Problems and Discussion Topics | 919 Membrane Fouling Control Methods. The three principal methods used to control membrane fouling (see Table 8-35) are (I) pretreatment with fine screens, (2) operational fouling control procedures, and (3) recovery cleaning methods. Pretreat- ‘ment by fine screening with sieve sizes in the range of 0.8 to 2 mm are needed to protect the membrane system from failure. If there is inadequate screening, hair and fibrous mate rial can collect on membranes and on the air scouring diffusers to prevent proper cleaning, and to cause a decline in the membrane flux capacity. Operational Control of Fouling. Procedures to control fouling are provided by the membrane suppliers. Air scour by coarse bubble aeration systems that are designed specifically for each type of membrane by the respective supplier is critical to preventing solids accumulation on the membrane surface and fouling. Air scour rates are in the range of 3 to 12 L air/min-m? of membrane surface area. Some membrane systems do not require continuous air scour, but use a series of valves to alternate the air scour every 10 sec between two sets of membranes fed with a common blower (Palowski et al., 2007). In addition to air scour, other fouling control methods ae referred to as relax, backpuls- ing, maintenance cleaning, and recovery cleaning. Almost all ofthe membrane suppliers use 1 relat period in which the permeate withdrawal is stopped so that the air scour can wash solids off of the membrane surface during a period without solids application, A common relax strategy shown in Table 8-35 is I min of no permeate removal every 10 min, Some of the hollow fiber membrane suppliers reverse the flow through the membrane by a backpulse swith permeate for about 0.50 min every 12 min to flush solids from the membrane Maintenance and Recovery Cleaning. Two types of cleaning regimens are used: (I) maintenance cleaning and (2) recovery cleaning. A maintenance cleaning involves back flushing the membrane with a sodium hypochlorite solution (200 mg/L) and ‘or citric acid (2000 mg/L) about 1 to 2 times per week. These are done in a series of repetitive alternative flushing with the chemical and permeate over a 60 to 75 min period. ‘The combination of air scour, backflushing, and maintenance cleaning is not completely effective in controlling membrane fouling, and the pressure drop across the membrane increases with time. A recovery cleaning is done 2 to 4 times per year, or as needed, depending on the membrane type. It is required when TMP values remain elevated above the desired operating conditions. Recovery cleaning involves extensive chemical contact time, in the range of 4-6 h, and is done with chlorine (1000 mg/L) and citric acid (2000 mg/L), if needed for inorganic fouling. Some of the membrane systems have the recovery cleaning in place without draining the tank, while others drain the tank of mixed Jiquor and allow a soaking period with the chemical solutions. PROBLEMS AND DISCUSSION TOPICS 841 Given the following luboratory test BOD and UBOD test results for one of the following waste waters (to be selected by the instructor), determine the biodegradable COD (bCOD) concentra tion, Assume that values for f; and Y are 0.15 g/g and 0.40 g VSS/g COD, respectively. Wastewcer TestPorometer Unit 12 30D img/l 120-200-200 ugoD mg/L 180300340920 Chapter 8 Suspended Grow Biological Treatment Processes 82 aa ‘An influent wastewater sample is evaluated ina laboratory respirometer test to determine its read ily biodegradable COD (rbCOD) concentration. The respirometer botle is prepared by adding 500 mL of the influent sample with 500 mL of activated sludge mixed liquor. The respirometer records the accumulative oxygen consumption with time. The oxygen consumption occurs at a relatively constant rate initially (Phase A-fot oxygen demand), and then the rate declines t0 ‘another relatively constant rate (Phase B-oxygen demand for nitrification, slowly degradable COD, and endogenous decay), which continues fora numberof hours, Finally, the oxygen consumption, ‘rte declines dramatically again and continues at a relatively constant rate (Phase C-oxygen ‘demand for endogenous decay), The respirometer data are summarized in the following table for three different samples (to be selected by instructor), For the selected sample, determine the COD concentration of the wastewater in mg/L, assuming the biomass yield forthe