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Stereochemistry in Electrophilic Addition

This document discusses electrophilic addition reactions to alkenes. It defines basic terms like configuration and stereoisomers. It explains chirality, stereogenic centers, and how to determine R and S configuration using Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules. It covers electrophilic addition mechanisms and how they can generate stereoisomers. Markovnikov's rule is explained for predicting product stability. Specific reactions covered include hydrohalogenation, halogenation, and halohydrin formation from alkenes. Stereochemistry is discussed for each reaction.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
20 views45 pages

Stereochemistry in Electrophilic Addition

This document discusses electrophilic addition reactions to alkenes. It defines basic terms like configuration and stereoisomers. It explains chirality, stereogenic centers, and how to determine R and S configuration using Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules. It covers electrophilic addition mechanisms and how they can generate stereoisomers. Markovnikov's rule is explained for predicting product stability. Specific reactions covered include hydrohalogenation, halogenation, and halohydrin formation from alkenes. Stereochemistry is discussed for each reaction.

Uploaded by

aidananur0406
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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STEREOCHEMISTRY

ELECTROPHILIC ADDITION

Donata Pluskota-Karwatka
donatap@[Link]
Department of Chemistry of Natural Products
BASIC TERMS

Configuration arrangement of atoms in the space


Stereoisomers differ in configuration

Donata Pluskota-Karwatka
CHIRALITY

Donata Pluskota-Karwatka
CHIRALITY

Donata Pluskota-Karwatka
STEREOGENIC CENTRE

Stereogenic centre (centre of chirality)


*

Donata Pluskota-Karwatka
STEREOGENIC CENTRE

Donata Pluskota-Karwatka
STEREOGENIC CENTRE

Donata Pluskota-Karwatka
STEREOISOMERS

Donata Pluskota-Karwatka
STEREOISOMERS

Stereoisomers of 2,3-dibromobutane

Plane of symmetry

Donata Pluskota-Karwatka
CONFIGURATION R/S

-OH (1), -CH2CH3 (2), -CH3 (3), -H (4)

Donata Pluskota-Karwatka
CONFIGURATION R/S

Donata Pluskota-Karwatka
CONFIGURATION R/S

Donata Pluskota-Karwatka
CONFIGURATION R/S

Donata Pluskota-Karwatka
FISCHER PROJECTION
FISCHER PROJECTION

observer

come out towards us

Donata Pluskota-Karwatka
ALKENES

Ethylene

Propene
ELECTROPHILIC ADDITION

In electrophilic addition the π bond of the alkene and the σ bond of the
reagent are broken, and two new σ bonds are formed.

Stereochemistry

X and Y moieties can be added from the same side of the plane (syn addition)
or from the opposite sides (anti addition).
ELECTROPHILIC ADDITION

General Step 1: Attack of the π bond on the electrophile


mechanism

Step 2: Attack of the nucleophile on the carbocation


ELECTROPHILIC ADDITION

Example
ELECTROPHILIC ADDITION
ELECTROPHILIC ADDITION

Carbocations
ELECTROPHILIC ADDITION

Markovnikov’s rule:
in an electrophilic addition to an alkene, the electrophile adds in
such a way as to generate the most stable intermediate.

Carbocation stability decreases in the following order:

Inductive effect and hyperconjugation


ELECTROPHILIC ADDITION

Hyperconjugation
ELECTROPHILIC ADDITION

Carbocations stability

Adjacent carbon π bonds stabilize carbocation (Resonance)


ELECTROPHILIC ADDITION

Carbocations stability

Adjacent atoms with lone pairs stabilize carbocations


ELECTROPHILIC ADDITION

Carbocations stability

Adjacent atoms with lone pairs stabilize carbocations


ADDITION OF HYDROGEN HALIDES
HYDROHALOGENATION

Donata Pluskota-Karwatka
ADDITION OF HYDROGEN HALIDES
Addition of H-Br to cis-2-butenu

Mechanizm

Donata Pluskota-Karwatka
ADDITION OF HYDROGEN HALIDES

Donata Pluskota-Karwatka
CARBOCATION REARRANGEMENT

Less stable carbocation


rearrages to the more stable

Methyl group migrates to adjacent


positively charged carbon atom

Donata Pluskota-Karwatka
CARBOCATION REARRANGEMENT
Addition to unsymmetrical alkenes

Donata Pluskota-Karwatka
CARBOCATION REARRANGEMENT
Addition to unsymmetrical alkenes

Donata Pluskota-Karwatka
ADDITION OF HYDROGEN HALIDES
Generation of stereogenic centre

2-etylo-1-penten

Donata Pluskota-Karwatka
ADDITION OF HYDROGEN HALIDES
Generation of stereogenic centre

Donata Pluskota-Karwatka
ADDITION OF HYDROGEN HALIDES

Generation
of stereogenic centre

Donata Pluskota-Karwatka
HYRATION OF ALKENES

Donata Pluskota-Karwatka
HYRATION OF ALKENES

Mechanizm

Donata Pluskota-Karwatka
HALOGENATION OF ALKENES

Donata Pluskota-Karwatka
HALOGENATION OF ALKENES

Transition state

Donata Pluskota-Karwatka
HALOGENATION OF ALKENES

Stereochemistry

Enantiomers

Addition from both sides

Donata Pluskota-Karwatka
HALOGENATION OF ALKENES
Stereochemistry

Donata Pluskota-Karwatka
FORMATION OF HALOHYDIRIN

Donata Pluskota-Karwatka
FORMATION OF HALOHYDIRIN
Addition to unsymmetrical alkenes

Donata Pluskota-Karwatka
FORMATION OF HALOHYDIRIN

Regioselectivity of halohydrin formation


Thank you

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