MODULE 3

RECOGNIZING SAFETY HAZARDS

AND APPLICATION OF
APPROPRIATE SAFETY RULES AND
CONTROL MEASURES
Part 4 – Basic Safety Rules and Measure for
workplace hazards

Topics:
 House keeping and material handling and storage
 Machine Safety
 Electrical Safety
 Fire Safety
 Chemical Safety
 HOUSEKEEPING AND
MATERIALS HANDLING AND
STORAGE
Rule 1060 - Premises of Establishment

Good housekeeping shall be maintained at all times

through cleanliness of building, yards, machines,
equipment, regular waste disposal, and orderly
arrangement of processes, operations, storage and filing
of materials
5
6
8
9
POINTS ON SAFETY STORAGE OF MATERIALS

1. Materials that can react with

each other should be stored in
separate areas.

2. Storage areas should be well

ventilated and lighted.
POINTS ON SAFETY STORAGE OF MATERIALS

3. In storage areas of flammable

materials, explosion proof lighting
fixtures and switches to be used.
Non-spark tools should also be used.
POINTS ON SAFETY STORAGE OF MATERIALS

4. Fire extinguishers should

be sufficient for the
amount and the type of
materials in the storage
area. Fire Extinguishers
should be accessible.
POINTS ON SAFETY STORAGE OF MATERIALS

5. Adequate spacing for access (at least 4 feet of

space from any structure or shelf)
POINTS ON SAFETY STORAGE OF MATERIALS

6. Compressed gas (high-pressure) tanks and cylinders

should be stored in upright position and should be
secured with ropes, slings or chain to a rigid
structure.
POINTS ON SAFETY STORAGE OF MATERIALS

7. No open flame work near the storage of combustible

and flammable materials. Hot work permit is mandatory
should welding is extremely necessary.
MECHANICAL SAFETY
MECHANICAL SAFETY

WHAT IS WRONG
WITH THIS
EQUIPMENT?

19
 MECHANICAL SAFETY
A good rule to remember is:
Any machine part, function, or process which
may cause injury must be safeguarded.

Where the operation of a machine can injure

the operator or other workers, the hazard
must be controlled or eliminated

20
MECHANICAL SAFETY

21
MECHANICAL SAFETY

22
 MECHANICAL SAFETY
USUAL REASONS FOR MACHINERY INCIDENTS

• Bypassing protocols, procedures and

safeguards
• Not using Lockout/Tagout
• Unauthorized person doing maintenance or
using the machines
• Missing or loose machine guards
• Lack of training
23
MECHANICAL SAFETY

Lockout/tagout" refers to
specific practices and
procedures to safeguard
employees from the
unexpected energization or
startup of machinery and
equipment, or the release of
hazardous energy during
service or maintenance
activities
 MECHANICAL SAFETY

3 Basic Areas To Be Safeguarded

• Point of Operation
• Power Transmission
Apparatus
• Other Moving Parts

25
 MECHANICAL SAFETY

Point of Operation

That point where work

is performed on the
material, such as cutting,
shaping, boring, or
forming of stock must
be guarded.
 MECHANICAL SAFETY
Point of Operation
 MECHANICAL SAFETY
Rotating Parts
 MECHANICAL SAFETY
In-Running Nip Points
Rotating Belt and
cylinders pulley

Chain and Rack and

sprocket pinion
 MECHANICAL SAFETY
In-Running Nip Points
 MECHANICAL SAFETY
Hazard Identification

Motions Actions
• Rotating (including in- • Cutting
running nip points) • Punching
• Transverse • Shearing
• Reciprocating • Bending
MECHANICAL SAFETY
 MECHANICAL SAFETY

Guards: physical barriers that enclose dangerous machine parts and

prevent employee contact

Devices: Controls or attachments that, when properly designed,

applied and used, usually prevent inadvertent access by employees
to hazardous machine areas.

Location/distance: may involve an operator holding and supporting

a work-piece with both hands at a predetermined minimum safe
distance or, if both hands cannot be used to hold the work-piece at a
distance so that the operator cannot reach the hazard with the free
hand.
 #1
Fixed Guard
Provides a barrier - a permanent part of the
machine, preferable to all other types of guards.
 #1
Fixed Guard
 Interlocked Guard

When this type of guard is opened or removed,

the tripping mechanism and/or power
automatically shuts off or disengages, and the
machine cannot cycle or be started until the
guard is back in place.
Interlocked
guard on
revolving drum
 Adjustable Guard

Provides a barrier
which may be
adjusted to
facilitate a variety Bandsaw blade
of production adjustable guard
operations.
 Self-Adjusting Guard

Provides a barrier which moves according to

the size of the stock entering the danger area.

