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Nuclei Notes

Nuclei notes

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8 views14 pages

Nuclei Notes

Nuclei notes

Uploaded by

dhanasekarr452
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© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ida? CHAPTER : 13 NUCLET "composition OF _A_NUCLEVS } a Aeon the cliscourny of neveenon by chadurit in 1932 , the pryioten - newton Auypottusis was fiUpesech oy Hlecsenberg Which says trae the nucleus Af Ul ator, imade up frotens and neutnons. ~ Mos of protoyin (Mp) = b672bx 10! Kg Nove: : : By one atomic mans unit ts dyined as 74 +f akwal Wns Of C-12 atom. | ame = tu = mas = |-0073 amu. («A puter has an sntrinsc spin of Ft fa. * Db poses a magnetic moment much smaller Ahan e- * The poten uw 1836 Kmes Aeovier than the €. 1. 660565 x 10 kg + Changeless particle having Wik . Mn = |. 674q x J072? kg Mn = [- 0085 amu * Te hos 2 small magnetic meme lan | angulara smementum equal to that of pyroton. |e The {yoten and neutnon ane Ldenkcat ‘bos in deus ef ter mas drug “ane front os nuchorns. called. | | | | the TMCLON sence -clows noe Cliting usin betwen the quoter oe a However» Lhe electnomagrutic fone, can clustinguish Asetuseen. them (based on changes) , Aine TUM ts the umber of _. vatern « De ts clenotecl by z 4 Mass ruumber Ws the tobat number of protons and. quuenons in an atom. ce ds clonotec by A- NO... neuenors = “N . is * nuclear Mans ts the total mors 4 prwton and nuubnon prusene tn the nucleus. M= Zmp + (A-z) mn. \* when an -akom 4s -considvucl uth suferene 10 Le sudan compoxtion , uk is called a a nuclide a» nyywonked by xt ISOTOPES : » Ais * with same numbr a porwtons but -digernt number A sneuenons ane TsoBnrs : — Lobos an caterns g -cijyoune elements thak howe ; Q 3 40 Pas Hee > Aca. 40 go > Mie ISOMERS : The ave same .atemic numbr -and sam, | ras dumber but cist dn -di4gvient eningy Lye, | FR OW nucleus in ils quund stale and an | dotntical nudes ina smitartabte Chartiathy | Stable) excited state. SIE OF ~=THE pucceus A Nucleus is net a solid wlyice . Theis ice tee, NOt ave -a well aliyined Loundany. MLL 108 San OGD the Aza ay a nudes by Acateeting enyuniments . Ty OR ts the naclis of the ruckeus and 4 4, the mars number , then, el aa Ro pis R = BA” Ro = box 10% m Ro : Nuclear unce racllus CY R-Ro , then the eterent 1 Aydnoger) | fg: Alize @ aluminium nucleus | A= QF , ‘ | R= paxia®, Quy Fermi = 10" m R= 3.6% 10% m If = 1 fernto 3:6 fenmi | NUCLEBR | DENSITY : ; The deity o, He nuclear master 4s Andlepencent oy the size of the nudus. Bensity 9 nuceus = Mars & nucleus = fry. Volume of muchos Lue mm be the nO. o. nucleons in the nucters. % fou + mi “ mA [rere ard me amr ATTRA aleiiee fou = 3m ; AT Re qws the nulkear 4% Andepundint of the mass | numb 4 the sli oe, the nucleus. Tauirg m= 161 « 10 kg is 1 Roz 126 0 my Fru © 3:30.00" egg a Ths Alnsity ts veay dange companad. to -clemity oy wndinany matter. &q* water has density 107 ky [mt ThE? call he enplasned Ay comparing Alte of atom (107m) This atomic Aim is 10% times the nuclear size ard smese o, the Apace tn te atom + empty. Hence nucltar -clunsity 44 snuch -gttates than atomic clunsity, NUCLEAR FORCE ¢ dineng wattnardive intiindisn