Fenestration

Fenestration refers to the openings in the building envelope, including the installation
of windows, doors, and skylights. The inclusion of windows and other openings in the
home are necessary as they improve the overall environment inside the home,
however they do work to break the seal of the home, providing possible places for air,
water, and cold air to enter the home. Thus, the number of openings included in a
home must be taken into account, as well as the quality of the materials used to
create these openings along with the placement.

Source: [Link]
Anatomy of a Window Frame
1. Head
The horizontal piece at the top of the
window frame is called the head.

2. Sill
The window sill is the horizontal bottom
piece of the window frame. It is
sometimes called a window stool.

3. Jamb
The jambs are the vertical sides of the
window frame.

4. Apron
The apron is a decorative piece that is
installed below the sill or stool of the
window.

5. Weep Holes Source: [Link]

Weep holes are openings built into the island-blog-anatomy_frame-[Link]
bottom of metal and vinyl window
frames. They allow precipitation that
collects in the window tracks to drain off.
 Parts of a Window Sash
1. Pane
The window pane is the piece, or pieces, of
glass in your window.

2. Window Rail
The top and the bottom parts of sashes are
called the window rails. Double-hung windows
have four rails: two on the top sash and two on
the bottom sash.

3. Spacers
Spacers are placed between the panes of glass
double and triple-pane windows to help
insulate the windows. Window World windows
use the Intercept™ warm-edge spacer system to
provide superior insulation and extend the life
of your windows.

4. Sash Lock
This is the locking mechanism that prevents
rattling and keeps your windows secure.

5. Lift
The lift is the handle for lifting and lowering the
sash.
Source: [Link]
6. Weather-stripping anatomy_sash-[Link]
Weather-stripping is placed around the window
frame and sash wherever two materials meet. It
provides another layer of energy efficiency and
protection against the elements.
 Glazing
Glazing
Glazing refers to the panels
in windows, doors and skylights - usually glass - that
let light through.

Natural Resources Canada "Energy-Efficient

Residential Windows, Doors and Skylights"
Glazing is the term that describes the transparent
material used in windows. Changing the type of
glazing, the amount of glazing, or the material placed
between layered glazing can greatly affect the energy
performance of a window. This is why using different
types of glazing or replacing old glazing is a popular
way to lower the heat loss of residential windows.
[Link]
s/pdf/equipment/windows-door-skylights-e-web-
[Link]

Energy-Efficient Window Terminology

In addition to window parts, the lingo around energy
efficiency can be intimidating for the average person.
Here is everything you need to know to confidently
choose the most energy-efficient window purchase!

Low-E Glass
Low-emissivity (low-E) glass is an energy-efficient
glass option. Designed to filter the amount of UV light
that enters your home, it helps regulate the amount
of heat that enters your home. This helps keep your
home’s temperatures more consistent.

Argon Gas Figure 1. How low emissivity glass works

Argon gas is a colorless, odorless gas used as an
insulator in double and triple-pane windows. When ITI Glass "Low-E Glass"
paired with Low-E glass, it keeps the window closer to
room temperature, helping eliminate drafts and [Link]
increase energy efficiency.
[Link]
-are-the-different-parts-of-a-window/
 Types of Windows

Source: [Link]
[Link]?ezimgfmt=ng%3Awebp%2Fngcb1%2Frs%3Adevice%2Frscb1-1&ssl=1&w=1280
Door and Frame
Top rail: this is the horizontal component that is
located on the very top of the door

Freeze rail: this rail sits across between the door’s

panels. It is often at eye level but not all doors have
freeze rails.

Middle rail: it is positioned across the door’s middle

section.

Stiles: the vertical parts that are positioned on the

outer edge of a door are collectively referred to as
stiles. The sides of the door, its hinge, and lock all have
stiles.
Lock stile: sitting on the vertical corner of the door,
the lock stile is located on the opposite side of the
door hinge.

Panel/s: this can consist of one or several panels made

from wood or glass to fill the frame next to the stiles.

Top mullion: the vertical feature of the door that acts

as a divider between the panels on the very top. It is
also referred to as the first mullion.

Middle mullion: the vertical part that falls directly

below the top mullion also known as second mullion.

