PREDETERMINED TIME SYSTEMS

1.1 Introduction
There are a number of methods that can be used to calculate the time needed to carry out a
job or a task. Time standards can be established by time study, by work sampling, or by the
use of predetermined times. What does a predetermined time system consist of? A
predetermined time system consists of a set of time data and a systematic procedure which
analyses and subdivides any manual or human task into motions, body movements, or other
elements of human performance, and assigns to each the appropriate time value.
Predetermined time systems can have different classifications. They can be classified
according to accuracy level, time required for application, and the extent of method
description. The systems that came in the beginning were designed for general use and they
can be applied to most industrial operations. For the time being there are numerous
specialized systems available. The first predetermined time system was developed by A.B.
Segur. Segur called it Methods-Time-Analysis (MTA) (Segur, 1956).1.2 Methods-Time
Measurement

1.2.1 Definition Methods-Time Measurement can be defined as a procedure which

analyses any manual operation or method into the basic motions required to perform it,
and assigns to each motion a predetermined time standard which is determined by the
nature of the motion and the conditions under which it is made. The basic MTM system is
MTM-1. In 1963 a new member of the MTM system called General Purpose Data (MTM-
GPD) was introduced systems include MTM-1, MTM-GPD, MTM-2,MTM-3, MTM-V, MTM-
M, MTM-C, and 4M DATA.

1.2.2 MTM-1MTM-1 is the most detailed system. Motions are broken down into 10
categories:
Reach
Move
Turn
Apply
Pressure
Grasp
Position
Release
Disengage
Body (leg-foot, horizontal, and vertical) motions
Eye motions
The time for each basic element is given in units of [Link] = Time Measurement
Units1TMU = 0.000010 hr = 0.00060 min = 0.036 sor conversely1 s = 27.78 TMU1 min =
1667 TMU1 hr = 100,000 TMU The following is a summarized description of the 10MTM-1
categories:

Reach:
Reach is when the hand or finger is moved to a destination. Reach is usually a movement
with an empty hand or finger. The time for performing a Reach depends on the following
factors:1- Condition (nature of destination)
2- Length of the motion
3- Type of Reach.
The time to perform a Reach is affected by the nature of the object toward which the Reach
is made. There are five classes of Reach (A, B, C, D, and E).
The following is a description of these five classes:
A: Reach to object in fixed location, or to object in other hand or on which other hand rest:
B: Reach to single object in location, which may vary slightly from cycle to cycle.
C: Reach to object jumbled with other objects in a group so that search and select occur.
D: Reach to a very small object or where accurate grasp required.
E: Reach to indefinite location to get hand in position for body balance or next motion or
out of [Link]-1 Reach is in table 1.

Move:
The difference between Move and Reach is that in Move the hand or finger is holding
something. In Move the predominant purpose is to transport an object to a destination. The
time of Move is affected by its length, nature of destination, type of move, and weight
factor (static and dynamic).
There are three classes of Move:
Class A Move: object to other hand or against stop.
Class B Move: object to approximate or indefinite location.
Class C Move: object to exact location. MTM-1 Move is in table 2.

Turn: Turn is a movement that rotates the hand, either empty or loaded. The movement
rotates the hand, wrist, and forearm about the long axis of the forearm. The time for Turn
depends on the following two factors:
1- The number of degrees turned.
2- The weight of the object or the resistance against which the turn is made (weight factor).
MTM-1 Turn is in table 3.5

Apply Pressure:
 Apply Pressure is the application of force without resultant [Link]-1 Apply
Pressure is in table 4.

Grasp:
Grasp is the motion used when the purpose is to gain control of one or more objects. Grasp
is almost always followed by Move. There are five types of Grasp (Pick-up, Regrasp,
Transfer, Select, Contact). MTM-1 Grasp is in table 5.

Position:
Position is the basic element employed to align, orient, and engage one object with another object,
where the motions are so minor that they do not justify classifications other basic elements. The time of
Position depends on the following:

1- Class of fit (loose, close, and exact)

2- Symmetry (symmetrical, non-symmetrical, semi symmetrical)

3- Ease of [Link]-1 Position is in table 6.

Release:
Release is the relinquishing of control of an object by the hand or fingers. There are two classes of
Release:

1- Normal release performed by opening of fingers.

2- Contact release, the release begins and is completed at the instant the following Reach begins (no
time allowed). MTM-1 Release is in table 7.8

Disengage:
Disengage is the basic element used to break contact between one object and another. The time
required for Disengage is affected by the following:

1- Class of fit (loose, close, tight)

2- Ease of handling (easy and difficult)

3- care of handling. MTM-1 Disengage is in table 8

body, Leg, and Foot Motions:

The previous motions were motions of the hand and arm. Body motions are motions of the leg-foot,
horizontal torso motions, and vertical torso motions. A look through the tables of Body, Leg and Foot
Motions published by the MTM Association gives a reasonable explanation of these motions. MTM-1
Body, Leg, and Foot Motions are in table 9.11

Eye motions:
Eye time must be considered when the eyes do direct the hands or body movements. There are two
types of Eye time:1- Eye focus time (time required to focus the eyes on an object and look at it long
enough to determine certain distinguishable characteristics within the area which may be seen without
shifting the eyes).2- Eye travel time (affected by the distance between points from and to which the eye
travels, and the perpendicular distance from the eye to the line of travel). MTM-1 Eye Travel (ET) and
Eye Focus are in table 10.
1.2.3 MTM-2
The most accurate predetermined time system of the family of MTM is MTM-1. MTM-1 provides the
most detailed description of methods. But in the other hand it requires longer time for analysis. In MTM-
1 it takes about250 times the cycle time to analyze the task while inMTM-2 it takes about 100 times, and
in MTM-3 about 35times. For the previous reasons MTM-2 and MTM-3 were developed. MTM-2 was
developed by constructing motion combinations from basic motions of MTM-1. The number of distance
range is smaller and the cases of control are fewer than MTM-1. MTM-2 is best used for work that is not
highly repetitive and for elements that are not less than one minute long. MTM-2 consists of nine
manual motion categories. These nine motion categories and their symbols are as follows:

Motion Symbol

1- Get --------------------------- G

2- Put --------------------------- P

3- Apply Pressure ------------- A

4- Regrasp --------------------- R

5-Eye Action ------------------ E

6- Crank ------------------------ C

C7- Step ------------------------ S

8- Foot Motion --------------- F

9- Bend and Arise ------------ B

The two key motion categories are Get and Put. Get and Put are the only two variable categories and
only 37-time standards appear on the MTM-2 table.

The following is a brief explanation of the nine categories of MTM-2: Get: Get is reaching with hand or
fingers to an object, grasping object, and subsequently releasing it. Get is combining Reach, Grasp, and
Release.

The variables of Get are:1- Action employed: GA-no grasping motion; GB-closing fingers to gain control;
GC-complex grasping.2- The distance reached: 0-2, over 2-6, over 6-12, over12-18, and over 18
inches.14

3- Object weight, or its resistance to motion: GW-1 add 1TMU per 2 pounds moved.

Put:
Put is moving an object to a destination with the hand or fingers. Put is combining Move and Position.
The variables of Put are:

1- The number of correcting motions or no correction required: PA-continuous smooth motion; PB-one
correction; and PC-more than one correction.

2- The distance moved (same as for Get).

3- Object weight, or its resistance to motion (same as for Get): PW-1 add 1 TMU per 10 pounds moved.

Apply Pressure:
An action with the purpose of exerting muscular force on an object.

Regrasp:
An action performed by the hand with the purpose of changing the grasp on an object.

Eye Action:
An action with the purpose of recognizing a readily distinguishable characteristic of an object or shifting
the aim of the axis of vision to a new viewing area.

Crank:
A motion with the purpose of moving an object in a circular path of more than half a revolution with the
hand or fingers.

Step:
Either a leg motion with the purpose of moving the body or a leg to motion more than 12 inches.

Foot Motion:

A short foot or leg motion when the purpose is not to move the body.
Bend and Arise:
A bend, stoop, or kneel on one knee, and the subsequent rise. MTM in -2 is table 11.

1.2.4 MTM-3
The simplest MTM system is MTM-3. This system issued with long-cycle short-run operations. MTM-3
consists of four motion categories. Speed of the analysis with MTM-3 is seven times as fast as with
MTM-1 and three times as fast as with MTM-2. The following is the four motion categories of MTM-3
and their symbols:

Motion Symbol

1- Handle ------------------------- H

2- Transport --------------------- T

3- Step and Foot Motion------- SF

4- Bend and Arise ---------------- B

The two key motion categories are Handle and Transport. These two categories are the only categories
of the MTM-3 four categories, which have variable values. Only ten-time standards appear on the MTM-
3 table. 18

The following is a brief explanation of the four motion categories of MTM-3:

Handle:
It is getting control over an object with the hand or fingers and placing the object in a new location.
Handle is defined as gaining control of an object and placing it in a new location.

Transport:
It is placing an object in a new location with the hand or fingers. Transport is defined as placing an object
in a new location when the hand already has control of the object.

Step and Foot Motion:

Step and Foot combines the S and F categories of MTM-2.

Bend and Arise:

A bend, stoop, or kneel on one knee, and the subsequent rise. It is the same as MTM-2.