ailing between the nuchons. PROPERTIES = » dknengusk fore. 36 pe Bae: Re = prep ye yo" * chore mange fore. Le spunales only upto 2-3 fm. ( a10'%m 4 3% 10'%m) » Variation wnt -dustane . Pe _ / Mev) Fs nquudgive rt Flos Frayuteive = Fastrautive a (tm) * Whn n>70 , He PE ts -almest zero . Tr this nugion the nuchan poi 6 attsctive PE gradually -buomes regative as A decreases . ity When A< mo, PE inowases Papier indivoting atm Arpusltive ponce. | The wuulear force is change indyundenk « >| (PP, Pen, nen aut expuriencee sure BUENA The coulembtc Agrudstve fore As Weak ADM Arey 4 Ataong svucltarn fori. + datunation yyeck : Lt any tntenoels with rephtoin, nucleons, * Nuclear Josce 4s Ain dependent, The rudean, free tween two nucleons having panalled apn is Aervng, than setyween anon pun. * Te 4 an rchange force . The nuclean for #etwreen, arises by constank encharge of prantictes called umesoris “ BD & a non- centrar fore. MPSS ENERGY EQUIVALENCE The tous mass egy vornsuuntion Stolls kha thy Aum ff amass ungy of a system of franticles ds dame dsyo and ayer Hur sntvodion [( maw 2 | ane intacormrtatle Mars in alo a 4onm of energy) | E = moc? ™M. > nest mans m= Mo ms actual mas MPSS DEFECT igen, dekween the muse mons 4 the snucleus the Aum the masses of ie comstituent protons ruuknens is colled mars dyeck. | Ve Am: Zmp + (8-Z)mm - m ACKING FRACTION — Mass qe “WgY contained in Hamu of mows us, mM: 1a MU = 6056S x 19727 tg ae me? Fb bbOs 6s 1527, (2018)? Fs be yazy » Wo! Es 492 IO? 1 ee = 0-93I5%10' eV I 608. O74 EF = 431-5. 1 ev © = 931.5 Mev Thue, 1 amu has 931-5 Mev erengyy. Binding erungy pwr : - | AE = Amc? AEb — = Zp + (a-z = 2 | 7 ( (A-z) mn mye BINDING ENER@Y CURVE : | cmev) Bh ding enungyy pen nucleon 5D 100 IsD 200-250 Ma4s nuumben (2) ag re 16 Except for some nuclei, dike We, "iC, “O° Value of binding energy 4 on the Ar0othh curny Light nucle. 2. Binding enagqy as smal for 3. Th the mass tuunbu mange 2-20, chew an woul solic anenima and minima, ‘ 4. The «wwe Aas bread smeanimun dose £0 b> Mey fa mucler in the mean mass ruumbar range 40-180, Te has a yuo walue of Be MeV / Dutelgn eR. s As the mas numbur snowases puter (A > 120) the binding envgy / nudeon. gradually decreases and chaps 29 7-6 MeV / nuceon for 2U . NUCLERR Fission : ‘The phenenmenen in which a Aung ruclons splits inko tur amallir nuclei op xcormpariable masses 4s walled ruton fsson. ex: ass e " / + gh > fa + 4X7 + 3 on 2 x ae i : pres * Ut oh > YY 5 Bebe “wot 427 %e a st 4 ar * Ut in 5 xe Me 4 gin a oH 3 = | NUCLEPR FUSION : oO Cernig gumation un stons ) The yoweess in which tu Light rudeé a wsemilg high tempinatune to Jom a single Huai | tutes ts calle nucear puscon. > High temp (107k) , high prune (10° atm) He HH? iy Hele He nls ate Mel Th thb poor, .a ange amount 5 onugy is neleased PROTON = PROTON (?,p) eye Eningy -gerenation in stans) ' ' tH tH zy + se tHoF Coe ¥ 4 0.42 Mev > (D _ Y + Y + bo2 Mev ~ (iy 7H + 'H 3 ‘ > zHe + Y + 5.4q Mev > Ci) 3 He + 3ye _» 4 2 a He + (H+ ‘H+ 12-86 Mey) Uv) occurs rly when the suoacten (i), CG), WD occur twice where the suo Light Helium nuclei ( 4He) wun 40 form ercinany helium ruckus ( Ane). comider « 2) + iy + adv « Civ) : > 45H + 2e7 _5 fhe + av + 6Y + 26-7 MeV 2 CAH + 407) —s (fre + ae) + ave Pe erie Her, 4 hydrogen waters corane £0 tam an tHe vatym with «= sulease of 2b MeV Oh enengg- x The worn stats to coot as the Auyobegen qs depluted anc. decegrnes tulium. The tan collage tut Uo ib 7 thentlsy 4nvwasing the temywrature “4 Oe. i Fuse Ae l cagain when the Cernperrchore suas 109 K. The Helium nuche puse tte come Ertencises 14:00307 UW eam 7) om ("w)s | 4m = | zmp? (pz) tin’! + S (7% $0073) + (7% 10086) - [4- 00307 = T051l + T-06Q2- 14. 