Lower or third mullion: the vertical part that acts as a

division between the door panels below the middle
mullion.

Molding: the decorative element used around the

stiles’ edge as well as the rails and mullions.

Hinges: one or more hinges are used for securing the

door to the frame while enabling it to swing.

Source: [Link]
 Window Frame Types
1. Wooden windows are just as
durable and long-lasting as other
window frame options when
properly maintained. They have
been used in homes for hundreds
of years. Though they have adapted
to modern standards, they still
offer the same general strength
and aesthetic appeal that they
always have.
2. Vinyl windows are windows with
frames made out of PVC (polyvinyl
chloride), the same material used
to make pipes and fittings for
plumbing. The material is extruded
into a straight shape and then
crafted into a window frame and
filled with glass.
3. Fiberglass windows are a less
common window frame installation
option, but they are increasingly
becoming more popular for many
reasons. This window frame
material is very durable and
relatively simple to maintain.
Fiberglass windows are made from
extruded fiberglass sections and
have a similar shape to vinyl
frames.
4. Aluminum windows are known
for being durable and long-lasting.
They also have a more modern look
compared to than vinyl windows,
and work well with sleek and
modern home styles
Source: [Link]
 Door and Frame
Head: thi s is the top horizontal part of the frame.

Sill: the l owest horizontal part of the frame. A s ill gives extra
s trength to the frame and prevents dust or insects from entering.
It a l so prevents the vertical elements from bending at the lower
ends.

Horn: to be a ble to fix the frame in the wall opening, the

hori zontal horn a t the top and bottom of the frame is used. The
horn’s length can ra nge from 10 to 15cm.

Jamb: the door frame’s jamb is the vertical face of the fra me that
s upports the opening. A ja mb is the vertical part of the fra me for
s ecuring the actual door. Without the presence of a door jamb,
you won’t be able to open or l ock the door properly. Holdfasts:
the s teel bars used to keep the fra me i n a s turdy position a re the
hol dfasts. The bars are typi cally bent into z s hapes and positioned
on one end of the door’s fra me while the other end is i nstalled in
the wa ll. The horizontal length of a holdfast is 20cm wi th a
mi ni mum of 3 bars needed to hold on each side of the door. It is
i mportant to know that you should paint the holdfasts before
fi xi ng them to the frame. Without these parts, the frame of the
door ma y come l oose during a dverse weather conditions.

Rebate: thi s is the recess part of the door frame, where the
s hutter i s fixed to vi a the hinges. The rebate should be cut 12mm
wi de with equal depth that matches the shutter’s thickness.

The door’s jamb and rebates work together a s the vertical sides
of the fra me. If the rebates are made from stone, you’ll need to
i ns tall two stones that are a t different widths, with one fi tted
over the other i n order for the shutter to fit correctly.

Threshold: thi s is a wooden component that’s fixed to the floor

beneath the door’s frame. Sometimes, threshold and door sill are
one i n many doors.

Transom: l a stly, the tra nsom element i s a horizontal part of the

fra me, which serves as a sub-divider for the door to open Source: [Link]
hori zontally.
Hollow Metal Doors For
New And Retrofit
Construction Projects
Hollow Metal Doors are made of
channel reinforced steel sheets and
filled with insulation materials such as
polystyrene, kraft honeycomb, or
polyurethane. Standard metal doors
are 1-3/4″ thick and are prime coat
painted. The gray primer finish is
suitable for painting.

Hollow Metal Doors are shown to have

superior performance for strength and
durability compared to the alternate
materials. Metal doors are more
sanitary, much easier to maintain, and
can withstand more abuse than wood
or aluminum doors. A result of the
strength and durability of steel is that
metal doors have the lowest total cost
of ownership of any other materials

[Link] -hollow-metal-doors/
Stainless Steel Door Design
There are many finishing options,
enabling architects to add a distinct
design element to their doors. Standard
industry finishes are referenced by #1-8.
Lower number finishes are more matte,
while higher numbers are more reflective.
The most common finishes include:

#2B Unpolished
Suitable for painting, such as in concealed
areas where stainless steel performance
is required but aesthetics are not
important

