 2.1 𝑆𝑊𝑅 = = =2
1 − |Γ| 1 − 0.35

𝑢 0.6(3×108 )
λ= = = 90𝑚 𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟕 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟎𝟑
𝑓 2×106
𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝒁𝒊𝒏 𝒁𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟕 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟎𝟑 𝟓𝟎
30 1
𝑙 = 30𝑚 = λ = λ
90 3 = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟓 + 𝒋𝟏. 𝟓
7200 𝒁𝑳 + 𝒋𝒁𝟎 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷𝒍
= = 2400 𝒁𝒊𝒏 = [Link]
3 𝒁𝟎 + 𝒋𝒁𝑳 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷𝒍
 Q) The YouTube
0.1λ length line shown has a characteristic impedance of 50Ω
- IMPLearn
and is terminated with a load impedance of ZL = 5 + j25Ω. 540
1260
(i) What is the impedance at l = 0.1λ?
(ii) What is the VSWR on the line? Q
(iii) What is ΓL? 0.1+j0.5 0.38+j1.88
(iv) What is Γ at l = 0.1λ from the load? P

Solution
𝑍0 = 50 𝑙 = 0.1λ 𝑍𝐿 = 5+j25
Normalizing
𝑍𝐿 5 + 𝑗25
𝑍𝐿 = = = 0.1 + 𝑗0.5
𝑍0 50 O 13
𝑙 = 0.1𝜆 = 720 ∗ 0.1 = 720

𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟖 + 𝒋𝟏. 𝟖𝟖 𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝒁𝒊𝒏 𝒁𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟖 + 𝒋𝟏. 𝟖𝟖 𝟓𝟎 = 𝟏𝟗 + 𝒋𝟗𝟒

𝑆𝑊𝑅 = 13

𝑂𝑃 7
|Γ| = = = 0.82 ∠Γ = 1260 𝜞 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐∠𝟏𝟐𝟔𝟎
𝑂𝑄 8.5

Γ at l = 0.1λ

|Γ| = 0.82 ∠Γ = 540 𝜞 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐∠𝟓𝟒𝟎

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RECTANGULAR WAVE GUIDE

• A waveguide is an electromagnetic feed line used in microwave

communications, broadcasting, and radar installations. A waveguide consists y
of a rectangular or cylindrical metal tube or pipe. The electromagnetic field
propagates lengthwise.

• Here we assume that inner surface is perfectly conducting and the region
inside the guide is lossless dielectric, from Maxwell’s equation b

𝝏𝑩 ---------- (1) a x
𝜵×𝑬 =−
𝝏𝒕
𝜕𝑫 z
𝜵×𝑯=𝑱+ ---------- (2)
𝜕𝑡

The harmonic equation for the same (J = 0)

𝜵 × 𝑬 = −𝒋𝝎𝝁𝑯 ---------- (3)

𝜵 × 𝑯 = 𝒋𝝎ε𝑬 ---------- (4)

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× 𝑬 = −𝒋𝝎𝝁𝑯 ---------- (3) 𝜵 × 𝑯 = 𝒋𝝎ε𝑬 ---------- (4)
𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑦 𝑎𝑧 𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑦 𝑎𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛻×𝐸 = = −𝑗𝜔𝜇(𝐻𝑥 + 𝐻𝑦 + 𝐻𝑧 ) 𝛻×𝐻 = = −𝑗𝜔ε(𝐸𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐸𝑧 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝐸𝑥 𝐸𝑦 𝐸𝑧 𝐻𝑥 𝐻𝑦 𝐻𝑧