00307 2 ly 113 = 14. 00307 Am = 0: /0823 uw. amu = I-bbx 1077? kg E = me? = bbe 1027, x10!” be xip-'4 = 4.315% Ie ev > © 431-5 Mev amu —» 431-5 Mev Hee, | O-10883 amu —> ? Ex = 0.(0g23x 931-5 Mev j=) Gy . 6249290 u _ -WoaTUa\ i = Amce* eéndling energy 1 aton 4m = (89x 1.0073) + (34x J-0086) - 64-92ab0 O-F745 UW. OST amu _5 43l-5 Mev x 535. |A1 Mev 4am = 43/5 Mev OsTaS Uu x) Enengy 9, separation % | cx atom 63g —% cu cortaim 6-022 x10” = ? 34 @] ce contauns ? atoms. | es R= Rone |" Raw. Ro (191) 8 | Reg Re C101) % | Rau: Rag = (at)" 10% ms ” = SSS Ri te php ont Am = Meade ~ Mined | © Munk ome > OH? | PCCW a 3.01649 ~ 2 2.014102) | AM= 0.00423 uw | tamu -» 931-5 Mey | Pr 0OH3S UW > 000433 x a3.e Key | a > 74-033 Mev Negative sign shows thik the rvactit is e [Not yeasible | ir " nh s : | i a | AM = Mnwuane — MO ppediuee | | = 2 (12-e00000) - 19.992434~ 4. 002603 Am = 0.004458 tamu > 431-5 Mev Or0ONAFE GTO —> — O-D04aS# x AT Mev a 4: 618311 Mev The neaction ts eaorhenmic , ‘ple 13-16) 28 _ 5 2 ne 2b 7a Am = Mauqdank ~ produce = (943494) -— 2(27-98/91) Am = — 002888 Kw QUAI dineee, On 5—— t o3 } amu > he Mev ; 0-0f2888 UW —> 0-02 868 x 931g Mev | fa = - 26.40 Mev | Q us negative , the giver gaan swadtion A te proscele- ey) 334 1313) gy Pu —» 18 Mev ait ikKg > 2 Noe a. Pu nuded in Ike ie: 23 = 1000 Gx 6-022. 10 | 2349 262 x 17 Nude | Total envngy = 2:52~ 10x Igo Mev = 493:bx107%* Mev Q = 4.536 x 10% Mev | | 13-20% a ee cog = enkiak he . | yea ZO gs | A oe ore =, Ke ( "> 42+ e) | A i | oo | | = 4 10tx (16x10) | 4x10F 4x10%% (1-6 a ae 410% oxi > Gait bex10"7 4x107'7 = 36x 10" ev Ui= 0:36 Mev (ory [y= 30 kev | a in 2 kg Of -coleutertium } 9000 J x b.022 e107? 2 | 6022 « 106 atorns | Enengty. neleasedt when Thos, NOG actions prossible 4s | t at atoms fuse = 3127 Mev | 6:02 x10 = 4 on 2 10°S neactiors Total enngy is 3+ on aio< 3.24. ev ~ VRATIT « Jo? ev Enagy in Gos a ey5a7e joo y horton" | Energy or damp in ene second - 100 T | Is 5 100 > wm > War. 107% TF | | = rs oo | PIS ew | | Geta eo ek ogee | fee. : Time = 19-754 10" 4 | - IS1F% 10" box 60x 24x 365 = 4649e lo. 4699 «102 107 yarrs | ime, © = 4:99 « J0* years | me = &b (1.007825) + ( sb-2b)( 1: wBbes) = 55.93493q = 2b 20345 4 30.25995 — 55-934039 AM = 0.5284b1 Ww 1 amu — 931.5 Mev o-s2tubl uo > 0-528461 x 931-5 Mev Eo = 492.26 Mev Eo nudeon = 49226 Mey = 87903 Mw ye SS x Eso Ore. m= 55.934934 UU. Am = Zmp + (A-z)Mn» —mM 20% a ~ Ey oH oe M = 208-9388 UW AM = 83 (1-001¢25) + 126 (1-0086b5) — 208 oi = 83-6494I5 + 127-09174 -— 208 - Gorge 4m = 1160877 uw. tamu —» 731-5 Mey 1-76 0877 > 2 Eb = 1160817 x 931-7 Mev Eo = 1640-25 Mev. \ Ep yor nudeon = 1640-25 Mew 209 = 1848 Mo 3-aly Nuclear. ies densiy f= Mars a nucleus Volume of nucleus Mow OL rudus = mA. also, R Ron? f= mA Hen

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