#4 Brushed Satin
Low reflectivity

#6 Long Grain Satin

More reflective than a #4 finish
#8 Mirror
Highly reflective where fine polishing
lines are barely visible. Fingerprints show
on mirror-like finishes, so they are best-
suited for low traffic openings

Source: [Link]
 Fiberglass Doors
Glass fibers are threadlike fibers or slivers
of glass. It’s a material that’s been
experimented within the manufacturing
industry throughout history.
Fiberglass is a reinforced plastic material
embedded in a resin matrix. It is
inexpensive, strong, and can be molded
into complex shapes. Fiberglass has been
used in insulation, boats, pipes, auto
body parts, and a number of other
objects including doors.
Fiberglass doors are a strong alternative
to wood doors. Modern fiberglass doors
have gotten good at mimicking the look
and feel of actual wood doors without
the same risks of warp, rot, shrink, or
swell.

Fiberglass doors have three major

components: the frame, the core, and the
skin.

The frame is usually made of wood or a

high strength composite material. The
core is filled with a polyurethane
insulating foam for both insulation and
soundproofing. The door’s exterior is
constructed with high-impact
compression-molded fiberglass.
Source: [Link]
Source:
[Link] -doors/
 Wooden Door
BENEFITS OF A WOOD DOOR
AESTHETICS
Wood doors just look a nd feel better. Nothing (not even the best
i mi tation) compares to the quality of a solid wood door constructed
wi th true stile and rail features. For starters, wood doors a re
cons iderably heavier. When you open a hollow core, or even solid
core door, you can definitely feel the difference in weight a nd hear
the di fference when closing the door. Additionally, wood doors come
i n a va riety of s pecies and are generally easy to finish, making them
more cus tomizable to complement the styl e of your s pace

DURABILITY
Wood doors continue to maintain their beauty over ti me because
they a re extremely s turdy, wi thstanding years of heavy us e. Unlike
fa ux wood options, s olid wood doors hold up much better over ti me
a nd a re tested constantly wi th everyday a ctivities. They a re l ong-term
i nvestments that make a s tatement for everyone that s ees a nd uses
them.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Wood doors provide much more i nsulation, which will keep rooms
cool or hot as needed, especially when the door i s framed and hung
wel l. Another energy-efficient ti p: Keep doors to rooms rarely used
cl os ed so that the a ir circulates more around high-traffic areas.

SOUND RESISTANCE
Wood doors cut down s ubstantially on traveling sound. If you have
noi sy ki ds or teenagers who love to blast music, i nterior wood doors
a re definitely the way to go. Outside of single-family home settings,
wood doors can provide a sense of privacy for residents i n
a pa rtments, college dorms and senior l iving facilities.

FIRE RETARDANT
Woodgrain offers 20, 60 a nd 90 mi nute fire ra ted options to match
your i nterior door package while providing consistency throughout
your home. Fire doors are often required by code to be used i n
between the house a nd garage in residential applications and entry
doors for multi-family projects.
Interested i n exploring solid wood door options for your home?
Woodgrain Doors has a va riety of styl es to choose from.

Source: [Link] -of-wood-doors/

Laminate Door
Laminate doors differentiate from the
types of the manufacturing process. It
is easier to produce them. As we can
understand from the name, the core
element is wood. The material is
derived by compressing the fire tree,
which calls MDF. Compressed again
with cardboard to make a laminate.
But this is not the only process. Like
the laminate flooring, it is painted or
patterned according to the desired
color and shapes. This will create the
final status of the laminate.
➢ Laminate doors are very durable.
➢ It has endless color and pattern
choices. You can specialize in it.
➢ As it is MDF in basic, you can put in
place reliefs on the product.
➢ You can use them with all kinds of
styles like modern, classic, avant-
garde, and others. Source: [Link]
[Link]
➢ Although it is a kind of interior
door, you can also use them
outside like balconies.
➢ Also, it is possible to add extra
heath and sound insulation.
 Door Types & Styles
1. One-Panel
A one- or single-panel door comprises top and bottom rails and two stiles. While they
are popular as front and side entry doors, they are also commonly used as interior
doors for rooms or house partitions, thanks to the single panel door’s simplicity and
clean lines.