𝜕𝐸𝑧 𝜕𝐸𝑦 𝜕𝐸𝑥 𝜕𝐸𝑧 𝜕𝐸𝑦 𝜕𝐸𝑥 𝜕𝐻𝑧 𝜕𝐻𝑦 𝜕𝐻𝑥 𝜕𝐻𝑧 𝜕𝐻𝑦 𝜕𝐻𝑥
− 𝑎𝑥 + − 𝑎𝑦 + − 𝑎 = −𝑗𝜔𝜇(𝐻𝑥 + 𝐻𝑦 + 𝐻𝑧 ) − 𝑎𝑥 + − 𝑎𝑦 + − 𝑎 = −𝑗𝜔ε(𝐸𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐸𝑧 )
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑧

Equating x, y, z terms

𝜕𝐸𝑧 𝜕𝐸𝑦 𝜕𝐻𝑧 𝜕𝐻𝑦

− = −𝑗𝜔𝜇𝐻𝑥 ---------- (5) − = 𝑗𝜔ε𝐸𝑥 ---------- (8)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝐸𝑥 𝜕𝐸𝑧 𝜕𝐻𝑥 𝜕𝐻𝑧
− = −𝑗𝜔𝜇𝐻𝑦 ---------- (6) − = 𝑗𝜔ε𝐸𝑦 ---------- (9)
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝐸𝑦 𝜕𝐸𝑥 𝜕𝐻𝑦 𝜕𝐻𝑥
− = −𝑗𝜔𝜇𝐻𝑧 ---------- (7) − = 𝑗𝜔ε𝐸𝑧 ---------- (10)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

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us assume the filed varying along z-axis
−𝛾𝑧
as 𝑒
𝐻𝑥 = 𝐻𝑥0 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧
𝐸𝑥 = 𝐸𝑥0 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧
𝐻𝑦 = 𝐻𝑦0 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧
𝐸𝑦 = 𝐸𝑦0 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧
𝜕𝐻𝑥
= −𝛾𝐻𝑥
𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝐸𝑥
= −𝛾𝐸𝑥 𝜕𝐻𝑦
𝜕𝑧
= −𝛾𝐻𝑦
𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝐸𝑦
= −𝛾𝐸𝑦
𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝐸𝑧 𝜕𝐻𝑧
(5) → + 𝛾𝐸𝑦 = −𝑗𝜔𝜇𝐻𝑥 ---------- (11) (8) → + 𝛾𝐻𝑦 = 𝑗𝜔ε𝐸𝑥 ---------- (14)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝐸𝑧 𝜕𝐻𝑧
(6) → 𝛾𝐸𝑥 + = 𝑗𝜔𝜇𝐻𝑦 (9) → −𝛾𝐻𝑥 − = 𝑗𝜔ε𝐸𝑦 ---------- (15)
𝜕𝑥 ---------- (12) 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝐸𝑦 𝜕𝐸𝑥 𝜕𝐻𝑦 𝜕𝐻𝑥
(7) → − = −𝑗𝜔𝜇𝐻𝑧 ---------- (13) (10) → − = 𝑗𝜔ε𝐸𝑧 ---------- (16)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝑗𝜔ε𝐸𝑥 1 𝜕𝐻𝑧
𝑗𝜔𝜇𝐻𝑦 1 𝜕𝐸𝑧 𝐻𝑦 = − ---------- (18)
(12) → 𝐸𝑥 = − ---------- (17) 𝛾 𝛾 𝜕𝑦
𝛾 𝛾 𝜕𝑥 [Link]
YouTube - IMPLearn
Substitute (18) in (17) 𝑗𝜔𝜇𝐻𝑦 1 𝜕𝐸𝑧
𝐸𝑥 = − ---------- (17)
𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝑗𝜔ε𝐸𝑥 1 𝜕𝐻𝑧 1 𝜕𝐸𝑧 𝛾 𝛾 𝜕𝑥
𝐸𝑥 = − −
𝛾 𝛾 𝛾 𝜕𝑦 𝛾 𝜕𝑥 𝑗𝜔ε𝐸𝑥 1 𝜕𝐻𝑧
𝐻𝑦 = − ---------- (18)
𝛾 𝛾 𝜕𝑦
𝜔2 𝜇ε𝐸𝑥 𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝜕𝐻𝑧 1 𝜕𝐸𝑧
= − 2 −
𝛾2 𝛾 𝜕𝑦 𝛾 𝜕𝑥