heterotrophic bacteria is 0.45 p VSSig COD and the oxygen equivalent ofthe biomass is 142. g CODIg VSS, Respiromeler accumulative ‘oxygen consumption for each phase, mg Duration of Wastewater Phase hose, 1 2 3 A 08 64 10 70 8 32 192 288192 c 20 40 50 46 Primary effluent 24-h, flow proportioned composite samples are analyzed to determine its readily biodegradable COD concentration by using the flocculation-filtration COD (f#COD) {test method. The fICOD is also measured for secondary effluent samples from the activated sludge treatment system, which has an aerobic SRT of 8 d. The average ffCOD values from 10 sampling days are shown in the table below. Determine the readily biodegradable concen- tration for one of the following wastewater plants (to be selected by the instructor), Wastewater Somple source Unit 1 2 3 Primary effvent mg «90 ~«NOSC«O Secondary effluent __mg/L___—«30 2030. For one of the following wastewater samples (to be selected by instructor) shown in the following table, with values for conventional wastewater characterization parameters, determine (a) the biodegradable COD concentration, (b) the slowly biodegradable COD concentration (¢) the non-biodegradable volatile suspended solids (nbVSS) concentration, (@) the inert total suspended solids (iTSS) concentration, and (e) the average COD/VSS ratio, Assume that the DCOD/BOD ratio equals 1.6 and the activated sludge treatment effluent sCOD equals 30.0 mg/L. Wastewater Parameter Unit 1 2 3 155 mg/l —-220~=«7O~SC«O vss mg/L 200070 BoD mg/L 200160120 rbcoD mg/l 1000 80 Tcop mg/L 500-400-280 scoD mg/L___160 200180.a5 a7 Problems ond Discussion Topics | 921 Given the following wastewater characteristics (to be selected by instructor), determine (a) the organic nitrogen, (b) the nonbiodegradable particulate organic nitrogen (nbpON), and (©) the biodegradable organic nitrogen (bON) concentrations. Wastewater Unit 2 mgt 40 «4550 NHN mg/l 2535 Soluble organic nitrogen mg/L 5.0 203.0 Nonbiodegradable soluble mg/L «= «101.0 1.0 organic nitrogen vss mg/L 180180190 Nonbiodegradable VSS Percent «= 40. 4040 fraction Using an observed yield value from Fig. 8-11, and Eqs. (8-19) and (7-56) (see Table 8-10), determine (a) the aeration tank volume in m? and (b) the amount of sludge wasted daily in kg TSS/d for an activated sludge system designed to treat a 6000 m’/d wastewater flow with ‘an influent BOD concentration of 120, 140, oF 160 mg/L (as selected by instructor). The SRT is 6 4, the mixed-liquor temperature is 10°C, and primary treatment is used. What is the aeration tank volume and amount of daily sludge production if the SRT is increased t0 12d? Assume that the MLVSS and MLSS concentrations are 2500 mg/L and 3000 mg/L, respectively, ‘The following information is given for an activated sludge system design: Parameter Unit Yolue Flowrate mi/d 10,000 Influent BOD mg/L 150, Event BOD mg/L 2 7 h 4 Set é 6 Synthesis yield, Y 9 V8S/g bCOD Wastewater 1 0.40 Wastewater 2 0.50 Wastewater 3 0.30 Cell debris yield, f, g V8S/g VSS 0.15 Endogenous decay, by @VS5/g VSSd 0.08 abyss mg/L 40 percture c 10 Note: Wastewater 1, 2, oF 3 tobe selected by instructor. ‘Assume no nitrification occurs due to the SRT selected and low temperature. Determine (j) the aeration tank oxygen requirements in kg/d, (b) the aeration tank oxygen uptake rate in mg/L, and (c) the aeration tank biomass concentration (mg/L). Assume bCOD = 1.6(BOD)..922 Chapter 8 Suspended Growth Biological Treatment Procesees a8 ‘The following information is given for an activated sludge system designed with a long ‘enough SRT to provide complete nitrification: Porameter Flowrate Influent BOD Effluent BOD Influont TKN Effluent NHcN. SRT Temperature Cll debris yield, f Synthesis yield, Yy Wastewoter | Wastewater 2 Wastewoter 3 Endogenous decay, by, Nitrifier yield, Y, Nitifier decay, by Unit md afl mg/l ng/L mg/l h d < 9 VSS/g VSS 9 VSS/g bCOD a VSS/g VSS 9 VSS/g NH/N a VSS/q VSS-d Note: Wastewater 1,2, or 3 o be selected by instructor. Value 10,000 150 2 35 10 80 15 10 0.10 0.40 0.50 0.30 0.08 018 0.12 Determine (a) the aeration tank oxygen requirements in kg/d, (b) the aeration tank oxygen uptake rate in mg/h, (c) the aeration tank biomass concentration (mg/L), and (d) the portion of the total oxygen required that is needed for nitrification. Using Eqs. (8-20) and (8-21), compare the amount of sludge wasted daily as (a) VSS, (©) TSS, and (c) biomass for operation at an SRT of 10 and 20 d for the following wastewater and design conditions. Assume all of the influent TKN is biodegradable and complete nitri- fication fo NO,-N with no significant NO.