Circular table saw

self-adjusting guard
#2
Pullback Device

 Utilizes a series of cables

attached to the operator’s
hands, wrists, and/or arms
 Primarily used on machines
with stroking action
 Allows access to the point of
operation when the slide/ram is
up
 Withdraws hands when the
slide/ram begins to descend
 Pullback Device (cont’d)

 Hands in die, feeding  Die closed

 Point of operation exposed  Hands withdrawn from
 Pullback device attached point of operation by
and properly adjusted pullback device
 Restraint Device

 Uses cables or straps

attached to the operator’s
hands and a fixed point
 Must be adjusted to let the
operator’s hands travel
within a predetermined safe
area
 Hand-feeding tools are often
necessary if the operation
involves placing material
into the danger area
 Safety Tripwire Cables

 Device located around the

perimeter of or near the danger
area
 Operator must be able to reach
the cable to stop the machine
 Two-Hand Control

 Requires constant, concurrent

pressure to activate the
machine
 The operator’s hands are
required to be at a safe
location (on control buttons)
and at a safe distance from the
danger area while the
machine completes its closing
cycle
 Gate
 Movable barrier device which protects the operator at the
point of operation before the machine cycle can be started
 If the gate does not fully close, machine will not function

Gate Open Gate Closed

 #3
Safeguarding by
Location/Distance
 Locate the machine or its
dangerous moving parts so
that they are not
accessible or do not
present a hazard to a
worker during normal
operation
 Maintain a safe distance
from the danger area
Automatic Feed
(shown on power press)

Transparent
Enclosure
Guard

Stock Feed
Roll

Danger
Area

Completed Work
 Robots

 Machines that load and

unload stock, assemble
parts, transfer objects, or
perform other tasks
 Best used in high-
production processes
requiring repeated
routines where they
prevent other hazards to
employees
Protective Shields
These do not give complete protection from machine hazards,
but do provide some protection from flying particles,
splashing cutting oils, or coolants.
Holding Tools

 Used to place and

remove stock in the
danger area
 Not to be used
instead of other
machine safeguards,
but as a supplement
 Machine Safety Responsibilities

 Management
 ensure all machinery is properly guarded
 Supervisors
 train employees on specific guard rules in their areas
 ensure machine guards remain in place and are functional
 immediately correct machine guard deficiencies
 Employees
 do not remove guards unless machine is locked and tagged
 report machine guard problems to supervisors immediately
 do not operate equipment unless guards are in place
 Training
Operators should receive training on the following:

• Hazards associated with particular machines

• How the safeguards provide protection and the hazards for
which they are intended
• How and why to use the safeguards
• How and when safeguards can be removed and by whom
• What to do if a safeguard is damaged, missing, or unable to
provide adequate protection
Summary

• Safeguards are essential for protecting workers from needless

and preventable machinery-related injuries

• The point of operation, as well as all parts of the machine that

move while the machine is working, must be safeguarded
A good rule to remember is:
Any machine part, function,
or process which may
cause injury must be
safeguarded
ELECTRICAL SAFETY
Electricity
- Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated
with the presence and flow of electric charge.

Electrons

Protons
Voltage – force or measure of electrical
potential

Current – flow of electrically charged

particles

Resistance – property to resist the

current/flow of particles
59
- Insulator

- Conductor
Effects of Fault Current to People

0.7 mA Perception current –women

1.1 mA Perception current – Men
5.0 mA Trip level established by UL (Underwriter’s Laboratory)
10 mA Lowest current that can cause death
10.5 mA Let-go Current –Women
16.0 mA Let-go current –Men
50-150 mA Electrocution level- Adults
150-4300 mA Ventricular Fibrillation
10,000 mA Cardiac arrest, Severe burns
Factors affecting degree of electrocution

Damp
[Link] amount of current. or dry?