2. Two-Panel
A two-panel or double panel door is composed of two parts by putting two panels
together using a middle stile or rail. The two-panel design is one of the most popular
door styles that makes it feel at home in almost any dwelling.

3. Three-Panel
A three-panel door has three panels separated by two stiles or rails. While many three-
panel doors have equally sized panels, some have at least one panel that’s either
shallower or wider than the other two, usually the topmost. Other door styles, like the
bifold, may also use a three-panel system.

4. Four-Panel
The four-panel design uses panels that are taller than they are wide. The top two
panels are positioned side by side above the lower two. Four-panel doors look great
when the building is bigger or wider.

5. Five-Panel
These doors have five equally sized horizontal panels positioned one on top of another.
Its Victorian roots make five-panel doors ideal for classic bungalow styles, such as
Craftsman, Arts and Crafts, and Mission.

6. Six-Panel
Six-panel doors can have equally sized panels, with three panels lining the left side of
the door and the other three positioned right next to them. However, some six-panel
doors have four panels of equal size and two smaller panels.

7. Eight-Panel
Eight-panel doors have smaller panels than their fewer-panel cousins. Eight-panel
doors are typically big, heavy, and imposing, especially if they are made of real
hardwood. They are perfect as front doors, particularly if you prefer the appeal of a
large, old-school knocker over a modern doorbell button.

8. Eight-Panel With Glass

Eight-panel doors have variants that include several or all panels equipped with glass.
They come in wood, steel, and other materials. Eight-panel doors with only two glass
panels typically have those glass panels at the top. This allows the light entry while also
protecting privacy, as the glass panels are often too high for prying eyes.

9. Roman
Roman doors typically have two panels: a square one at the bottom and an arched one
at the top. Traditionally, Roman doors are pivot doors made of stone.

Source: [Link]
 Door Types & Styles
10. Pocket
A pocket door hangs from the top and slides along a track,
where it guides the door into a wall where it slips into
when opened. Most modern pocket doors slide into the
wall with hardly any space left on either side. This flush
look provides clean lines and takes up a lot less space.

11. Bypass
The bypass door mechanism allows one door to slide in
front of the door next to it. A bypass door can be designed
with two doors or three, depending on the width of the
opening, the width of the doors, or the owner's
preferences.

Bypass doors are often found in interiors as partitions. Still,

they are great for places leading to a patio or a porch. They
are even used for closet doors!

12. Farm
Farm-style doors are direct descendants of barn doors.
Like barn doors, they are simple devices that consist of
planks of wood (battens) laid side by side and framed or
reinforced by rails and a muntin. Some modern farm doors
have a rail-and-stile arrangement. Farm doors come in
varieties similar to battened and ledged doors or simply
just battens without a ledge.

Farm-style doors come in hinged and sliding varieties, but

true-to-form farm doors also slide underneath a top track.

13. Slider
A slider is a patio door that slides on tracks, no different
from standard sliding doors.

Sliders are categorized depending on how they open.

Sliding patio doors come in singles or in pairs and can slide
into and behind a wall (pocket style) or slide to the center
(bypass style). Sliders are a great choice for smaller yards
and exteriors.
Source: [Link]
 Door Types & Styles
4. Accordion
Accordion doors are a simpler and lighter
version of bifold doors. They have narrower,
thinner, and flatter panels usually made of
composite wood or plastic. You can find
accordion doors in indoor areas.

Their biggest advantage is that they need

little space to operate, but they’re useful in
either wide or narrow spaces. This makes
them equally functional for both room
dividers and closet doors.

15. Bifold
Bifold doors, also known as folding or
concertina doors, are folded in sections or
panels, usually in two sections (although
some with more sections are still called bi-
folds). One of their other names is the
concertina door because they resemble the
instrument.

Bifold doors are typically installed in areas

with an opening that’s too wide for any door
to be practical. They can even be used in
rooms where sliding doors can be used to
minimize space, but there is insufficient wall
clearance for the door to slide into or behind
when opened.

[Link]
 Door Types & Styles
16. Colonial
Standard Colonial doors are straightforward, with their often rectangular
recessed panel/s. Traditional Colonials are big and heavy, though. This is
why a modern take on Colonial doors often cuts on weight by replacing
panels with glass and flanking the door with transoms and sidelites.