𝜔2 𝜇ε 𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝜕𝐻𝑧 1 𝜕𝐸𝑧

𝐸𝑥 1 + 2 = − 2 −
𝛾 𝛾 𝜕𝑦 𝛾 𝜕𝑥

𝛾2 𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝜕𝐻𝑧 1 𝜕𝐸𝑧

𝐸𝑥 = 2 − −
𝛾 + 𝜔 2 𝜇ε 𝛾 2 𝜕𝑦 𝛾 𝜕𝑥

1 𝜕𝐻𝑧 𝜕𝐸𝑧
𝐸𝑥 = −𝑗𝜔𝜇 − 𝛾
𝛾 2 + 𝜔 2 𝜇ε 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Substitute ℎ2 = 𝛾 2 + 𝜔2 𝜇ε

−𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝜕𝐻𝑧 𝛾 𝜕𝐸𝑧 𝑗𝜔ε 𝜕𝐸𝑧 𝛾 𝜕𝐻𝑧

𝐸𝑥 = − 𝐻𝑥 = −
ℎ2 𝜕𝑦 ℎ2 𝜕𝑥 ℎ2 𝜕𝑦 ℎ2 𝜕𝑥

𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝜕𝐻𝑧 𝛾 𝜕𝐸𝑧 −𝑗𝜔ε 𝜕𝐸𝑧 𝛾 𝜕𝐻𝑧

𝐸𝑦 = − 2 𝐻𝑦 = −
ℎ2 𝜕𝑥 ℎ 𝜕𝑦 ℎ2 𝜕𝑥 ℎ2 𝜕𝑦
[Link]
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• These four field components are in terms of Ez
& Hz
−𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝜕𝐻𝑧 𝛾 𝜕𝐸𝑧 𝑗𝜔ε 𝜕𝐸𝑧 𝛾 𝜕𝐻𝑧 • IF we assume that both Ez and Hz components
𝐸𝑥 = − 2 𝐻𝑥 = −
ℎ2 𝜕𝑦 ℎ 𝜕𝑥 ℎ2 𝜕𝑦 ℎ2 𝜕𝑥 are zero then all filed vanish or in other words
transverse electromagnetic (TEM) wave
𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝜕𝐻𝑧 𝛾 𝜕𝐸𝑧 −𝑗𝜔ε 𝜕𝐸𝑧 𝛾 𝜕𝐻𝑧 cannot exist in a wave guide
𝐸𝑦 = − 2 𝐻𝑦 = − • A wave pattern is possible if either 𝐸𝑧 ≠ 0 or
ℎ2 𝜕𝑥 ℎ 𝜕𝑦 ℎ2 𝜕𝑥 ℎ2 𝜕𝑦
𝐻𝑧 ≠ 0.
• If 𝐸𝑧 = 0 then the electric field is transverse,
These equations gives the relationships among the but there is a non zero Hz, this is called
fields within the guide Transverse Electric (TE) wave
• Similarly for Transverse Magnetic (TM) wave
, 𝐻𝑧 = 0 and 𝐸𝑧 ≠ 0
• Thus a rectangular wave guide can support TE
or TM mode wave

[Link]
 YouTube - IMPLearn
Transverse Magnetic (TM) Waves in Rectangular wave guide

In general wave equation is

∇2 𝐸 = 𝛾 2 𝐸 ---------- (1)

∇2 𝐻 = 𝛾 2 𝐻 ---------- (2)
(1) → 𝜕2𝐸 𝜕2𝐸 𝜕2𝐸
2
+ 2 + 2 = −𝝎𝟐 𝝁ε𝑬 ---------- (4)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝛾= 𝒋𝝎𝝁 𝝈 + 𝒋𝝎ε ---------- (3)

