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Chapter 5 Vector Integration

Integration in vector analysis

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benjamin bosire
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86 views20 pages

Chapter 5 Vector Integration

Integration in vector analysis

Uploaded by

benjamin bosire
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
Chapter 5 ORDINARY INTEGRALS OF VECTORS. Let R(u) = Rj(u) i + Ro(u)j + Ro(u)k bea vector depending on a single scalar variable u, where (uw), Ro(u), Ro(u) are Supposed continuous in a specified interval. ‘Then s frie = fracrae + if o(u) du + wf roar ite integral of R(u). If there exists a vector ‘S(u) such thet R(u) = £ (s(u)), then du fro = f ko du = Su) +e whete ¢ is an arbitrary constant vector independent of u. and u=6 can in such case be written ° f wwe = ff dea = su) +e] = 80) — sya) 2 ‘This integral can also be defined as a limit of a sum in a manner tegral calculus. is called an indefi The definite integral between limits u=a analogous to that of elementary in- LINE INTEGRALS. Let r(u) = x(u)i + y(u)J + 2(u)k, where r(u) is the position vector of (,y,2), a define a curve C joining points P, and P,, where u=u, and u=u, respectively. We assume that C 1s composed of a finite number of curves for each of which r(u) has’a contin- uous derivative. Let A(x,y,2) = A,i+4o4 + Ask be a vector function of position defined and con. tinuous slong C. Then the integral of the tangential component of A along C from P, to P;, written as t Ade = fre - fae + do dy + dgdz , C lo is an example of a line integral. If A is the force F on a particle moving along C, this line integral represents the work done by the force. If C is a closed curve (which we shall suppose 1s a simple closed curve, i.e, 2 curve which does not intersect itself anywhere) the integral around C is often denoted by fire = f Aydz + Agdy + Agdz In aerodynamics and fluid mechanics this integral 1s called the circulation of A about C, where A represents the velocity of a fluid. In general, any integral which is to be evaluated along a curve is called a line integral. Such integrals can be defined in terms of limits of sums as are the integrals of elementary calculus, For methods of evaluation of line integrals, see the Solved Problems. ‘The following theorem is important, 82 VECTQR INTEGRATION : 83 $ ag, bs Sy $ bo, R of space, defined by a; $x $ ag, by Sy $ bp IEOREM. If A=V everywhere in a region ms & $z$cz, where (x,y,z) is single-valued and has continuous derivatives in R, then Pe 1 f -A-dr is independent of the path C in R joining P, and P,. 1 2. f A-dt =0 around any closed curve C in R. Insuch case A is called a conservative vector field and ¢ is its scalar potential. A vector field A is conservative if and only if VxA=0, or equivalently A=V@. In such case Acdt = A, dx + Azdy + Agdz = d@, an exact differential, See Problems 10-14. SURFACE INTEGRALS. Let S be two-sided surface, such as shown in the figure below. Let one side of 5 be considered arbitrarily as the positive side (If S is a closed Surface this is taken as the outer side). A unit normal n to any point of the positive side of S is called a positive of outward drawn unit notmal. Associate with the differential of surface area dS a vector dS whose