17. Dutch
A Dutch door is horizontally divided into two parts, usually with the top
part bigger than the bottom. You might see this door in some restaurants
and other food establishments that separate the kitchen from the dining
area. Dutch doors are generally classified as swing doors. The Dutch door
emphasizes function over form since you can open either part
independently of the other.

18. Colonial Shaker

Shaker doors are so-called because of the Shakers, a colonial religious
sect in the 18th century. Their Puritan values and simplicity show in their
craftsmanship.

Most Shaker doors have a simple square indent in the middle as if there is
nothing but a completely flat door framed with raised flat boards.
Traditionally, shaker doors used to have mortise and tenon joints, making
them stronger but heavier. Colonial Shaker doors and their subtypes are
also popular as closet doors.

19. Corner-V Shaker

The corner-V shaker door is a variant of the classic Shaker door, only that
its frame’s corners meet each other in recessed V lines.

20. Square Shaker

A square Shaker is similar to the classic Shaker, only that the inner panel
is flat and smooth, unlike the farmhouse-style inner panel of the former.
In addition, its rails and stiles have no visible seams, even in the corners.

21. V-Groove Shaker

The V-groove Shaker features a stile that is as tall as the door, reaching to
the top and bottom sides of the door itself so together they look like two
columns framing the central panel. Its rails are therefore less wide than
the width of the door and connect the two stiles at right angles, with the
boundaries between them recessed in the shape of a V (hence the name).

22. Dog Leg

A dog leg is a variation of the V-groove Shaker, only that instead of two
full-length stiles, they are offset so that the rail can be connected below
or above it. As a result, the stiles and the rails meet at right angles, hence
the “dog leg.” However, unlike the V-groove Shaker, there is no such
decoration on the do

[Link]
Door Types & Styles
Louver Doors
A l ouver (or l ouver) is a set of horizontal slats a ngled to
a dmit a ir and light, but not direct sunlight or the other
el ements, l ike ra in. A l ouver door is a regular door that uses
thes e features.
23. Full Louver
The full l ouver door has l ouvers in the middle to a llow
ventilation and light penetration. In louvered doors, fixed
s l ats are positioned downwards, one slat overlapping the
next, for pri vacy. Some versions of the louvered door are
a l so equipped with movable slats.

24. Half-Louver
As the name suggests, the half l ouver door is half s olid and
ha l f l ouvered, but in many ca ses, the l ouvered a rea isn’t
a l ways half the door but a fra ction of it. Exa mples of a half-
l ouver door are a restroom door, a maintenance door, or a
l ocker door.

25. Ya Louver
YA l ouver doors are almost l ike full louver doors, except
there a re two l ouvered sections separated by a s tile or ra il.
The s olid area is much smaller than the louvered areas,
whi ch take up most of the door. The lower l ouvered s ection
i s commonly s maller than the top louvered section.

26. Double Louver

A double louver has two l ouvered sections, but the l ouvered
s ections are often s maller than the non-louvered sections.
The upper louvers a re found at the top half of the door, and
the bottom louvers are almost a t the foot of the door. The
l ouvered s ections are often of the same dimensions.

27. Louver Panel

The l ouver panel door i s a door that consists of two panels—
one a solid panel a nd the other louvered. More decorative
tha n the half l ouver door, a l ouver panel door typically has
the l ouvered portion a t the top three-quarters of the door
a nd the ra ised rectangular panel in the lower half within the
fra me.

[Link]
Door Types & Styles
28. Two-Panel Half-Lite
A two-panel half-lite door is so-called because it generally has two and a half panels. One is a lite
(usually the top panel), and the two half-panels are solid wood beneath it.

Since it’s popular as an entry door thanks to its daylighting, some homeowners frost the lite or even
put a curtain or window treatment on the lite itself. Old-school clinics usually have two-panel half-
lites, with the lite characteristically obscured.

29. Two-Panel Three-Quarter Lite

A two-panel three-quarter lite door is similar to a two-panel half-lite, but the lite is much bigger,
taking up three-quarters of the door (hence the name).