(2) → 𝜕2𝐻 𝜕2𝐻 𝜕2𝐻 ---------- (5)
2
+ 2 + 2 = −𝝎𝟐 𝝁ε𝑯
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
For dielectric σ=0
We have to consider only z – component since the wave is
𝛾= −𝝎𝟐 𝝁ε travelling in z – direction

𝛾 2 = −𝝎𝟐 𝝁ε 𝜕 2 𝐸𝑧 𝜕 2 𝐸𝑧 𝜕 2 𝐸𝑧
2
+ 2
+ 2
= −𝝎𝟐 𝝁ε𝑬𝒛 ---------- (6)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕 2 𝐻𝑧 𝜕 2 𝐻𝑧 𝜕 2 𝐻𝑧
2
+ 2
+ 2
= −𝝎𝟐 𝝁ε𝑯𝒛 ---------- (7)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

[Link]
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ℎ2 = 𝛾 2 + 𝜔2 𝜇𝜀
1 𝑑2 𝑋 1 𝑑2 𝑌
Let us assume 2
+ 2
+ ℎ2 = 0
𝑋 𝑑𝑥 𝑌 𝑑𝑦
𝐸𝑧 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝐸𝑧0 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧 ---------- (8)
1 𝑑2 𝑌
1 𝑑2 𝑋
Where + ℎ2 = 𝐴2 − 2
= 𝐴2
𝑋 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑌 𝑑𝑦
𝐸𝑧0 = 𝑋𝑌
1 𝑑2 𝑋
Substitute (8) in (6) 2
+ 𝐵2 = 0 𝐵2 = ℎ2 − 𝐴2
𝑋 𝑑𝑥
𝜕2 −𝛾𝑧
𝜕2 −𝛾𝑧
𝜕2
2
𝑋𝑌𝑒 + 2 𝑋𝑌𝑒 + 2 𝑋𝑌𝑒 −𝛾𝑧 = −𝝎𝟐 𝝁ε 𝑋𝑌𝑒 −𝛾𝑧 Multiplying both sides by 𝑋
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

−𝛾𝑧
𝑑2 𝑋 −𝛾𝑧
𝑑2 𝑌 𝑑2 𝑋
𝑌𝑒 2
+ 𝑋𝑒 2
+ 𝛾 2 𝑋𝑌𝑒 −𝛾𝑧 = −𝜔2 𝜇𝜀𝑋𝑌𝑒 −𝛾𝑧 + 𝐵2 𝑋 = 0 ---------- (9)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2

𝑑2 𝑋 𝑑2 𝑌 and
𝑌 2 + 𝑋 2 + [𝛾 2 + 𝜔2 𝜇𝜀]𝑋𝑌 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑌
2
+ 𝐴2 𝑌 = 0 ---------- (10)
1
𝑑𝑦
Dividing both sides by
𝑋𝑌
The above ordinary differential equation can be expressed as

1 𝑑2 𝑋 1 𝑑2 𝑌 𝑋 = 𝐶1 cos 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 𝐵𝑥 ---------- (11)

2
+ 2
+ [𝛾 2 + 𝜔2 𝜇𝜀] = 0
𝑋 𝑑𝑥 𝑌 𝑑𝑦
𝑌 = 𝐶3 cos 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐶4 sin 𝐴𝑦 ---------- (12)
[Link]
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[Link]
 YouTube - IMPLearn
𝑋 = 𝐶1 cos 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 𝐵𝑥 ---------- (11)

𝑌 = 𝐶3 cos 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐶4 sin 𝐴𝑦 ---------- (12)

From (8)

𝐸𝑧0 = 𝑋𝑌

= (𝐶1 cos 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 𝐵𝑥)(𝐶3 cos 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐶4 sin 𝐴𝑦)