magnitude is dS and Whose direction is that of n. Then dS~=ndS. ‘The integral \ ¥ [fos = fone 1s an example of a surface integral called the flux of A over S. Other surface integrals are Sox. Sores. Sos where @ is a scalar function. such integrals can be defined in terms of limits of sums as in ele. mentary calculus (see Problem 17). The notation is 10 confusion can arise the notation f a To evaluate surface integr tegrals egtals taken over yendicular to the coordinat nls 18 possible if any line per-_ oes not pose any teal problem since we + 8 restriction, ‘ bavi urfaces which do satis; may also be used, a4 VECTOR INTEGRATION SOLVED PROBLEMS 2 1. If R(u) = (u—u?)i + 29 j — 3k, find (a) fr du and wf Riu) du. (@) f woe i (uu?) + 2494 — ak] du a + 1 f 28a + «f- 3 du -# +e) + ices 2) + k(—3u +09) 6 Mot Sa - suk + est + eof + cok - tuk +e where ¢ is the constant vector cy1 + epj + egk. 2 (6) From (a), i Riu) du 2 J - Suk zac 2 HO A UE By + 2s - scan + el — (e- H+ Ly - sae te) Another Method. ies R(u) du = i - Fe = + 2. The acceleration of a particle at any time 120 is given by a = GF = ineosari ~ ssinzey + 160k If the velocity v and displacement r are zero at , find v and rat any time, Intesrating, v = 1 f izcosare + 4 f-ssinarde + uf iecer = Gsindei + 4cos2ej + BPR + cy Putting v=0 when ¢=0, we find 0 = 01+ 4) + 0k +e; and q=—4J. Then y = Gsingt + (4con2r—4J + ak sotnat $f = Gsinaci + (Acosar—4s + Bik. Integrating, r= 1 f osinzede + 4 f (ecoszr—ayar+ & f sitée = -Scos2t + (2sinar—4ni + $Pk + & Putting r=0 when ¢=0, © = —31 +0) + 0k + cp and co=31. VECTOR INTEGRATION ‘Then ft = (3-3cos2ei + (2sin2e—4nj + a a2 Evaluate fa xq 4 an. = an a : fa fiaxya = afd. Integrating, fasta : Sia Qt = axBee # The equation of motion of a particle P of mass m is given by Shere r As the position vector of P measured from an otigin 0, hy and /(r) 1s a function of the distance of P from 0 fe) Show that rx $= ¢ where c 1s a constant vector 7 (6) Interpret physically the cases f(r) <0 and fir) >0 Ke) Interpret the result in (a) geometrically (4) Describe how the resuits obtained re is @ unit vector in the direction r, Late to the mi | | ‘otion of the planets in our solar system, (@) Multiply doth sides of -f = feyr, by rx. Then eae : and Oren = 0 since r andr, are collinear and so rx 1, = 0. Thus a fay reGe =O and Sent). 9 a ee = 0, where c inn constant vecter (Compare with Problem 3), () It 07) <0 the acceleration ai? Ms direction opposite to r,: hence the force 1s directed toward 0 and the particle is always attracted toward 0. ete directed sway fiom Q and the particle is under fe influen et inder the influence of a repulsive fatce directed toward or away trom a fixed polat © and havis Glstance r from O 1s called a central force. NE merle Gepe0dg oly onthe (©) In time Ae the Particle moves fror Joining figure), m M to N (see ad- Pt out by the position Ari hence the instan- faneous tine rate of change in aren is tke F tin sex Ar yy de aeme Ae = aT where v is the instantaneous Velocity of the parti. aixy ——<<11_~_—_— VECTOR INTEGRATION cle. ‘The quantity H = 4rx {© = grxy is culled the areal velocity. From pat (a), Areal Velocity = B= rx $f = constant Since r-H = 0, the motion takes place in a plane, which we take as the xy plane in the figure (d) A planet (such as the earth) is attracted toward the sun according to Newton's universal law of tion, which states that any two objects of mass m and M respectively are attracted toward each with a force of magnitude F = MP, where r is the distance between objects and C 1s & set of coord constant, Let m and M be the masses of the planet and sun respectively and choos nate axes with the origin O at the sun. Then the equation of motion of the planet is ag Mm ér cu Sia oe ee ‘assuming the influence of the other planets to be negligible, According to part (c), planet moves around the sun so that its position vector sweeps out equal ‘areas in equal times. ‘This result and that of Problem 5 are two of Kepler’s famous three laws which he deduced empirically from volumes of data compiled by the astronomer Tycho Brahe. These laws ent- bled Newton to formulate his universal law of gravitation. For Kepler's third law see Problem 36, 5. Show that the path of a planet around the sun is an ellipse with the sun at one focus. From Problems 4(c) and 4(d), ny s -Hy @ rey 5 am = h Now r= rn, Sm so that @) ih xy mx Ee) - Py From (1), xm = -SHy xh = = GW nx (x Zeorlina cen) = cu ge ain euton (and ne fut hal BL «0 (tolom 8, Cater eet too Mai Shieh. eh But since deexm = cw $e Integrating, yeh CHAD from which rom = en tee « Chr temp © Gilet pend where p is an arbitrary constant vector with magnitude p, and @ is the angle between p andr, . aa, wenave A” = GMr + rpcos@ ant VECTOR INTEGRATION 87 From analytical geometry, the polar equation of a conic section with focus at the otigin and eccentricity € is where o is @ constant. Comparing this Planet "= 14 eco 0 with the equation derived, it is seen that the required ‘qrbit is a conic section with eccentricity € = p/GM. "The orbit is an ellipse, parabola or hyperbola accord- ing as € is less than, equal to or greater than one. Since orbits of planets are closed curves it follows that they must be ellipses. Ellinse += 77¢ 0086 LINE INTEGRALS if ‘Asdr from (0,0,0) to (1,1,1) along the follow- 6. If A = (3x?+6y)i — I4yzj + 20x27k, evaluate ing paths @z=Ly ‘ (b) the straight lines from (0,0,0) to (1,0,0), then to (1,1,0), and then to (1,1,1). | (c) the straight line joining (0,0,0) and (1,1,1). | (3x24 6y)1 — Ldyz f +20227k] (dei + dyj + dzk) j —s > 3 foostong = ye dy + 20x20 dz points (0,0,0) and (1,1,1) correspond to 1= 0 and ¢=1 respectively. Then 1 yet slic = a (3:7 +6?) de — 1407) (8) dee?) + 200 (8) dc?) yet a t eS 2 ES.t = feu = we de + 600 ae 0 1: = ficratroot) a = afar sel = s to Another Method. Along C, A= 91-1455 + 207k and r=xb+yJtzk=c+e7§ +e and de=(1 +24) +3:2k)di 5 nde, ‘Then fa iG (921 — 180 $+ 2007 Wy. (4+ 269 + 367 ky de fo for aera = Smee = G (6) Along the straight line from (0 10,0) to (1,0,0) y=0, z= = the Integral over this pat of the ath ig 7 T"0+87°0:de"0 while x varies from O to 1. Th . Then (a? +6(0))dz + 14(0)(0) 0) + 2 2 010) + 20x10}? (0) = [ ge? Ge xo Along the straight line from (2.00) to The te iste over ths pata be path se 1,2=0,de=0, de fe 0, d==0 while y varies trom 0 to 1 1. 2 (3QY"+ 60 — 1aycaydy + 20(1) (07 0 a0 0) ee 88 VECTOR INTEGRATION Along the straight line from (1,1,0) to (1,1,1), = 1, y=1, dx=0,dy=0 while z varies from 0 to 1. ‘Then the integral aver this part of the path is % 2 (acay®+@¢a)) 0 — 1442) 2(0) + 20(1) 27 dz = i 2027 dz = 20 20 Adding, [ows sro B eB (ec) The straight Line Joining (0,0,0) and (1,1,1) is given in parametric form by x=t, y=4, z=¢. Then 2 five = fi (Be? +60) de — 140) (0) de + 2000) (0)? de re = i (312+ 6r— 1417+ 200°) dt = fF ca—suts208 a - 3% to oer 7. Find the total work done in moving a particle ina force field given by F = Szyi — 524 + 10x along the curve x =17+1, y= 2:7, z=/° from pel to t=2. . S foo = Be dy + 10rds ff s@merraten = 8(P)d(a?) + 1007 +1) e¢e°) i (1a? + toe + 1277+ 3022) de = 308 from (0,0 8. If F = 3syi — y7J, evaluate i F-dr where C 1s the curve in the xy plane, y = 2:7 to (1,2). oc ‘Since the integration is performed in the xy plane (==0) cantake r= ae BS Stee) Ae ‘Taking the Limit of both sides as Ar-+0, we have 38 =h. Similarly, we can show that Then F = Rit hei + hk = $21 31+ Sx vp. Ps F-dr ts independent of the path C joining P, and Pa, then F is called a conservative field. It follows tnt it F= Vo then F ts conservative, and conversely. t Proof using vectors. If the line integral is independent of the path, then (earn) fers) buys OT bed 8 if a fas Me yi.) Kern) By aitterentiation, 22 = F: Fed. put 9 = Vb-% go that (VF). a Since this must hold irespective of 2€ , we have F= Vp. 11. (a) If F is @ conservative field, prove that curl F=Vx F=0 (i.e. F is irrotational), (b) Conversely, if VxF~=0 (i.e. F is irrotational), prove that F is conservative. (a) It F As & conservative field, then by Problem 10, F= Vd. Thus curlF = Vx Vo = @ (see Problem 27(«), Chapter 4). Lageah fice @) 1 Vireo, tnen | 2 = 2] = 0 and tus RR fh O% _ ah | O% 0% _ oh Wop Ge Soe 5 Oe 's Ome Ore We must prove that F = Vp follows as a consequence of this. ‘The work done in moving a particle from (zs, yx, #:) to (x,y,z) in the force fleld F is VECTOR INTEGRATION oh if Reeyedde + Roeyaddy + ley )ds ic where C is a path Joining (2.7.23) and (x,y,z). Let us choose as a particular path the straight fine this Segments from (x, 71.) to (#,73, 23) to (x,y.%4) to (x,y,z) and call (+,y.2) the work done along particular path. ‘Thon = td Stayt) = i RG yu rs) de +f es Fa(x,y,23) dy ell Fy(xiy,z) dz Ms we It follows that x = Rey.) y ue Then 2 2 Seon aes i weyayde wos + [8 *@ = hea + "Bo a Ret Reg Aye = sb.y.5) + Rieya) — [Link]) = Fotey.2) 4 2 OR, = Ryne) + le Bie ae Ce if Se eradds % 1s y ay, = OF, = AGyee + ple Bearsoey + afi Be ene) dz % a, ” Aer + Renal + Rayay|, % Reyer) + Aley.2) — Foye) + Aleya) — Flyin) = Rosy) ee i+ 3s. M, ave. ‘Thus a necessary And wuficlent condition fata eld F be conservative is that curl =Verr= 9. Sepa ebave eae F = (2eyt2°)1| + 27) + See" in a conservative force field. (6) Find the sca- {ar potential. (c) Find the work done in moving an object in this fleld from a (a) From Problem 11, a nec curl F = VxF = 9, 2,1) to (3,1,4). a7 sad sufficlent condition that a force will be conservative in that i i k Noe rie eee eH. ze Eek oye Jee . « By + 2? 2 gg? ‘Thus F ts a conservative force field, 92 VECTOR INTEGRATION (b) First Method, OO, , ob), By Problem 10, F= Vp or 3! va 4 +3, k= (ey +29) + 2x? f + 327k. Then @) ae (OR Integrating, we find from (1), (2) and (3) respectively, b = xy + xx9 + foe) ph mia + g(z.z) d= xz? + A(x) ‘These agree if we choose f(y,z)= be added any constant. (ez) = 22°, A(z.y) =27y so that p = x*y +229 to which may Second Method, Since F is conservative, ih F-dr {s independent of the path C joining (x:,y1,2:) and (x,y,z). Using the method of Problem 11¢5, y = i (xy ade + f xP dy sali Bez? dz hy % * . = 7 2 Seaaiey te) lea Araya me le a Pes ene Sty eg ee eee a ae as Bei ee ae 2 = ty te oy — aad = ay + 2 + constant i BO ee oe en - Third Method, F-dt Vob-ar et x ay + Sea dp ‘Then db = Rede = (dey te9)de + a2 dy + Ger2ds = (ey de +2? dy) + (2% dx +3227 dz) = d(e?y) + d(xz*) = d(a*y +22") and @ = xy + 2° + constant. Pe (e) Work done = f Fed an Fe 2 2 Siereriae aed I, - e 2 A Another Method. = x?y + xz° + constant. From part (b), ‘Then work done = (3,14) — P(1,-2,1) = 202. VECTOR: INTEGRATION 93 and P, in a given dr is independent of the path joining any two points 7, 3, Prove that if i Ps , region, then f F-dr = 0 for all closed paths in the region and conversely. Let P,AP)BP, (see adjacent figure) be a closed curve. Then a f Pers et ra = f Fede + if Fedr PAPBP, FylP, PBR ¢ » af Fedr — i Pdro= 0 RAP, ABP, A ‘since the integral from P, to P, along a path through 4 is the same as that along a path through B, by hypothesis. Fedr = f rae + f ree = Here S = 0 ABP, Pe BBP, PIP, a PAP, ABP, 14. (a) Show that a necessary and sufficient condition that F, dx + F, dy + Fy dz be an exact differ- ential is that VxF = 0 where F= Ait+Fj+ hk. (b) Show that (y7z9 cosx ~4x"z) dx + 2:%y sinz dy + (3y?2” sinx —x*)dz is an exact dif- ferential of a function p and find d. (@) Suppose Fide + Pedy + dz = dp = ae since x,y and 2 are independent variabl ea =P Creep ays eee Fenisnicnn= 321. 26,, 2, Vo. Thus Ver = VxVb=0 an exact differential. Then A Conversely st VxF=0 then by Problem 1, F= Fy dx + ydy + Fyds = dd, an eract differenti, iret no ideas iid tas () F = 72" conx —42°s)1 + 29°, est 5 'y sinxd + (8772? sinx — x") a mans. (8y?2? sin: Dk and VxF ts computed to be zero, 29 2 2 ‘ ieee et iy eine cy + (72? ain) de dp By any of the methods of Problem 12 we find = 7:9 ging — «4 nz ~=*z + constant. (A) + dm? = ‘ ie Velocities of the partic] le at A and B respective y. tert eel tinct La Ae = 94 VECTOR INTEGRATION @r Fema=m$g- Then B Integrating, I, F-dr MM 8 wt F=-Vo, if Fede 4 Then (A) — P(B) = ame - dmv and the result follows. P(A) Is called the potential energy at A and $m? is the kinetic energy at A. The result states that the total energy at A equals the total energy at B (conservation of energy). Note the use of the minus sign in F= Vp. WG. If p = dys", F= xyi-zj+x*k and Cis the curve x=17, y=2, 2=2° from t=0 to t= evaluate the line integrals (a) ii pdr, (b) if Fxdr, (@) AlongC, pb = yz? = 207)(20°F = 4°, ros xityf#zk = P1+aj+ Pk, and de = (Mi + 2 + 37k) ds. Then 2 foe = ii aP (et + 24 + 32h) de 2 Fo i =f wea +s f waa f ie PT Oo. ‘Oo CF 5 (b) Along C, F=axyi— sits? = mi Pye en Then Fxdr = (21 — 5 + Ak) x (ed + + 3) de as = fae -2 A] ae = (aP—atys + car's + cas*+20* a) at 2 2 x a 2 . wt free =P catiaye caf cue + [* area (i ‘0 lo Par SURFACE INTEGRALS. 17. Give a definition of ins Acn dS over a surface S in terms of limit of a sum. 3 subdivide the area S into M elements of area AS, where p= 1,2,3, ASp whose coordinates are (x,y, %). Define A(x, 7.29) = Ap 45, at P. Form the sum ‘M. Choose any point , within 1p be the positive unit normal to Peak VECTOR INTEGRATION % Mu Z rem ds oat where Ap-ny is the normal component of Ap at Pp, Now take the limit of this sum as M-® in such a way that the largest di- mension of each AS, approaches zero. ‘This limit, if it exists, 1s called the ‘surface integral of the normal compo- nent of A over S and is denoted by - Sf A-nds 18. Suppose that the surface S has projection R on the xy plane (see figure of Prob.17). Show that pe - Sf ries By Problem 17, the surface integral is the limit of the sum u a ZT Any ds, pat ‘The projection of AS, on the xy plane is lea, A5,-x] or |ny-k| 45, which ts equal to Axy dy, ds sothat AS, = nat. Thus the sum (1) becomes Ls xy Oyg @) 2 eT] aoa By the fundamental theorem of Integral calculus the limit of this the largest Ax, rp and Oy, approach zero is ds dy av fal z ‘ ate Strictly speaking, the result As, - —?% : +" Tey 1s only aporoninately true but i can be shows on closer »xamination differ from each other by infinite: the Limite of (2) and (2) can in fact be shown equal sum as in such a manner that ‘and 80 the required result follows, a of order higher than Any Ay, 9. Evaluate i A-ndS, where A = —1aye ns Sf fe A= 18:1 — 125 + aye and S ts that part of the plane . Be tdy +62 = 12 which Is located in the first octant, BF tpn cars as nance ar VECTOR INTEGRATION From Problem 17, Sf eed an ee [nek] s g To obtain m note Ehat a vector perpendicular to the surface 2x+3y +6z = 12 1s given by V2x+3y+6z) = 21 +34 + 6k (see Problem 5 of Chapter 4). Then a unit normal to any point of S (see fleure above) is s 7 io vk = (214354 Saye = 8 Pera ‘Thus nk (yl + ad hk 7 and so [uk] = gaz dy. 36: — 96 +1 Also Am = (10114 +ayky (Bis Syrfyy « Sat 12~ 2 = using the fact that x = 12—2*=°) trom the equation of S. Then 3 ae ff mrss = [fant 0 ty = ff o-aneay s g g Rg ‘To evaluate this double integral over R, keep x fixed and integrate with respect to y from y=0 (P in 12x aad tho figure above) to y = 12525 (@ inthe flee above); then Inogate with reapect fo» from 2=0 to ly covered. The integral becomes % *=6, In this manner R is comple 6 Pazes)/5 i a Scores gan > pei eae ce If we had chosen the positive unit normal n opposite to that in the figure above, we would have obtained the result —24. 20. Evaluate oil A-ndS, where A = zi +xj— Sy?zk and S is the surface of the cylinder if x°+y?=16 included in the first octant between z=0 and z=5. Project S on the xz plane as in the figure below and call the projection R. Note that the projection of S on the xy plane cannot be used here. Then VECTOR INTEGRATION [fovs «foes s Anormal to x+y? = 16 is V(x? +y?) = 2xi+2yf. ‘Thus the unit normal to S as shown in the adjoining figure, is ES TES 7] V(22F + yh 2 since x7+y%=16 on S. = @itx}—a%k)- eter a y= Ferd sr, ‘Then the surface integral equals [faeae - Vinee ner = (cca: (42 +8) dz #0 x0 Deep) 90 21. Evaluate i nd5 where @ = Saye and S is the surface of Problem 20. s We have Jf gnds = ne Be & {nal Using n= 2475 ay = J a5 in Problem 20, this last integral becomes 5 ps =a Be ee eiayn 2 a if f (2k txeV16—2" 4) de dz 20 x=0 a (” 6 eee fetter eet yar stole tons 22. It F = yl +(x—202)j—xyk, ev: YE*(—2es)}—zyk, evatuate wii? (VxF)-n dS where 5 is the surface of the sphere 472427 =a above the xy plane = 1 i k Wine: |o. B28 ey 8 y x-2e = xityi—ak sy Anomal to x?+y?+2? =a? ig Barer sis VECTOR INTEGRATION ‘Then the unit normal n of the figure above is given by = Mi+aseme — sityserk , Vax? tay? +42" e since x? +7? +2? = a7, The projection of $ on the xy plane 4s the region R bounded by the circle x?ty2e a?, 20 (see flee ure above). Then f Ware HY je 4 LJ (Vxr)-n aS 8 2 Sf ce +y4— 20h). (2! ty +k, ea R * VERE a, ious = : re eae dy dx ya-Va salne the tact that x = v= =a Bi sino re : Take a strip of the adjoining figure, OLUME INTEGRALS he Planes 42+2y+2~5, 2-9, uate the inte, } Let = 45x%y and let ¥ denote the c losed region bounded by the 70, ==0. (a) Express Sffex 7 as the limit of a sum. (6) zval al in (a), 100 VECTOR INTEGRATION (a) Subdivide region V into M cubes having volume AK, = Ax, Ay, On, k= 1,2,.0.,M as indicated * in the adjoining figure and let (x,74,2,) be @ point within this cube. Define D(%.94,%) = Dy. Consider the sum x a LD 4% he taken over all possible cubes in the region. ‘The limit of this sum, when N~© in such a manner that the largest of the quantities Al, will approach zero, if it exists, is denoted by aii dV. It can be shown that this limit Y is independent of the method of subdivision if is continuous throughout V. In forming the sum (1) over all possible cubes in the region, it 1s advisable to proceed in an order ly fashion. One possibility is to add first all terms in (1) corresponding to volume elements contained in a column such as PQ in the above figure. This amounts to keeping x, and y, fixed and adding over all z's. Next, keep x, fixed but sum over all y,'s. This amounts to adding all columns such as PQ contained in a slab RS, and consequently amounts to summing over all cubes contained in such a slab. Finally, vary x,. This amounts to addition of all slabs such as RS. In the process outlined the summation is taken first over z,'s then over y,'s and finally over x's. However, the summation can clearly be taken in any other order. (®) ‘The ideas involved in the method of summation outlined in (a) can be used in evaluating the integral. Keeping = and y constant, integrate from z=0 (base of column PQ) to z = 8—4x—2y (top of column PQ). Next keep x constant and integrate with respect toy. This amounts to addition of columns having bases in the xy plane (z= 0) located anywhere from R (where y= 0) to S (where 4x+2y=8 or y=4—2x), and the integration is from y=0 to y=4—2r. Finally, we add all slabs parallel to the yz plane, which amounts to integration from == 0 to x= 2. The integration can be written es pst eal f asey de dy dx of f inter mere x= y=0 -z=0 x=0 yo 2 = 4s f dta-me ae - Bs Note: Physically the result can be interpreted as the mass of the region V in which the density > varles according to the formula = 45x7y. 26. Let F= %zi-xjt+y7k. Evaluate SS F dV where V is the region bounded by the sur- 7 faces x=0, y=0, y=6, 2=27, z=4. ‘ ting from 2=x? to z=4 (base to top of ‘The region ¥ is covered (a) by keeping x and y fixed and integrat column PQ), (6) then by keeping x fixed and integrating from y~=0 to y~=6 (R to S in the slab), (e) finally integrating from <=0 to x=2 (where z=x" meets z= 4). Then the required integral 1s VECTOR INTEGRATION 101 Bee if f if (Beet — xj +7) dz dy dx x=0 y=o 2tx? zens 2 rb pw 2rere se fea fT pune Beet 0 0/2? 0 2 0 x! = 128i — 24) + sea Me Required volume . ae hi (@2—x2)dy = 160° tp ( yas a So /

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