-N present (less than 0.10 mg/L). Repeat the calculation without accounting for cell debts. How much error is introduced”? Parameter Unie Velue Flowrate mi/d 15,000 Inflvent BOD mg/l. 200 Effluent BOD mg/L 2 Inflvent TKN mg/L 35 Effluent NHN mg/L 0s Heterotrophic yield, Y, aVSS/gbcoD 04 Heterotrophic decay, by aVSS/g VSSd 0.10 Call debris yield, fy 9 VSS/g VSS os Nititier yield, Y, a VSS/g NHeN 018 Nititier decay, b, aVSS/g VSSd 012 nbVSS g/t Wastewater 1 100 Wastewatec 2 120 Wastewater 3 80 Temperature 15 Note: Wastewater 1, 2, or 3 tobe selected by instructor.Problems and Discussion Topics | 923 8-10 An activated sludge system consists of three completely-mixed reactors in series. The e411 dissolved oxygen concentration in each reactor is .0 mg/L. Use the information given below for the biodegradable COD (bCOD) and NH,-N concentrations in each stage for wastewaters 1 and 2, Determine the total oxygen transfer rate required for bCOD removal, nitrification, tnd endogenous decay. Prepare a table of the total oxygen transfer rate required and the amount foreach of these 3 components in each stage in kg/h. Compare the percent ofthe total oxygen required for stages 1, 2, and 3. Assume that in Stage 3 the BCOD concentration is ‘mainly as dissolved COD. Ignore the NH,-N used for synthesis as this has already been accounted in determining the influent NH,-N concentration available for nititication ‘Assume that nitiication is complete to NO,-N (i.e., NO,-N concentration is insignificant). Wastewater Parameter Unit 1 2 Flowte mi/d 15,000 5,000 Recycle sludge ratio unless 10 05 Invent bCOD mg/L 320 200 Influentevoilable NHN mg/L 30 35 for nitrification Volume per stage im 2300 500 Synthesis yield, Yq a VSS/g COD 0.45 045 Endogenous decay, by QVSS/gVSd 0.10 0.10 STAGE 1 bcoo g/t 30 50 NHN mg/L 80 70 biomass mg VSS/L 1500 1200 STAGE 2 bcop mg/t 5 8 NH-N g/t 3.0 60 biomass mg VSS/L 1500 1200, STAGE 3 bcop mg/l 05 2 NHeN mg/l 02 20 biomass mg VSS/L 15001200 Temperoture Ed 15 Note: Wastewater 1 or 2 tobe selected by instructor. ‘An industrial wastewater from food processing is to be treated in an activated sludge process. The wastewater consists of soluble organies (no particulate degradable COD) with Tow nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations. For the summary of wastewater characteristics and design assumptions given in the following table, determine the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus that must be added to the influent flow as mg/L. and in kg/d. Assume that residual effluent NH,-N and soluble phosphorus concentrations of 0.10 mg/L are needed 0 prevent nutrient limitations, and no nitrification Poremeter Unit Value Flowrate m/d 3000 Influent soluble BCOD mg/L Wastewater 1 2000 Wastewater 2 3000 Wostewater 3 2500 {continued}924 Chapter 8 Suspended Growth Biological Treatment Processes e12 a13 a a5 (Continued) Parameter Unit Valve Effvent soluble BCOD mg/L 5 Influent NHN mg/L 2» Influent phosphorus as P mg/l. 5 SRT d 10 Synthesis yield, Yj 9 VSS/qbcOD 04 Heterotrophic decay, by aVSS/g VSS 0.10 all debris yield, fy ‘aVSS/g VSS 0.10 Note: Wastewater 1, 2, of 3 to be selected by instruct. ‘An activated sludge system is operating with the conditions deseribed below for system 1, 2, oF 3 to be selected by instructor. The conditions include the average influent flow, aeration tank volume and MLSS concentration, return activated sludge flow recycle ratio and ‘TSS concentration, and the secondary clarifier effluent TSS concentration ‘Wasting is from the retwrn activated sludge line leaving the bottom of the secondary clavifier (a) What should be the average daily waste sludge rate in md to maintain an SRT of loa? (b) The plant operator decides to waste 1/10th of the aeration volume each day to maintain the SRT. What is the waste volume in m°/d andl what is the actual SRT? ‘Aivated sludge system Parameter Unit 1 2 3 Flowrate m/d 4000 10,000 5000 ‘Aeration tank volume m 2000 ©4000-5000 Aeration tank MLSS concentraion mg/L 3000-3500 3000, Clarifier effluent TSS concentration mg/L *10.0»«'10.0-~——«:1000 Return sludge recycle ratio witless 05 1.00.75 Return sludge TSS concentration __mg/l__ 900070007000 ‘A membrane bioreactor consists of an anoxic tank followed by an aeration tank. The influent ‘wastewater is added to the anoxic tank. The aeration tank is divided into two compartments ‘The first compartment is 75 percent of the total aerobic volume and is aerated with fine bubble diffusers, and the second compartment contains the membrane separation cassettes ‘and is aerated with coarse bubble diffusers. The total aerobie volume is 4000 m’. The return activated sludge flow is from the membrane separation compartment to the anoxie tank and i at six times the influent flowrate. The MLSS concentration in the membrane separation ‘compartment is 12,000 mg/L. What isthe daily waste sludge flowrate from the return acti- ‘vated sludge line, to maintain an SRT of 10.4? ‘A -2L settleometer is used to perform an SVI test. The MLSS concentration for the testis, 3500 mg/L and the settled sludge volume after 30 min is 840 mL, What i the sludge volume index in mL/g? Using the ASM2d Model matrix described in Tables 8-12 and 8-13, write a mass balance equa- tion for the second stage ofa three stage aerobic activated sludge reactor for one o a combination817 8-18 819 8-20 Problems and Discussion Topics | 925 of the following (1, 2, 3.0r 4 or combination selected by instructor: (1) Heterotrophie bacteria, (2) Autotrophic nitrifying bacteria () Slowly degradable substrate, and (4) Ammonia nitrogen, ‘A completely mixed activated sludge system treating domestic wastewater is operated at an SRT of 15 dat 12°C, such that complete nitrification occurs. The clarifier surface overflow rate is I mh at average flow conditions, but the clarifier has a high sludge blanket with significant solids loss in the effluent. Deseribe (a) the specific steps you recommend to investigate the cause of the bulking sludge condition, (b) possible short- term immediate action to reduce the effluent TSS concentration, and (c) the selector alternatives that can be considered for bulking sludge control. Which one would you use and why? Using the kinetic coefficients in Table 8-14 and assuming complete nitrification (0 NO.-N (also ignore solids growth from nitrite oxidation), plot the following as a funetion of SRT (ranging from 3.0 10 20.0 d) forthe municipal wastewater deseribed in the table below. Assume that the MLSS concentration is 2500 mg/L. and that all the TKN is bio degradable. The parameters to plot are (a) solids wasted as kg TSS/d, (b) aeration tank volume (m‘) and + (h), (e) observed yield, as g TSS/g BOD, and g TSS/z 6COD,, (A) effluent soluble COD concentration, (e) effluent NH-N concentration, and (1) oxygen requirements, kg/d. Parameter Unit Valve Flowraie m/d 20,000 80D ing/t Wastewater 1 220 Wastewater 2 250 Wastewater 3 180 bcoD/80D o/s 16 TSS mg/l 220 vss mg/t 200 abVSS g/t Wastewoter 1 100 Wastewater 2 120 Wostewater 3 80 KN mg/l 40 Temperature c 15 Aeration fenkDO__mg/L 20 Note: Westewoter 1,2, or 3 be selected by instructor Solve Problem 8-17 for a MBR system, assuming thatthe aeration tank is divided into two ‘compartments, The volume ofthe second compartment for the membrane separation cassettes is 25 percent of the total aerobie Volume. Assume that the MLSS concentration in the mem- brane separation compartment is 12,000 mg/l. and the return activated sludge ratio is 6.0. Solve Problem 8-17 using primary clarification, assuming 35 percent BOD removal, 65 percent TSS and VSS removal, 10 percent TKN removal, and 80 percent nbVSS removal. [An activated sludge system is to be designed for nitrification to achieve an effluent NHy-N concentration of 0.50, 0.80, or 1,0 mg/L. (to be selected by the instructor) ata reactor DO concentration of 2.0 mg/L aind 10°C temperature, The peak/average TKN load is 1.8. Deter ‘mine the design SRT. Use coefficients from Table 8-14926 CChopler 8 Suspended Growth Biological Trealment Processes 822 8-23 ‘A completely mixed activated sludge system has a hydraulic retention time, 7, of 83, 10.8, (oF 13.1 (be selected by the instructor), an aeration tank DO concentration of 2.0 mg/L, and an MLSS concentration of 3000 mg/L. For the municipal wastewater characteristics siven below determine (a) the aeration tank average SRT, (b) the effluent NH,-N concentra- tion and (c) the nitvifiation safety factor if the desired average effluent NH.