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MATH 010 / EMATH 003 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Topic: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Intended Learning Outcomes:
1. Define differential equations.
2. Classify differential equations as ordinary or partial and linear or nonlinear equation.
3. Determine the order and degree,

𝝏𝟐 𝒘 𝝏𝒘
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 5. 𝝏𝒙𝟐
+ 𝝏𝒚 = 𝟎
In physics, engineering, chemistry, economics, and other
sciences mathematical models are built that involve 𝒅𝟐 𝒔
𝟓
𝒅𝒔
rates at which things happen. These models are 6. ( 𝒅𝒕𝟐 ) − 𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒕 + 𝒔= 0
equations and the rates are derivatives. Equations
containing derivatives are called differential 7.
𝒅𝟑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
+ 𝒙 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟒𝒙𝒚
𝒅𝒚𝟑
equations.
𝒅𝟓 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
Examples: 8. 𝒅𝒙𝟓
+ 𝒙(𝒅𝒙)𝟑 − 𝟖𝒚 = 𝟎
1.) 100 g of cane sugar in water are being converted
into dextrose at a rate that is proportional to the 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝟐 𝒙
amount unconverted. Find the differential 9. + 𝒙 =𝒙
𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒅𝒕𝟐
equation expressing the rate of conversion after
t minutes.
𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒇
10. 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝒏𝒇
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚

𝒅𝟐 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 𝟏
11. 𝑳 +𝑹 + 𝒖 = 𝑬 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕
𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒅𝒕 𝒄

12. y’’’+ my’’- y = 6

Definition: An equation involving derivatives of one

2.) A curve is defined by the condition that at each or more dependent variables with respect to one or
of its points (x,y), is the slope dy/dx is equal to more independent variables is called a differential
twice the sum of the coordinates of the point, equation.
find the differential equation that defines the
curve. Remark: When a differential equation involves one
or more derivatives with respect to a particular
variable, the variable is called the independent
variable. A variable is called dependent if a
The following are more examples of differential derivative of that variable occurs.
equations: • Note: the dependent variables are usually found
𝒅𝒚 at the numerator of the derivative and
1. 𝒅𝒙
= 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 or y’=cos x the independent variables are usually found at
the denominator of the derivative.
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
2. 𝒅𝒙𝟐
+ 𝒌𝟑 𝒚=0 or y’’+k3y = 0
Examples:
𝒅𝟐 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 𝟏
3. (x2 + y2)dx = 2xdy 1. 𝑳 𝒅𝒕𝟐 + 𝑹 𝒅𝒕 + 𝒄 𝒖 = 𝑬 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕

𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝝏𝟐 𝒖
4. 𝝏𝒕
= 𝒉𝟐 (𝝏𝒙𝟐 + 𝝏𝒚𝟐 )

TIP QC - Math and Physics Department MATH 010 / EMATH 003 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. CConsolacion/RVCalderon/PSacluti
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𝝏𝟐 𝒘 𝝏𝒘 Definition: An equation involving partial derivatives of

2. 𝝏𝒙𝟐
+ 𝝏𝒚 = 𝟎
one or more dependent variables with respect to more
than one independent variable is called a Partial
Differential Equation (P.D.E.)

3. (x2 + y2)dx = 2xydy Examples:

𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝝏𝟐 𝒖
1. = 𝒉𝟐 ( 𝟐 + 𝟐)
𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
We can express this equation either in the
form :

𝒅𝒚
(x2 + y2) - 2xy 𝒅𝒙 = 0
𝝏𝟐 𝒘 𝝏𝒘
2. 𝝏𝒙𝟐
+ 𝝏𝒚 = 𝟎

or in this form 2. Order

(x2 + y2)
𝒅𝒙
- 2xy = 0 Definition: The order of a differential equation is the
𝒅𝒚 order of the highest derivative appearing in the
equation.

Examples:
𝒅𝟑 𝒚 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
1. + 𝟑 𝒅𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 − 𝒚 = 𝟎
CLASSIFICATION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 𝒅𝒙𝟑

1. Ordinary or Partial Linear Equations

𝒅𝟓 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
Definition: A differential equation involving ordinary 2. 𝒅𝒙𝟓
+ 𝒙(𝒅𝒙)𝟑 − 𝟖𝒚 = 𝟎
derivatives of one or more dependent variables is called
an Ordinary Differential Equation (O.D.E.)
Note: one independent only
𝝏𝟐 𝒘 𝝏𝒘
Examples: 3. + 𝝏𝒚 = 𝟎
𝝏𝒙𝒚

𝒅𝟑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
1. 𝒅𝒚𝟑
+ 𝒙 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟒𝒙𝒚

4. (x2 + y2)dx = 2xdy

2. 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒚 - x dx = 0
Remark: The equation F (x, u(x), u’(x), u’’(x), …, u(n)(x))= 0
is an ordinary differential equation of order n. The
equation expresses a relation between the independent
variable x and the values of the function u and its first n
derivatives.
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙
3. 𝒅𝒕
− 𝒅𝒕 =𝒙
It is convenient and customary in differential equations
to write y for u(x), with y’, y’’, …, y(n) standing for u’(x),
u’’(x), … , u(n)(x), so the ODE can be written as F(x, y, y’,
y’’, … , y (n)) = 0

TIP QC - Math and Physics Department MATH 010 / EMATH 003 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. CConsolacion/RVCalderon/PSacluti
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Examples: 1. The dependent variable y and its derivatives

1. F(x, y, y’) = x(y’)2 + 5y – 6x2 = 0 occur to the first degree only.
2. No products of y and/or any of its derivatives
appear in the equation.
3. No transcendental functions of y and/or its
2. F(x,y,y’,y’’) = xy’’- 4 sin x = 0 derivatives occur.
Definition: Equation that does not satisfy the above
conditions are called nonlinear.

3. Degree Examples:

𝒅𝟑 𝒚 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
Definition: The degree of a differential equation is given 1. + 𝟑 𝒅𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 − 𝒚 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙𝟑
by the exponent that is raised the highest derivative that
occurs in the equation.
Note : order highest derivative, degree exponent of
highest derivative
2. y’ + ey = x
Examples:
1. y’’’ + 2(y’’)5 + y = 0

3. x2y’’ + xy’ + y = cos x

2. (y’’)3 + (y’)7 = 0

𝒅𝟓 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
4. 𝒅𝒙𝟓
+ 𝒙(𝒅𝒙)𝟑 − 𝟖𝒚 = 𝟎
𝜕2 𝛽 𝜕2 𝛽 𝜕𝛽
3. 𝜕𝑢2
+ (𝜕𝑢𝜕𝑣)2 + ( 𝜕𝑣 )6 = 0

5. cos x y’’ + ex y’ – y = sin x

4. Linear or Nonlinear Equation

Definition: A linear ODE of order n, in the independent
variable x and the dependent variable y is an equation 𝝏𝟐 𝝋 𝝏𝟐 𝝋
6. 𝟐 + 𝟐
that can be expressed in the form: 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒗

a0(x)y(n) + a1(x)y(n-1)+ … + an-1 (x) y’ + an (x)y =

b(x)
𝝏𝟐 𝛀𝝏𝟐 𝛀 𝝏𝟐 𝛀
7. 𝝏𝒖𝟐 𝝏𝒗𝟐
= 𝝏𝒖𝝏𝒗
where: a0(x) ≠0.

Notice that a linear ODE satisfies the following

conditions:

TIP QC - Math and Physics Department MATH 010 / EMATH 003 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. CConsolacion/RVCalderon/PSacluti