𝐸𝑧0 = 𝐶1 𝐶3 cos 𝐵𝑥 cos 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐶1 𝐶4 cos 𝐵𝑥 sin 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐶2 𝐶3 sin 𝐵𝑥 cos 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐶2 𝐶4 sin 𝐵𝑥 sin 𝐴𝑦 ---------- (13)
𝑚𝜋 𝑛𝜋
The constants C1, C2, C3, C4, A & B can be calculated form the 𝐸𝑧0 = 𝐶 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦
𝑎 𝑏
boundary conditions

x=0 y=0 x=a y=b

𝑚𝜋
(13) → 𝐶1 𝐶3 cos 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐶1 𝐶4 sin 𝐴𝑦 = 0 (14) → 𝐶2 𝐶3 sin 𝐵𝑥 = 0 (15) → 𝐶2 𝐶4 sin 𝐵𝑥 sin 𝐴𝑦 = 0 𝐶 sin 𝑥 sin 𝐴𝑏 = 0
𝑎
𝐶1 (𝐶3 cos 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐶4 sin 𝐴𝑦) = 0 𝐶2 𝐶4 = 𝐶
𝐶 sin 𝐵𝑎 sin 𝐴𝑦 = 0 Which leads to sin 𝐴𝑏 = 0
Which leads to 𝐶1 = 0 Which leads to 𝐶3 = 0
Which leads to sin 𝐵𝑎 = 0
𝐸𝑧0 = 𝐶2 𝐶3 sin 𝐵𝑥 cos 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐶2 𝐶4 sin 𝐵𝑥 sin 𝐴𝑦 𝐸𝑧0 = 𝐶2 𝐶4 sin 𝐵𝑥 sin 𝐴𝑦 𝑛𝜋
𝑚𝜋 𝐴= When n=1,2,3,..
------- (14) 𝑏
------- (15) 𝐵= Where m=1,2,3,..
𝑎
[Link]
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𝛾 𝜕𝐸𝑧 𝑗𝜔ε 𝜕𝐸𝑧
𝐸𝑥 = − 𝐻𝑥 =
ℎ2 𝜕𝑥 ℎ2 𝜕𝑦
𝛾 𝜕𝐸𝑧 −𝑗𝜔ε 𝜕𝐸𝑧
𝐸𝑦 = − 𝐻𝑦 =
ℎ2 𝜕𝑦 ℎ2 𝜕𝑥

Substitute the values of Ez we get

𝛾𝐶 𝜕 𝑚𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑗𝜔ε𝐶 𝜕 𝑚𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝐸𝑥 = − sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦 𝐻𝑥 = sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦
ℎ2 𝜕𝑥 𝑎 𝑏 ℎ2 𝜕𝑦 𝑎 𝑏

𝐸𝑧 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝐸𝑧0 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧 ---------- (8)

𝛾𝐶 𝜕 𝑚𝜋 𝑛𝜋 −𝑗𝜔ε𝐶 𝜕 𝑚𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝐸𝑦 = − sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦 𝐻𝑦 = sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦
ℎ2 𝜕𝑦 𝑎 𝑏 ℎ2 𝜕𝑥 𝑎 𝑏

Assuming perfect conducting condition σ=0 and substitute

the value of E0 in (8)

Top view
𝑗𝛽 𝑚𝜋 𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑦 −𝛾𝑧
𝐸𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = − 𝐶 cos sin 𝑒
ℎ2 𝑎 𝑎 𝑏

𝑗𝛽 𝑛𝜋 𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑦 −𝛾𝑧

𝐸𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = − 𝐶 sin cos 𝑒
ℎ2 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏

Side view
𝑗𝜔ε 𝑛𝜋 𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑦 −𝛾𝑧
𝐻𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝐶 sin cos 𝑒
ℎ2 𝑎 𝑎 𝑏