30. Nine-Lite
The nine-lite door is effectively a half-lite door, with the top half of the door in a lite. But what sets
them apart is that muntins divide the glass into nine equally sized sections, creating a grid pattern.
The bottom half of a nine-lite door may or may not be decorated with paneling.

31. Fifteen-Lite
Like the nine-lite door, the fifteen-lite door has its glass broken up into equally sized sections (15 of
them, in fact) with muntins, creating a grid pattern. What makes it different is that while nine-lites
only occupy the top half, fifteen-lites take up a huge portion of the door, almost the entire central
assembly.

32. Narrow Lite

A narrow lite door is a regular door with one exception: it has a narrow and rectangular fixed lite. The
lite is usually positioned right above or near the knob or lock, and it allows you to peer outside while
the door is closed. You can find narrow lite doors in many offices, research centers, and hospitals.

33. Half Glass

A half-glass (or half-lite) door is like a two-panel half-lite, only without the solid wood panels beneath
the top lite.

34. Full Glass

A full glass (or full-lite) door takes daylighting to a whole new level, with twice the illuminating
potential as that of a half-lite door. However, because of vulnerability and privacy concerns, most
homeowners use a full glass door as a back or side door that leads to an outdoor area, like a deck or a
patio.

35. Vision Lite

Vision lite doors are commonly found in areas where privacy is a concern. They are simple doors with
a hole cut into them, usually at the top half and centered. This hole can be fitted with a small glass
panel. To add security in commercial or industrial applications, most vision lites and narrow lites use
an automatic door closer.

36. Decorative Window

Different types of doors utilize glass, but a decorative window door introduces an artistic flair that
emphasizes form over function. For the homeowner who wishes to dress up their front door while
also letting in more light, a decorative window door can be a great solution.

37. Tudor
Tudors are commonly used as entryway doors, usually as a set of double doors. Tudors have an
imposing character, generally adorned with elaborate panels, grooves, and glass panels. Most Tudors
have arched tops and a narrow lite in the middle, often embellished, that follow the general outline of
the molding or the paneling (i.e., arched tops). Tudors are traditionally massive, thanks to their
hardwood make.

38. Four-Panel Half-Moon Window

A four-panel half-moon window door is similar to a four-panel door. The obvious difference is the
addition of the half-moon window at the top. The glass window allows for added illumination during
the day, and it can be clear or glazed for privacy. In many cases, the glass is abstracted for decoration
and added appeal.

39. Four-Panel Half-Moon

The four-panel half-moon door is almost exactly like the above, only that there is no glass; the half-
moon on top of the four panels are purely for decoration, usually carved into the wood.

[Link]
Door Types & Styles
40. French
French doors are what most people think of when they
encounter the term “patio door.” Unlike s liders, French
doors are hinged doors, which means they operate vi a
hi nges, similar to a casement window. However, l ike s lider
doors , they a re also commonly used as exterior doors.

Mos t French doors are also more elaborate than sliders and
a re more appropriate with a dequate s wing space. The
cl a ssic Art Deco look of most French doors is a great fit for
cl a ssic-style dwellings. Mere door pictures don't give the
bes t-looking French doors justice.

41. Storm
A s torm door is a nother layer of protection over your front
door. True to i ts name, a storm door is l ike a rmor, enabling
i t to res ist bad weather and the elements. Some s torm doors
emphasize protection, like all-steel doors and hardwood
doors , but some may us e a screen panel for ventilation and
l i ght and instead use sturdier frames for a dditional strength.
Li ghter storm doors, like aluminum doors that cover the
front door, a re more decorative than functional.

Some homeowners a lso use a storm door to deter break-ins.

Thes e storm doors offer a dditional protective features like
l ocks or bolts.

42. Flush
A fl ush door consists of different materials, but generally,
i t’s composed of a “core” sandwiched between two layers of
pl ywood. These plywood l ayers are cut s o they cover the
enti re core material from edge to edge, hence the name
s i nce they’re fl ush to the edges of the core. There are no
a dditional decorations on a flush door.

Fl ush doors generally fulfill two needs—reducing the weight

of the door or giving the door a dditional protection. To
l essen weight, the core usually employs a honeycomb
s tructure. To reinforce the door, the core uses an insulating
ma terial.

[Link]