-N concentration is 1.0 mg/L. Use coefficients from Table 8-14 Parameter Uri Valve Temperature c 10 Flowrate mi/d 15,000 BOD removed mg/L 130 nbVSS mg/L 30 15s mg/l 70 vss g/t 0 TKN g/t 40 ‘A 3000 md industrial wastewater with a soluble COD concentration of 1800 mg/L isto be treated in a completely mixed activated sludge process at 15%C and 2500 mg/L MLSS concentration. Using the kinetic coefficients and assumptions provided below determine (@) the aeration tank volume in m*, and r inh, (b) the oxygen required in kg/d, () the sludge production in kg TSS/d, (d) the effluent sBOD concentration from the secondary clarifiers in mg/L, (e) the clarifier diameter in m, assuming two clarifiers, and (f) the air flowrate for fine bubble diffused air aeration. Assume very litle excess NH,-N exists after cell synthesis needs are met so that nitrification is not significant. Porameler Unit Velue CO0/80D oe 16 Poe a VSS/g VSSd 30 k, img bCOD/L 60.0 Ye 9 VS5/g COD 0.40 by VSS/g VSS-d 0.08 b aVSS/q VSS os kr d Wastewater 1 80 Wastewater 2 120 Wastewater 3 160 Alpha factor, 0.45 Fouling factor, F 0.90 Beta factor, 6 10 Elevation m 300 Effective DO saturation depth m 25 Aeration tank liquid depth m 50 Clean H,0 oxygen transfer efficiency % 30 Note: Westewater 1,2, or 3 tobe selected by instructor ‘An oxidation ditch process is designed for the following wastewater using the conven- tional design approach of no primary treatment, a 24-h aeration tank detention time, and 3500 mg/L MLSS concentration. The lowest expected mixed-liquor temperature is. 10°C and an average effluent NHN concentration of 1.0 mg/L is required with a 1.5 safetya24 8-25 Problems ond Discussion Topics | 927 factor for peak loads. Mechanical surface aerators are used to provide a DO concentration in the aeration zone of 2.0 mg/L. For one of the three wastewaters given below (to selected by instructor) determine (a) the SRT in d, (b) the sludge production in kg TSS/d, (c) the MLVSS concentration in mg/L, (d) the oxygen required in kg/d, (e) the total required aera- tion horsepower in kW, and (f) the ratio of the total volume provided to the necessary nitrification volume. Use coefficients from Table 8-14 and assume that all the TKN is biodegradable. Values Parameter Unit Wastewater | Wastewater 2 Westewaler 3 Flowrate mi/d +4000 “4000 4000 80D mg/L 270 250 200 nbVSS ng/L 130 120 100 TSS mg/l. 250 230 200 vss mg/L 240 215 180 TKN mg/t 40 40 40 ‘Clean H,0 oxygen kg O2/kWh 09 09 os transfer efficiency Alphe Factor, « Unitless 0.90 0.90 0.90 Beta factor, 6 Unitless 0.98 0.98 0.98 Elation m 500 500 500 Note: Wastewater 1,2, or 3 tobe selected by instuctor For the same wastewater characteristics and mixed-liquor temperature as in Problem 8-23 ‘and assuming uniform continuous flow, two sequencing batch reactor tanks are operated under the following conditions: Fraction of tank liquid depth used for decant depth = 0.20 Aeration time = 2h Settle time = 1h Decant time = 0.5 h Determine (a) the fill ime inh, (b) the total time/eycle in h, (c) the total full volume of each tank in m, (d) the SBR SRT in d assuming an MLSS concentration of 3500 mg/l, and (e) the decant pumping rate in m/min, ‘A sequencing batch reactor treating the following wastewater is operated under the follow ing conditions: “Temperature = 15°C ‘Aeration time/eycle = 2.0 h Fill volume/total SBR tank liquid volume per eycle = 0.20 SRT = 204 DO = 20 mg/l. ‘Two SBR reactor tanks are used and the full volume for each SBR tank ’ Values Parameter ___Unit_ Wastewater 1 Wastewater 2 Wastewater 3 Flowrate m/d “4,800 “4,800 “4,800 BOD mg/L 250 250 200 TKN mg/L 45 40 30 Note: Wostewoler 1, 2, oF 3 to be selected by instructor.928 | Chopter 8 Suspended Growth Biological Treatment Processes Determine the effluent NHj-N concentration in mg/L, Use kinetic coefficients values from ‘Table 8-14, 8-26 An SBR tank has a total liquid depth of 5.5 m when full. The desired operating MLSS con- centration is 3500 mg/L. If the SVI is 150, 180, or 200 mLig (to be selected by instructor), determine the possible fill volume to total liquid volume ratio, assuming a 0.6 m clear liquid depth above the settled sludge blanket 8-27 Repeat computations for Example 8-6 using the same design conditions and assumptions, but for an effluent NH,-N concentration of 1.0, 20, and 4.0 mg/L (to be selected by instructor). How do the advantages of the staged system compare to the single-stage nitvification system as the desired effluent NH,-N concentration is increased? 