−𝑗𝜔ε 𝑚𝜋 𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑦 −𝛾𝑧

𝐻𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝐶 cos sin 𝑒
ℎ2 𝑎 𝑎 𝑏 [Link]
Front view
 To find YouTube
propagation const
- IMPLearn velocity
Consider
ℎ2 = 𝛾 2 + 𝜔2 𝜇𝜀 𝜔
2 2 𝑣=
𝑚𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝛽
2
𝛾 = ℎ − 𝜔 𝜇𝜀 2 2
𝜔𝑐2 𝜇𝜀 = +
𝑎 𝑏
𝛾= ℎ2 − 𝜔 2 𝜇𝜀 𝜔
𝑣=
1 𝑚𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 2 2 2
𝐵2 = ℎ2 − 𝐴2 𝜔𝑐 = + 𝑚𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝜔 2 𝜇𝜀 − +
2 2 2
𝜇𝜀 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
ℎ =𝐴 +𝐵
𝛾= 𝐴2 + 𝐵2 − 𝜔 2 𝜇𝜀 The lower limit of angular frequency (ωc) is
called cut-off frequency, below which wave Wavelength
𝑛𝜋 𝑚𝜋 propagation is absent
𝐴= 𝐵=
𝑏 𝑎 𝑣
𝜆=
1 𝑚𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 2 𝑓
𝑓𝑐 = +
𝑛𝜋 2 𝑚𝜋 2 2𝜋 𝜇𝜀 𝑎 𝑏
𝛾= + − 𝜔 2 𝜇𝜀
𝑏 𝑎 2𝜋
Wavelength corresponding to the cut off
𝜆=
2 2
frequency 𝑚𝜋 𝑛𝜋
We know propagation constant is a 𝜔 2 𝜇𝜀 − +
complex value
𝑎 𝑏
When σ = 0 𝛾 = 𝑗𝛽
2
𝜆𝑐 =
𝑚 2 𝑛 2
2 2 +
𝑛𝜋 𝑚𝜋 𝑎 𝑏
𝛽= 𝜔 2 𝜇𝜀 − +
𝑏 𝑎
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Transverse Electric (TE) Waves in Rectangular wave guide

For a TE mode the component of electric field strength along the

direction of propagation is zero (Ez = 0)

Let us assume

𝐻𝑧 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝐻𝑧0 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧

Where

𝐻𝑧0 = 𝑋𝑌

𝐻𝑧0 = 𝐶1 𝐶3 cos 𝐵𝑥 cos 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐶1 𝐶4 cos 𝐵𝑥 sin 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐶2 𝐶3 sin 𝐵𝑥 cos 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐶2 𝐶4 sin 𝐵𝑥 sin 𝐴𝑦

−𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝜕𝐻𝑧 𝛾 𝜕𝐻𝑧

𝐸𝑥 = 𝐻𝑥 = −
ℎ2 𝜕𝑦 ℎ2 𝜕𝑥

𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝜕𝐻𝑧 𝛾 𝜕𝐻𝑧

𝐸𝑦 = 2 𝐻𝑦 = −
ℎ 𝜕𝑥 ℎ2 𝜕𝑦

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𝐻𝑧0 = 𝐶1 𝐶3 cos 𝐵𝑥 cos 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐶1 𝐶4 cos 𝐵𝑥 sin 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐶2 𝐶3 sin 𝐵𝑥 cos 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐶2 𝐶4 sin 𝐵𝑥 sin 𝐴𝑦 ---------- (1)

Differentiating (1) with respect to x

𝜕𝐻𝑧
= −𝐵𝐶1 𝐶3 sin 𝐵𝑥 cos 𝐴𝑦 − 𝐵𝐶1 𝐶4 sin 𝐵𝑥 sin 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐵𝐶2 𝐶3 cos 𝐵𝑥 cos 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐵𝐶2 𝐶4 cos 𝐵𝑥 sin 𝐴𝑦
𝜕𝑥
Differentiating (2) with respect to y

𝜕𝐻𝑧
= −𝐴𝐶1 𝐶3 cos 𝐵𝑥 sin 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐴𝐶1 𝐶4 cos 𝐵𝑥 cos 𝐴𝑦 ------- (3)
𝜕𝑦