2. Direction of current through the body

3. Environmental conditions affecting
body’s contact resistance. Critical path
is the chest
4. Duration of the contact (time).
cavity

Bare foot or w/ shoes? With Mat

insulator or direct to ground?
Electrical Injuries

There are four main types of electrical injuries:

 Direct:
➢Electrocution or death due to electrical
shock
➢Electrical shock
➢Burns
 Indirect - Falls
Burns

 Most common shock-related injury

 Occurs when you touch electrical

wiring or equipment that is
improperly used or maintained

 Typically occurs on hands

 Very serious injury that needs

immediate attention

[Link] - The Unofficial Guide To the OSHA 64

Falls

 Electric shock can also cause

indirect injuries

 Workers in elevated locations

who experience a shock may fall,
resulting in serious injury or
death
Electrical Hazards and How to Control Them

Electrical accidents are caused

by the combination of these
three factors:
 Unsafe equipment and/or

installation,

 Workplaces made unsafe by

the environment, and

 Unsafe work practices.

Hazard – Exposed Electrical Parts

Detached cover from mounting

Control – Isolate Electrical Parts

 Use guards or barriers

 Replace covers

 Guard live parts of electric

equipment operating at 50 volts
or more against accidental
contact
 Control – Isolate Electrical Parts -
Cabinets, Boxes & Fittings

Conductors going into them must be protected, and unused openings

must be closed
 Control – Close Openings

 Junction boxes, pull boxes and

fittings must have approved
covers
 Unused openings in cabinets,
boxes and fittings must be
closed (no missing knockouts)

70
 Hazard – Overloaded Circuits

Hazards may result from:

 Too many devices plugged into a circuit,
causing heated wires and possibly a fire

 Damaged tools overheating

 Lack of overcurrent protection

 Wire insulation melting, which may cause

arcing and a fire in the area where the
overload exists, even inside a wall

[Link] - The Unofficial Guide To the OSHA 71

Circuit Breaker
Clues that Electrical Hazards Exist

[Link] - The Unofficial Guide To the OSHA 73

Avoid octopus connection
 Safety-Related Work Practices

To protect workers from electrical shock:

 Use barriers and guards to prevent passage
through areas of exposed energized equipment

 Pre-plan work, post hazard warnings and use

protective measures

 Keep working spaces and walkways clear of

cords

[Link] - The Unofficial Guide To the OSHA 75

 Preventing Electrical Hazards - Planning

 Plan your work with others

 Plan to avoid falls

 Plan to lock-out and tag-out

equipment

 Remove jewelry

 Avoid wet conditions and overhead

power lines

[Link] - The Unofficial Guide To the OSHA 76

 Lockout and Tagging of Circuits

 Apply locks to power source after de-

energizing

 Tag deactivated controls

 Tag de-energized equipment and circuits at all

points where they can be energized

 Tags must identify equipment or circuits being

worked on

[Link] - The Unofficial Guide To the OSHA 77

 LOTO – Lock Out Tag Out

LOTO – Lock Out Tag Out

a safety procedure to
ensure that equipment
are;

• properly shut off

• prohibited from
starting again
 6 STEPS in LOTO
1) PREPARE FOR SHUTDOWN
2) SHUTDOWN OF EQUIPMENT
3) ISOLATE ALL ENERGY SOURCES
4) APPLY THE LOCKS AND TAGS
5) CONTROL
6) VERIFY EQUIPMENT ISOLATION
FIRE SAFETY
Cause: Hot work activity
Cause: Window Type Aircon malfunction due to over
loading capacity (ELECTRICAL)
Cause: (ELECTRICAL)
FIRE SAFETY
FIRE SAFETY
FIRE SAFETY
 R.A. 9514

OF THE PHILIPPINES
 RA 9514 - THE FIRE CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
CHAPTER 2. FIRE SAFETY IN BUILDINGS, STRUCTURES AND FACILITIES

2. All occupants or lessees of buildings, structures or facilities shall

organize themselves and develop and implement fire safety programs to
include among others, fire prevention in the premises, notification of the
BFP on the existence of a fire, evacuation of persons and initial fire
fighting. The building owner shall take the initiative of formulating the fire
safety program for his building and of organizing the occupants to
implement the programs.