8-28 A four-stage activated sludge system with equal tank volumes of 240 m’Vstage is used to treat an industrial wastewater with a soluble BOD concentration of 300 mg/L. The influent flow is 4000 md and the RAS recycle ratio of 0.5. The active biomass con- centration is 1600 mg/L. For the following biokinetic information determine: (a) the substrate concentration in each stage (mg/L as soluble bCOD),(b) the oxygen required per stage (kg/d), and (c) the percent of the total oxygen required per stage. Hint: to start. the solution assume a 4th stage soluble bCOD concentration of 1.0 mg/L. (ignore nitrification). Porameler Unit Veloe Maximum spectic bare vilizaion raio, kg COD/g VSSd—1:2 Half velocity cooficion, K, sng bCOD/L Wastewater 1 50 Westowater 2 75 Wasewter 3 100 Synthesis yield, Yq avss/a Kecd 03s bay endogenous decay aVSS/gVSSd 0.10 Note: Wastowater 1, 2, oF 3 10 be selected by insructr. 8-29 Compare the following activated sludge processes in terms of effluent quality, space require- ‘ments, complexity, energy requirements, operational requirements, and ability to handle variable flows and loads: completely mixed activated sludge, membrane bioreactor, contact stabilization, and oxidation ditch. 8-30 A four-pass step feed activated sludge system, shown in the figure below, has equal aeration tank volumes in each pass of 240 m’. Using the design parameters given below, determine the MLYSS concentration in each tank, Intent, 2,8, a, 2, o 2. Secondary ‘datier Etnuont, @8-31 Problems and Discussion Topics | 929 Valve Parameter Unit Wastewater 1 Wastewater 2 Wastewater 3 X ing VSS/L 10,000 10,000 10,000 a md 2000 4000 6000 @ mi/d 4000 4000 4000 a mi/d 800 800 800 a mid 1200 1200 1200 a mid 1000 1000 1000 a mid 1000 1000 1000 Note: Wastewater 1, 2, or 3 o be selected by instructor. ‘The following operating conditions can be used to describe an anoxic/aerobie process such ts shown in Example 8-7 for 85 percent nitrogen removal Parameter Unit Vole Flowrate mild 1000 Bop img/t 200 rbcoD ng/L Wastewater | 60 Wastewater 2 95 Wastewater 3 120 Alkclinity mg/Las CaCO, 200 TKN mg/L 35 Temperature c 15 Miss g/t 3500 Biomass (VSS) g/t 1620 RAS (TSS) g/t. 10,000 Aerobic volume im 460 doys 100 aN/g VSS, 012 Effluent NHN mg/l. 10 Note: Waslowater 1, 2, 0° 3 o be selocted by instuctr Determine (a) the internal recycle ratio and flowrate (md), (b) the anoxic tank volume and + for a single-stage anoxic reactor, (c) the final alkalinity concentration, and (d) the oxygen required (kg/d) for the anoxic/aerobic process versus the aerobic system without the pre- anoxic tank. Use coefficients in Table 8-14. Solve problem 8-31 for an anoxic/aerobic MBR with a wo compartment aeration tank; a preaeration zone followed by a membrane separation zone. Use a return sludge recycle ratio from the membrane separation tank (0 the anoxic tank of 6.0 (ie., calculate the resulting cffiuent NO,-N concentration). Assume that the MLSS concentration in the membrane separation compartment is 10,000 mg/L. From Figure 8-S2 the membrane flux is 20 Lint. ‘Assume tha the membrane compartment tank volume to membrane area ratio is 0.025 m/v. ‘An existing activated sludge system is operated at a minimal temperature of 10°C. The system is to be modified to an anoxic/aerobie process with the anoxic tank accounting for930 CChopler 8 Suspended Growth Biologicl Treatment Processes 10 percent of its total volume. For the following design wastewater conditions and total tank ‘volume, determine (a) the effluent NHN and NOy-N concentrations, and (b) the minimal internal recycle ratio needed to match the nitrate removal capacity of the anoxic tank. Use necessary coefficients from Table 8-14. Parameter Unit Valve Flowrate m/d 8000 bop ng/L 240 rbCOD ng/L Wostewoter 1 25 Wastewater 2 50 Wostewater 3 75 nbVSS mg/L 15s g/t. vss mg/l. TKN mg/L miss mg/l. 3500 Tank volume im? 3600 RAS ratio Uniless 0.50 Biomass nitrogen content N/a VSS 0.12 ‘Aeration tank DO ng/L 20 Note: Wastewater 1, 2, oF 3 to be selected by insructr. ‘An oxidation ditch system is operated with a single mechanical surface aerator such that one- half of the tank volume is aerobic with the DO concentration varying from 0 t0 2.0 mg/L. For the information given below, determine the effiuent NHN (assuming 1.5 safety factor) and NO,-N concentrations. Forameter Unit Valve Ditch volume mt 4600 Miss ng/L 3500 Temperature c 10 BoD mg/L Wastewater 1 250 Westewater 2 220 Wostewaler 3 200 nbvSS ng/L 80 TKN mg/L 0 TSS g/t 220 vss g/t 210 Note: Wastewater 1, 2, oF 3 0 be selected by instructor. Given the following wastewater characteristics, design an SBR system