The constants C1, C2, C3, C4, A & B can be calculated form the
boundary conditions

x=0 y=0

(1) → 𝐵𝐶2 𝐶3 cos 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐵𝐶2 𝐶4 sin 𝐴𝑦 = 0 𝐶1 𝐶3 = 𝐶

(3) → 𝐴𝐶1 𝐶4 cos 𝐵𝑥 = 0
𝐶2 (𝐵𝐶3 cos 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐵𝐶4 sin 𝐴𝑦) = 0
Which leads to 𝐶4 = 0 𝐻𝑧0 = 𝐶 cos 𝐵𝑥 cos 𝐴𝑦 ------- (5)
Which leads to 𝐶2 = 0

𝐻𝑧0 = 𝐶1 𝐶3 cos 𝐵𝑥 cos 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐶1 𝐶4 cos 𝐵𝑥 sin 𝐴𝑦 𝐻𝑧0 = 𝐶1 𝐶3 cos 𝐵𝑥 cos 𝐴𝑦 Where

𝑛𝜋 𝑚𝜋
------- (2) ------- (4) 𝐴= 𝐵=
𝑏 𝑎
[Link]
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𝐶 cos 𝐵𝑥 cos 𝐴𝑦 ------- (5)

−𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝜕 𝛾 𝜕
𝐸𝑥 = 𝐶 cos 𝐵𝑥 cos 𝐴𝑦 𝐻𝑥 = − (𝐶 cos 𝐵𝑥 cos 𝐴𝑦)
ℎ2 𝜕𝑦 ℎ2 𝜕𝑥
𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝜕 𝛾 𝜕
𝐸𝑦 = (𝐶 cos 𝐵𝑥 cos 𝐴𝑦) 𝐻𝑦 = − (𝐶 cos 𝐵𝑥 cos 𝐴𝑦)
ℎ2 𝜕𝑥 ℎ2 𝜕𝑦 𝐻𝑧 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝐻𝑧0 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧 ---------- (8)

For TE wave the expression for β, fc, λc, vp are same as those of TM wave . However there is a difference
for TE wave, it is possible to make either m or n but not both zero.
The lower order TE is possible than TM ( TE10 mode ,m=1,n=0)
𝑗𝜔𝜇
𝐸𝑥 = 𝐶𝐴 cos 𝐵𝑥 sin 𝐴𝑦 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧
ℎ2

Top view
𝑗𝜔𝜇
𝐸𝑦 = − 2
𝐶𝐵 sin 𝐵𝑥 cos 𝐴𝑦 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧
ℎ

𝛾
𝐻𝑥 = 2
𝐶𝐵 sin 𝐵𝑥 cos 𝐴𝑦 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧
ℎ

𝛾
𝐻𝑦 = 𝐶𝐴 cos 𝐵𝑥 sin 𝐴𝑦 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧

Side view
ℎ2

𝑛𝜋 𝑚𝜋
𝐴= 𝐵=
𝑏 𝑎
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For TE10 mode

1 𝑚𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 2
𝑓𝑐 = +
2𝜋 𝜇𝜀 𝑎 𝑏

Substituting m=1, n=0 • The mode with the lowest cut off frequency is called the
dominant mode
1 𝜋 • In rectangular wave guide the dominant mode is TE10
𝑓𝑐 =
2𝜋 𝜇𝜀 𝑎 • For a given wave guide it is possible to operate only in the
dominant mode over certain range of frequencies
𝑣0 The cut off frequency of TE10 • Most wave guide component are designed for operating in
𝑓𝑐 = mode is independent of the this mode
2𝑎
tube dimension b

𝑣0
𝜆𝑐 = = 2𝑎
𝑓𝑐

𝜋 2
𝛽= 𝜔 2 𝜇𝜀 −
𝑎

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