3. In buildings, leased to and used by one or several companies or

persons, the management of each company or each person shall be
responsible for fire safety measures within the leased or occupied areas.
The building owner shall be responsible for the common areas in the
building such as the means of egress, utilities and building service
equipment or systems.
RA 9514 - THE FIRE CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
DIVISION 2. ORGANIZATION OF FIRE BRIGADES

SECTION [Link] REQUIREMENTS B. For buildings having

various occupancies, the Building Administrator and/or owner
shall initiate the organization of a fire brigade in the premises
irrespective of the number of occupants.

SECTION [Link] COMPOSITION The organization of company

fire brigades shall consist of the Fire Brigade Chief, which shall
be designated by the head of the company, and shall be assisted
by selected personnel. In companies where more persons are
available, they must be organized into teams to function as a fire
brigade established according to its needs. The organization
shall be such that a fire brigade is on duty or on call at all times.
RA 9514 - THE FIRE CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
DIVISION 3. TRAINING OF FIRE BRIGADES, FIRE SAFETY
PRACTITIONERS AND FIRE VOLUNTEER ORGANIZATIONS

SECTION [Link] CERTIFICATE OF COMPETENCY

A. Certificate of Competency shall be issued to fire
volunteers, members of fire brigades and fire safety
practitioners after completion of the mandatory training
and competency evaluations conducted by the BFP and
upon submission of the following documentary
requirements:
1. Certificate of completion of the fire suppression training;
2. Personal profile;
3. Certificate of employment, in the case of fire safety practitioners;
and
4. Other documents the BFP may require.
RA 9514 - THE FIRE CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
DIVISION 3. TRAINING OF FIRE BRIGADES, FIRE SAFETY
PRACTITIONERS AND FIRE VOLUNTEER ORGANIZATIONS

SECTION [Link] SCOPE OF TRAINING

A. All members of the fire brigade shall undergo training
on fire suppression, rescue, emergency medical
services and related emergency response. They shall
be instructed on the handling of available fire rescue
apparatus, equipment, devices and tools. The training
program shall be adapted to suit the purpose of the
particular brigade. It shall include fire suppression
strategies, tactics, techniques and the use of portable
fire extinguishers and other equipment, devices and
tools.
RA 9514 - THE FIRE CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
DIVISION 4. COMMAND, EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE AND FIRE DRILLS

SECTION [Link] PRACTICE DRILLS Practice

drills shall be held to check the ability of
members to perform the operations they are
expected to carry out. Drills shall be
occasionally held under adverse weather
conditions to work on special procedures needed
under such circumstances.
RA 9514 - THE FIRE CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
DIVISION 4. COMMAND, EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE AND FIRE DRILLS

SECTION [Link] OPERATION OF

EQUIPMENT

In practice drills, all available equipment, devices

and tools for fire suppression and medical and
rescue operation must be operated.
RA 9514 - THE FIRE CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
DIVISION 18. OPERATING FEATURES

SECTION [Link] MERCANTILE, BUSINESS,

AND INDUSTRIAL OCCUPANCIES

In every mercantile, business and industrial

occupancies subject to occupancy with fifty (50) or
more persons, fire exit drills shall be held at least
twice a year.
M
E
T
A
L
HOT GASES
Heat Transfer by Radiation

Radiation
110
Isolation/Starvation – by eliminating the combustible
material.

Smothering/Blanketing – by cutting off the oxygen supply.

Quenching/Cooling – by cooling to a point below the

ignition temperature.

Inhibition – by inhibiting the rapid oxidation of the fuel

ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION
ACTIVE – NEEDS TO BE ACTIVATED/TRIGGERED
 HOW TO USE THE
FIRE EXTINGUISHER?
DISCHARGE LOCKING PIN
AND SEAL
CARRYING
HANDLE

DISCHARGE HOSE
DATA PLATE

DISCHARGE NOZZLE

BODY / CYLINDER

DISCHARGE ORIFICE
CHEMICAL SAFETY
 CHEMICAL SAFETY
GHS REQUIREMENTS

Product
I dentifier Pictogram s

Hazard
Statem ent

Precautionary
Statem ent

Supplier
I dentification
 Chemical Safety

• Know the where safety data

sheet are kept
• Store chemical in an appropriate
storage
• Put chemical away when not in
use. No sources of ignition
Chemical Safety

• Keep chemicals in their

original containers
• Dispose chemicals in an
appropriate manner
• Ensure GHS label is in
place
• Wear appropriate PPE