using two tanks, to produce an effluent NO,-N and NH,-N concentration of 6 mg/L-and 1.0 mg/L, respectively. ‘Assume that the aeration, settle, and decant times per cycle are 2.0, 1.0, and 0.5 h, respec tively, and the MLSS concentration is 4000 mg/L. Determine (a) the fll volume fraction, (b) the volume of each SBR tank, (c) the decant pumping rate, and (4) the nitrification837 Problems ond Discussion Topics | 931 safety factor. Assume the aeration DO concentration is 2.0 mg/L. and only anoxic mixing ‘occurs during the fll perio. Parameter Unit Velue Flowrate mi/d 5000 BoD ng/L 250 *bcOD g/t 50 nbVSS g/t 120 TKN ng/L Wastewoter 1 45 Wastewater 2 40 Wastewoter 3 35 15S mg/t 220 vss g/t 210 Temperature sc 12 Note: Westewaler 1, 2, oF 3 to be selected by instructor. Exogenous carbon is to be added to a post anoxic tank in a Bardenpho process to remove 5 mg/L N,N based on the influent flowrate tothe tank. Compare the carbon dose needed in mg COD/L and mg/L of substrate for methanol, acetate, and ethanol. Assume a synthesis yield coefficient of 0.25, 0.40, and 0.36 g VSS/z COD removed under anoxic conditions for ‘methanol, acetate, and ethanol, respectively. (Ignore the amount of exogenous carbon added that is contained in the effluent flow from the anoxic tank), Acetate isto be added to a post anoxic tank in a Bardenpho process to decrease the NON concentration from an influent value of 6.0 mgJ/L to 0.30 mg/L in the anoxic tank effluent. For System 1, 2, or 3 below (Jo be selected by the instructor) determine (a) the acetate con- sumptive ratio in g COD/g NO,-N removed, (b) the amount of NON reduced in mg/L (normalized to the tank influent flowrate) du to the substrate release and electron acceptor demand from endogenous decay, (¢) the post anoxic tank effluent acetate concentration in mg/L, (@) the required acetate dose in mg COD/L and mg/L. acetate (normalized tothe influ- ent flowrate), (e) the amount of acctate required per day in kg/d and the increase in NH-N concentration across the postanoxie tank. Values Parameter Unit System 1 System 2 System 3 Flowrate mid 500050005000 RAS recycle ratio uniloss 05 05 05 Influent NON mg/t 60 60 60 Effluent NON. mg/L 03 03 03 Post anoxic volume im 250 200 350 muss mg/L 3000 3000» 3000 Biomass VSS g/t. 1200 12001200 Temperature ci 15 15 15 be aVSS/gVSd 0.098 0.098 (0.098 Acetate synthesis yield, Yy sg VSS/gCODr 4 04 Od (continued)932 Chapter 8 Suspended Growth Biological Treatment Processes (Continued) Values Parameter Unit System 1 System 2 System 3 7 Unitless 080 0.80 Ascot toast 9 VSS/g VS5-d 446 446 Acetate tina Femperalire 9 unless 121 121 121 Acetate, K, mg/l 50 50 50 NOZN Ko g/t on oa on “trom Table 8-14 tom Table 8-26. An AO system for biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal is designed with a 15-d SRT. Assume an observed yield of 0.60 g TSS/g BOD removed and a net biomass yield of 030 g VSS/g BOD removed. The following wastewater characteristics following primary treatment have been obtained. The return activated sludge flow contains 5.0 mg/L, NO,-N and its DO concentration equals zero. Parameter Unit Vole 80D mg/L Wastewoter 1 160 Wastewater 2 140 Wastewater 3 120 rbCOD g/t Wastewater 1 70 Wastewater 2 60 Wastewater 3 40 P mg/L. 7 TKN mg/L 35 TSS mg/L 82 vss mg/L 72 pH nis 72 Note: Wostowatsr 1, 2, or 3 to be selected by instuctor. Determine (a) the estimated effluent soluble phosphorus concentration for the biological Phosphorus-removal process and (b) the phosphorus content (in percent on a dry weight basis) of the waste sludge. What process changes would you recommend to improve the amount of phosphorus removal”? ‘An A2O process is operated with a 12.d SRT and achieves the following effluent nuttient concen- trations with intemal and reutn activated sludge (RAS) recycle ratios of 3.0 and 0.5, respectively. fluent soluble P concentration = 0.50 mg/L. Effluent NO-N concentration = 5.0 mg/l. Assuming thatthe influent wastewater characteristics and SRT remain the same, determine (a) the change in effluent soluble phosphorus and NO,-N concentrations if the internal recycle ratio is changed to 2.0, 2.5, or 2.8 (to be selected by instructor) and the RAS ratio is, increased to 1.0 and (b) how much additional influent rbCOD is consumed by nitrate fed to the anaerobie zone. Two 20-m diameter circular clarifiers are used for liquid-solids separation for an air activated sludge system. The MLSS concentration is 3000 mg/L. and the return activated842 Problems ond Discussion Topics | 933 sludge recycle ratio is 50 percent, Assuming average solids loading rate values, within the range shown in Table 8-34, of 4,5, or 6 kg/m'h (as selected by instructor), determine the allowable average influent flowrate in m'/d and the retwm MLSS concentration. ‘State whether the effluent phosphorus concentration for an A*O system will increase, decrease, or remain the same for each of the following changes in the wastewater character- istics oF process operating conditions. Refer to basic process fundamentals fo explain the basis for your answer, ‘a, The SRT is increased. b, The influent reCOD concentration increases. . The clarifier effluent suspended solids concentration increases, 4d. A higher NO,-N concentration exists in the return activated sludge recycle. ¢. The influent particulate BOD concentration increases. Given the setting data in the following table from tests with mixed liquor from an act vated sludge plant, determine the percent RAS recycle rate if the clarifier overflow rate i 0.82, 1.0, or 1.2 mhh (to be selected by instructor) and the RAS MLSS concentration is 10,500 mg/L. What will the recycle rate be if the RAS MLSS concentration is 15,000 me/L? Sludge liquid/solids iverface depth in column fest as a Function ofime ial mixed liquor concentrofion MISS concentration, mg/L Time, min 1000 2000-3000 5000-—=—«*10,000_—«*15,000. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 71-908 a2 7 49 30 20 1890 1671 841 341 10.1 61 30 1921 18291277 50.9 149 91 40 1930 1881 156.1 68.0 20.1 ne 50 1930 189.0 166.2 85.1 259 140 60 1939 1899 17201021 31.1 159. Note: Data in taba corrasponds fo the distance from the lop of he seifing column othe sludge imerface a indicated time, em ‘Two secondary clarifiers are operating with an overflow rate of I m/h and the activated sludge tank MLSS concentration is 4000 mg/L. Based on sludge thickening tests the inter Tacial setting velocity can be described by the following relationship: Vi= Vile) ‘where Vj = interfacial settling velocity, mv/d X= MLSS concentration, g/L ima 0.4004 Lig 8, Plot the solids flux due to thickening as a function of the MLSS concentration in g/L b. On the same curve draw the overflow rate operating flux line and show the operating state point. c, Determine the solids flux rate and recycle ratio for operating the clarifiers at an underflow concentration of 10, 11, or 12 g/L (as selected by instructor).934 Chapter 8 Suspended Growl Biological Treatment Processes 4. Determine the MLSS concentration possible with only one clarifier in operation using the above underflow concentration. Indicate the new overflow rate operating flux line and ‘operating state point. 8-44 A conventional activated sludge process with an aeration tank volume of 4600 m? is oper- ated with a 6-d SRT and 2500 mg/L MLSS concentration, when treating the following ‘wastewater after primary treatment: Parameter __Unit____Value Flowrate m/d 15,000 BoD mg/L 150 nbvss mg/L 35 18S g/t 80 vss ng/L “8 TKN g/t 35 ‘The system must be upgraded to treat additional flow and to provide nitrification to produce an effluent NH-N concentration of 0 mg/L. A 12-4 SRT is selected and membrane separation will replace the secondary clarifier operation, due to limited space for additional aeration tanks, Assuming the same wastewater characteristics, and using the same aeration tank volume with an MLSS concentration of 8000, 10,000, oF 12,000 mg/L. (tobe selected by instructor), determine (a) the new wastewater treatment flowrate possible, (b) the previous ‘and new volumetric BOD loadings (kg/m d), and (c) the membrane surface area needed assuming flux rate of 20.0 Lins, REFERENCES Albertson, O. B. (1987) "The Conirol of Bulking Sludges: From the Barly Innovators to Current Practice,” J. WPCK, 59, 4, 172-182. Albertson, O. E. (1991). "Bulking Sludge Control ~ Progress, Practice and Problems,” Water Sci. Technol, 28, 4-6, 835-846. Anderson, N. E, and R. H, Gould (1945) “Design of Final Settling Tanks for Activated Sludge,” Sew, Works Ji 17,1, 50-65. Ardern, E, and W. T. Lockett (1914) “Experiments on the Oxidation of Sewage without the Aid of Filters.’ J. Soc. Chem. Ind., 33, 10, 523. Asano, T., FL. Burton, H. L. Leverenz, R. Tsuchihashi, and G, Tchobanoglous (2007) Water Reuse: Issues, Technologies, and Applications, McGraw-Hill, New York. Babcock, R. 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