1.146. (al Fir =mg [sin a + (w211 g) ccs al= 6 N.

(b) co<
<V g (k— tan a)// (1 k tan cz) = 2 rad/s.
1.147. (a) V = (mivi m2v2)/(m1+ m2); (b) T = µ (v1 —

— v2)212, where p, = m1m2 (ml -h m2).

1.148. E E mV2/2.
1.149. E = -I- v22 )/2, where p. = mi.m2/(m1 m2).
1.150. p = Po mgt, where pc, = mvi m 2v2 , m = m2;
re = vot gt2/2, where v0 = (m1v1 m2v2)/(ml m2)•
1.151. ve = xV xm2/(mi. ± m2 ).
1.152. (a) / max = /0 Flx, can = lo; (b) /max = to +
2m1F/x (m1 + m2), /min = 4,•
1.153. (a) Al > 3mg/x; (b) h = (1 + xAl/mg)2 mg/8x = 8mg/x.
1.154. v1= —mv/(M — m), v2 = Mv/(M —
, mM
1.155. vrear vo — u; vform = vo -t- +no, U.
2m m (2M + 3m)
1.156. (1) vi— — m+2m u; (2) v2 — (m+ m)(m+ 2m) u,
V2k, = 1 1 m/2 (M -1- m) > 1.
--

1.158. Ap = m y 2gh 1)/(71— 1) = 0.2 kg -m/s.

m mM dv'
1.159. (a) I— jw+m I' ; (b) F— M m dt •
1.160. 1 = m1'12M.
1.161. -c= (p cos a— M 17-2g1 sin a)/Mg sin a.
1.162. (a) v = (2M/m) Vir sin (0/2); (b) 1— m/M.
1.163. h = Mv2/2g (M m).
1.164. (1) A = —Rgh, where p, = mM/(m M); (2) Yes.
1.166. v = 1.0i + 2.0j — 4.0k, v 4.6 m/s.
1.167. AT = --p (v1— v2)212, where p, = m1m2/(m1 m2).
1.168. (a) 11 = 2m11 -I-m2); (b) = 4m1m2/(m1 + m2)2-
1.169. (a) m1/m2 = 1/3;
(m1 (b) m1/m2 = 1 + 2 cos e = 2.0.
1.170. 11 = 1/2cos2 a = 0.25.
1.171. max= v (1 + -I/2 (1 1)) =1.0 km per second.
-

1.172. Will continue moving in the same direction, although

this time with the velocity v' = (1— V1 — 2i) v/2. For 11< 1 the
velocity v' Tiv/2 = 5 cm/s.
1.173. AT IT = (1 mlM) tang 0 m/M — 1 = 40%.—

1.174. (a) p = IAA / 14. v:; (b) T '/211(v Fv:). - Here p.=
= mim2/(mi+ m2)-
1.175. Sin 0max
1.176. v' = —v (2 — r12 )/(6 — r12 ). Respectively at smaller 11,
equal, or greater than V T.
1.178. Suppose that at a certain moment t the rocket has the
mass m and the velocity v relative to the reference frame employed.
Consider the inertial reference frame moving with the same velocity
as the rocket has at a given moment. In this reference frame the
momentum increment that the system "rocket-ejected portion of gas"
acquires during the time dt is equal to dp = m dv dt•u = F dt.
What follows is evident.
1.179. v = —u In (mo/m).
1.180. m = moe-wt /u.
1.181. a = (u/vo) In (mo/m).
F
1.182. v = —In m0 w
11 me nzo— Rt •
1.183. v = Ft/m0(1 t p,t/m0), w = F/m0(1 Rtimor-
1.184. v 2gh ln (11h).
1.185. N=2b V alb.
1.186. M = i/2mgvot2 cos a; M = (mv:/2g) sine a cos a =
= 37 kg • m2/s.
1.187. (a) Relative to all points of the straight line drawn at
right angles to the wall through the point 0;
(b) I AM I = 2 mv/ cos a.
1.188. Relative to the centre of the circle.
I AM I = 2 V1 — (g/&21)2 mgl/w.
1.189. I AM I = hmV.
1.190. M = maivgt2.
1.191. m = 2kr1/v22 .
1.192. vo =1/- 2g//cos O.
1.193. F = mcogr:Ir3.
1.194. M Z = Rmgt.
1.195. M = Rmgt sin a. Will not change.
1.196. M' = M — [rot)]. In the case when p = 0, i.e. in the
frame of the centre of inertia.
1.198. M = 1/3 imvo.
1.199. E rna. mil/x102. The problem is easier to solve in the
frame of the centre of inertia.
1.200. T = 23-iyM/v3 = 225 days.
1.201. (a) 5.2 times; (b) 13 km/s, 2.2.10-4 m/s2.
1.202. T = (r R)3/2yM. It is sufficient to consider the
motion along the circle whose radius is equal to the major semi-axis
of the given ellipse, i.e. (r R)12, since in accordance with Kepler's
laws the period of revolution is the same.
1.203. Falling of the body on the Sun can be considered as the
motion along a very elongated (in the limit, degenerated) ellipse
whose major semi-axis is practically equal to the radius R of the
Earth's orbit. Then from Kepler's laws, (2T/T)2 = [(R12)1R13,
where i is the falling time (the time needed to complete half a revo-
lution along the elongated ellipse), T is the period of the Earth's
revolution around the Sun. Hence, T = T/4112 = 65 days.
1.204. Will not change.
1.205. 1= f y M (T/231)2.
1.206. (a) U = — ym1m2/r; (b) U = —y (mM11) In + 11a);
F yrnM I a (a +1).
288
 1.207. M= m V2ymsr ir2/(r i ±r2), where ms is the mass of
the Sun.
1.208. E = T U = —ymms12a, where ms is the mass of
the Sun.
1.209. r m = 2—
[1. ±111 — (2 — T1) 11 Sill2 cd, where =
rov20 /7ms, ms being the mass of the Sun.
1.210. rmin = (Trasiv0) [111 (//,02 /yrns)2—11, where ms is the
mass of the Sun.
1.211. (a) First let us consider a thin spherical layer of radius p
and mass SM. The energy of interaction of the particle with an ele-
mentary belt SS of that layer is equal to (Fig. 8)
dU = —y (m8M/2/) sin 0 dO. (*)
According to the cosine theorem in the triangle OAP 12 = p2
r2— 2pr cos 0. Having determined the differential of this expres-
sion, we can reduce Eq. (*) to the form that is convenient for integ-
ration. After integrating over the whole layer we obtain SU =
= —ym 61111r. And finally, integrating over all layers of the sphere,
we obtain U = —ymM/r; (b) Fr = —0U/Or = —ymM/r2.

dm2 -fag

Fig. 8. Fig. 9.

1.212. First let us consider a thin spherical layer of substance

(Fig. 9). Construct a cone with a small angle of taper and the vertex
at the point A. The ratio of the areas cut out by the cone in the layer
is dSi :dS2=71 : 71. The masses of the cut volumes are proportion-
al to their areas. Therefore these volumes will attract the particle A
with forces equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. What
follows is obvious.
1.213. A = —3/2ymM/R.
—(yMIR3)r for r<R,
1.214. G=
— (yM/r3) r for r >R;
— 312 (1— r213112)TMIR for r<R,
01)= — 1r for r> R. See Fig. 10.
1.215. G = —4/33-typ1. The field inside the cavity is uniform.
1.216. p= 318(1 — r2/R2)?mainR4. About 1.8.108atmospheres.
19-9451
 1.217. (a) Let us subdivide the spherical layer into small ele-
ments, each of mass Sm. In this case the energy of interaction of
each element with all others is SU = —vm SmIR. Summing over all

Fig. 10.

elements and taking into account that each pair of interacting ele-
ments appears twice in the result, we obtain U = —vm2/2R;
(b) U = —3ym2/5R.
2x r 3/2 f 4.5 days (6 = 0),
1.218. At ^...; 3Ar/2r 1 8 1 0.84 hour (6= 2).
- -

1.219. w1: w2 : w3= 1 : 0.0034 : 0.0006.

1.220. 32 km; 2650 km.
1.221. h = RI(2gRiv: — 1).
1.222. h = R (gR/v2— 1).
1.223. r = ryM (77231)2 = 4.2.104 km, where M and T are the
mass of the Earth and its period of revolution about its own
axis respectively; 3.1 km/s, 0.22 m/s2.
1.224. M = (4n2R3/?T2) (1 T/'02 =6.1024 kg, where T is
the period of revolution of the Earth about its own axis.
R V TM
1.225. v' = 2n
T R
= 7.0 km/s, 1
R2 ( + ..x
X V = 4.9 m/s2. Here M is the mass of the Earth, T is its
period of revolution about its own axis.
1.226. 1.27 times.
1.227. The decrease in the total energy E of the satellite over the
time interval dt is equal to —dE = Fy dt. