See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: [Link]

net/publication/334521110

Final Assignment - QA & QC of a Denim Fabrics And Quality Manual (Abrasion of

Research · July 2019

CITATION READS

1 11,498

1 author:

Zaman Bhuiyan
University of Manitoba
20 PUBLICATIONS 5 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Zaman Bhuiyan on 17 July 2019.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

QA & QC of a Denim Fabrics

TXSC 4630

Quality Assurance Systems

Zaman Bhuiyan

ST # 7820341

Graduate Student of Biosystems Engineering

University of Manitoba

Date of Submission : July 14, 2019

under two or more warp fibers, producing the familiar diagonal ribbing identifiable on the reverse

of the fabric. Indigo is the most common denim, where the warp thread is dyed, while the weft

thread is left white. Because of the warp-faced twill weaving, one side of the denim fabric is

dominated by the blue warp threads and the other side is white weft threads (Telli and Babaarslan

2016). The denim fabric has the following properties :

• strong and durable.

• feeling hard during wearing.

• Long term used.

• Higher tears, snags and abrasion resistance.

Quality Parameters: Quality is the important parameters of a product where essential

characteristics, superiority, excellence, or perceived level of value is the key issue. At glance,

quality contains all characteristics that define an object or a service. Also, quality is an important

tool for manufacturers, retailers, and marketers to distinguish their products from other

competitors(Caroline Nilsson y Elisabeth and Lindstam 2012).

The main factor of the quality of the product is to satisfies customers expectations by either

meeting or exceeding them. Quality is defined within a cost framework determined by

manufacturers, buyers, and consumers. The meaning of quality varies among consumers and

manufacturers, and it may change from time to time based on desired features the product

possesses. The actual quality of a denim product cannot be determined by measuring one property

because it is a combination of the results from different assessments in a variety of units. Quality

parameters have also been considered into the seven factors such as performance, compliance,

garment care, appearance, construction /workmanship, and style/fashion (Farashahi 2016).

1|Page
• Performance is the key quality which is the combination of product and user-based approaches.

• Durability of an apparel can be distinct the total length of uses.

• Serviceability is the competence, speed, and courtesy of repair, in textile products refers to their

clean-ability and ease of care.

• Aesthetics is highly subjective and depends on personal preferences and it’s totally user-based

element of quality where it’s relies on persons judgments about the garments .

Production Process :

Fiber Yarn Warping Yarn Dying Weaving Singeing

Heat Setting Finishing Inspection Packing Delivery

Figure 1 : Production Process ( Fiber to Fabrics) (Islam 2012)

Fabrics Pattern Spreading Cutting Sewing Washing

Finishing Inspection Packing Delivery

Figure 2 : Production Process ( Fabrics to Product ) (Islam 2012)

Fiber to Yarn: Cotton fiber is widely used for denim manufacturing, where quality of fiber and

staple length are of crucial importance. cotton fibre needs to series of operations to be yarns (Raju

Tex 2015).

Warping: is the first step of manufacturing process where transferring multiple yarns from

individual yarn packages onto a single package assembly (Raju Tex 2015) .

2|Page
Yarn Dying: Most denim fabric is yarn dyed. The warp yarns are dyed with indigo,

and the filling yarns are left undyed (Raju Tex 2015).

Weaving: Interlacement of warp and weft threads are called weaving, where warp yarns are

indigo dyed. there is a wide range of looms being used, right from the simplest handloom to the

most sophisticated loom (Raju Tex 2015).

Singeing is a finishing process that burns off any loose fibers protruding from the fabric's surface

by passing the material over a gas flame (Raju Tex 2015).

Heat setting is the thermal process where The effect of the process gives fibers, yarns or

fabric dimensional stability as well as other desirable attributes like higher volume, wrinkle

resistance or temperature resistance (Raju Tex 2015).

Finishing process is essential for the performance and the appearance of denim fabric. The quality

of a final garment depends on the quality of a fabric when it is received as a roll. Normally, 10%

of the rolls received are inspected and evaluated based on a four-point system. After that it’s go

for packing then delivery (Raju Tex 2015).

After fabrics manufacturing done then it’s process for garment manufacturing, where

garment production consists of sequential processes such as laying, marking, cutting, stitching,

checking, finishing, pressing and packaging.

Quality Assurance Model: Quality assurance (QA) is the methodical process to determine a

product or service whether it meets the definite requirements. QA establishes and maintain a set

of requirements to develop a reliable product. A quality assurance system is meant to increase

customer confidence with company's credibility, while also improving work processes and

3|Page
efficiency. Find below the free hand sketch quality assurance model for denim Pant (Farashahi

2016).

Figure 3: Quality Assurance Model (QAM)

Quality in the apparel industry focuses on multiple variables and involves establishing

requirements, standards and specifications, for products according to customer needs. These

requirements include the physical components that make-up the garment, such as materials,

product development, process design, analysis, audit & monitoring. Ideally, quality in apparel

production should be built into the product, and continually addressed throughout the

manufacturing process beginning with the design of the garment and continuing until the garment

reaches the retail shop floor (Rahman et al. 2009).

4|Page
 The quality of garments standards and specifications is measured & develop during the

time of manufacturing. Garment appearance and performance key quality which influence the

customer satisfaction. The elements of quality depend on the evaluation of apparel are

performance, durability, serviceability, aesthetics, and conformance. The appearance quality of

garments is related to the mechanical and physical properties of fabric and quality as well as the

sewing quality during the manufacturing process . Although the buyers and sellers are responsible

for determining quality of apparel based on ASTM . Each standardized test method is used for

measuring a performance attribute of apparel, and the results will help to identify the cause of a

problem. (Rashid and Taibb 2016).

Quality Assurance Data : The concept of the quality can be divided into five elements of

performance, durability, serviceability, conformance, and aesthetics. In another way apparel

quality has also been categorized into the seven factors of performance, compliance, garment care,

appearance, construction /workmanship, and style/fashion.

Performance: Performance is a combination of product and user-based approaches of quality and

emphasizes the measurable product characteristics. Clothing’s are directly related to performance,

and they consist of the properties of fibers, fabric finishes, yarns structure, seam construction.

Performance always controls the quality of a product, and it is often evaluated by consumers

(Farashahi 2016).

5|Page
Durability : Durability has both technical and economic dimensions. In the economic dimension,

durability is the amount of uses before a product breaks down or physically deteriorated (Farashahi

2016).

Serviceability: Serviceability is the capability and speed where serviceability in textile products

refers to their clean-ability and ease of care. Dimensional change, wrinkling, and soil-release can

also be considered serviceability of garments (Farashahi 2016).

Conformance: To meet the predetermined standards of product quality & design is conformance.

Conformance is also related to consumer-based approach of quality to achieve the desired quality

level, garments should conform to the product specifications which include garment and material

components as well as design and assembly (Farashahi 2016).

Aesthetics: Aesthetics is the user-based element of quality, highly subjective and depends on

personal preferences. Aesthetic relies on individuals’ judgments about the garments’ comfort,

appearance, smell, and sound .The combination of structural integrity and aesthetic presence

increases that value of a garment (Farashahi 2016).

Quality Assurance (QA) is a way of preventing mistakes and defects in manufactured products

and avoiding problems when delivering products or services to customers.

List of Tools & Techniques :

.1 Total Quality Management

.2 Quality Control System

6|Page
.3 Documentation

.4 Validation

.5 Six sigma methodology

Total quality management is a structured approach to overall organizational management. The

focus of the process is to improve the quality of an organization's outputs and services through

continuous improvement of internal practices. The standards the TQM can reflect in both internal

priorities and industry standards. Based on the ISO standard there are eight TQM standard which

is below (Dassanayake 2014) :

• Customer focus – Organizations must be understanding current and future customer requirements

and attempt to achieve the customer expectations all the times.

• Leadership – Leadership plays a vital role in organizations to ensure the development of an

effective internal environment.

• Involvement of people – Involvement of employees at all levels is the essential part of the

company and each persons of the company’s abilities can be used for the entire organization’s

benefit.

• Process approach – is management strategy where resources and tasks are managed as a process

within the company.

• System approach to management – it is essential to identify, understand and manage interrelated

processes for a specific objective to increase the organization’s efficiency and abilities.

7|Page
• Continual improvement –should be a primary objective of any organization to consistently

perform tasks and duties at the highest level of efficiency.

• Factual approach to decision making – to ensure that all decisions are made fairly and effectively

based on the analysis of data and information rather than an emotional level.

• Mutually beneficial supplier relationships –is mutually dependent a favourable relationship with

both supplier and company to create a value and quality management within the workplace

(Dassanayake 2014).

Quality control system Objectives: The key objective to maximize the production within the

specified tolerances correctly in first time. The Quality System Requirements are based on the

principle of PDCA Cycle (Islam 2011).

Figure 4 : Process Cycle (Islam 2011)

1. Understanding the customers' quality requirements.

2. Organizing & training quality control department.

3. Ensuring proper flow of quality requirements to the QC and production .

4. Establishing quality plans, parameters, inspection systems, and sampling techniques, etc.

8|Page
5. Inspection, testing, measurements as per plan and record all the deviations.

6. Feedback to production department and plan for further improvement.

Documentation : The documents management must be formal way in QMS where processes,

procedures, and responsibilities are key objective to achieve quality . A QMS helps to coordinate

and direct an organization’s activities to meet customer and regulatory requirements and

continually improve its effectiveness and efficiency (Real Regulatory 2017).

A well-designed documented system ensures quality standards, minimizes the potential error,

reduces interruption when deviations occur due to being able to quickly access relevant data and

allows for easy monitoring of the processes and appropriate adjustments are made to ensure the

quality (Real Regulatory 2017).

Process validation plays an important role to control and maintain the quality of final product.

Validation is the key process which involves during the life cycle of products. It also involves in

planning and procedure as well as maintain the working standard. Effective process valuation

contributes significantly to assuring product quality (Kumar, A & Upadhay 2019).

9|Page
 Quality Manual

1. Introduction:

This Quality Manual demonstrates – Quality control of Abrasion in denim fabrics and maintaining

a high-level customer service that has safety as a priority and continuous improvement in

production.

2. Conformance and Compliance Standards :

The Quality Manual is intended to demonstrate conformance to current editions of the following

(ASTM Tester D4966 1998):

• ISO/IEC 17025 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories

3. Purpose of this Manual :

The key purpose of the manual - overall assurance to quality in work practice, customer service

and support to production processes (Pignatell 2011).

• by demonstrating the ability, provide quality service to the customer consistency.

• by addressing customer satisfaction through the effective application of the system as well as

continuous process improvement and the prevention of nonconformity,

• through employee empowerment, continual improvement of the technical skill and capability

(Pignatell 2011).

4. Responsibility :

The Management team is responsible to maintain the QMS is documented, implemented,

maintained and continually improved (Pignatell 2011) .

10 | P a g e
5. Quality Management System :

The Quality Management System will meet the following requirements/clause to maintain the ISO

Certification.

5.1. Personnel of the Laboratory: Ensures the authority and interrelationship of personnel who

manage, perform, and verify work affecting the quality is defined and documented, particularly

for personnel who need the organizational freedom and authority to (Pignatell 2011) (ISO/IEC

17025 2015):

• Initiate action to prevent the occurrence of any nonconformance relating to production, process,

and customer service,

• Initiate, recommend, or provide solutions through designated channels and verify the

implementation of solutions,

• Control further processing, delivery or installation of nonconforming product until the

deficiency or unsatisfactory condition has been corrected.

5.2. Document changes: are always encourage to improvements of organization and changes to

documents and data are reviewed and approved by the same function/organizations and all kind of

changes is recorded. A documented procedure alwyas maintained that defines the controls needed

(Traynor 2018) (ISO/IEC 17025 2015):

1) to approve documents for adequacy prior to issue and review it and update as necessary.

3) to ensure that changes and the current revision status of documents are identified.

4) to ensure documents remain legible and readily identifiable.

11 | P a g e
5) to prevent the accidental use of obsolete documents and to apply suitable identification to

them if they are retained for any purpose.

6) ensuring coordination of any document changes with the appropriate customer(s) and/or

regulatory authorities in compliance with contract and/or regulatory requirements (Traynor 2018).

5.3. Control of nonconforming testing and/or calibration work: to ensure the nonconforming

of test & calibration work, it’s important implements the monitoring, measurement, analysis, and

improvement processes needed (Pignatell 2011) (ISO/IEC 17025 2015):

1) to demonstrate the conformity of the product and ensure conformity of the quality management

system.

2) to continually improve the effectiveness of the quality management system.

This includes the determination of applicable methods, including statistical techniques and the

extent of their use.

5.3.1 Test Methods: There are two different methods commonly used to test abrasion, referred to

as Wyzenbeek and Martindale.

ASTM D4157-07 Wyzenbeek (Oscillatory Cylinder): The ASTM D4157-07 is a test of the

American Society of Testing and Materials (Association for Contract Textiles 2010).

ASTM D4966-98 Martindale: The ASTM D4966-98 is a test method of the American Society of

Testing and Materials (Association for Contract Textiles 2010) .

Both methods test flat abrasion resistance of a textile. This test method does not evaluate edge

abrasion or any of the other diverse factors that would determine the overall durability of

upholstery as used in a variety of seating designs (Association for Contract Textiles 2010).

12 | P a g e
5.3.2 Test procedure & Standard :

.1 Standard atmosphere for testing is 70 6 2°F (21 6 1°C) and 65 6 2 % relative humidity

(ASTM D 4157 1998).

.2 Based on the end use application, select the abradant value from the table

Table 1 : Abradants, Pressures, and Tension (ASTM D 4157 1998)

.3 It’s very important to use a new piece of duck and it must be mounted on the machine

with the short direction & cut parallel to the warp direction.

5.3.2. Probable Non-conformity: Abrasion testing does not consistently indicate the future

extended appearance of a textile, but the results can be a useful predictor of performance when

considered with other durability factors (Association for Contract Textiles 2010) (ISO/IEC 17025

2015).

• Results of abrasion testing can vary on the same test sample.

• Abrasion results can be affected by many things such as coatings, finishes, novelty yarns, pile

constructions, patterns with long floats or repeat patterns that have large areas of different surface

textures (Association for Contract Textiles 2010).

• The variability of abrasion testing increases significantly above 50,000 double-rubs / cycles.

13 | P a g e
• Higher abrasion resistance does not necessarily indicate a significant extension of the service

life of the fabric (Association for Contract Textiles 2010).

5.4 Test and calibration methods and method validation :

Calibration processes directly affect quality and processes must be done under controlled

conditions. The process plan is may be modified depend on new customer requirements.

Controlled conditions include the following (ASTM Tester D4966 1998) (ISO/IEC 17025 2015):

• The availability of information about the product/calibration characteristics.

• Must be used documented work instructions defining the manner of calibration.

• Equipment must be suitable in a work environment and compliance with reference standards.

• Monitoring and control is important for process parameters

• Suitable maintenance of equipment to ensure continuing process capability.

5.4.1 Procedure of Calibration of Test Apparatus & Maintenance (Oscillatory Cylinder) :

1) Check and validate the rubber pads of the holders (ASTM D 4157 1998).

2) Check and validate the entire lower surface of the rubber pad which is contact with the cylinder

and re-arrange the lower pad surface if any spaces observed (ASTM D 4157 1998).

3) Clean with the nylon brush, if the wire screen abradant is used. Clean cylinder and make sure,

remove the pressure from the pad and lock the specimen holding arm in position and run the tester

in 50 cycle increments(ASTM D 4157 1998).

4) Clean the surface of the cylinder section and the steel screen by brushing a weekly basis(ASTM

D 4157 1998).

14 | P a g e
Validation: The ability of the processes to achieve accurate results and validation including the

following, as applicable (Pignatell 2011) (ISO/IEC 17025 2015):

• qualification of processes;

• qualification of equipment and personnel;

• use of defined methodologies and procedures;

• requirements for records & re-validation.

References :

Association for Contract Textiles. 2010. Abrasion Resistance : The Full Story. Association for

Contract Textiles: 8048–8051.

ASTM D 4157, M. 1998. Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (

Martindale Abrasion. ASTM website ([Link]) 07: 1–4.

ASTM Tester D4966, M. 1998. Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics

( Martindale Abrasion. ASTM International 07: 1–4. doi:10.1520/D4966-12E01.2.

Caroline Nilsson y Elisabeth, and Lindstam. 2012. Assessing denim quality. Swedish School of

Textiles: 46.

Dassanayake, H. C. 2014. An Investigation on Practicing Principles of Total Quality

Management in Apparel Industry in Sri Lanka : With Reference to ISO 9000 Quality

Management Principles. International Conference on Management and Economics: 293–

301.

Farashahi, B. G. 2016. Quality Evaluation of Jeans at Three Price Catagories. UKnowledge.

15 | P a g e
Islam, M. 2011. Quality Control System in Garments Industry | Quality Control System in

Apparel Industry | Quality Control System for Knitted Garment Industry - Textile Learner.

Textile Learner.

Islam, M. 2012. Process Flow Chart of Denim Manufacturing | Manufacturing Process of Denim

Garments - Textile Learner. textile Learner.

ISO/IEC 17025, I. 2005. 2015. General requirements for the competence of testing and

calibration laboratories. ISO 2005 2005.

Kumar, A & Upadhay, N. 2019. PROCESS VALIDATION: A CRITICAL TOOL IN QUALITY

ASSURANCE | PharmaTutor. PHARMATUTOR-ART-1296. doi:PHARMATUTOR-ART-

1296.

Pignatell, A. 2011. Quality Manual, QM-01 Revision 6 (Controlled Document). Ampere Metal

Finishing Ltd.

Rahman, M. F., L. M. Baral, M. A. M. Chowdhury, and A. N. Khan. 2009. Quality management

in garment industry of Bangladesh. The Management of Sustainable Development (MSD)

Journal 01: 29–35.

Raju Tex. 2015. Manufacturing Flow Chart of Denim. Textile Flowchart.

Rashid, F., and C. A. Taibb. 2016. Total Quality Management (TQM) Adoption in Bangladesh

Ready-Made Garments (RMG) Industry: A Conceptual Model. American Journal of

Industrial and Business Management 06: 1085–1101. doi:10.4236/ajibm.2016.611102.

Real Regulatory. 2017. Good documentation is the foundation of a QMS | Real Regulatory. Real

Regulatory webpage.

16 | P a g e
 Telli, A., and O. Babaarslan. 2016. Commercialized denim fabric production with post-industrial

and post-consumer wastes. Tekstil ve Konfeksiyon 26: 213–220.

Traynor, D. H. 2018. Product Development and Quality Assurance. Trade Stone Support.

17 | P a g e

View publication stats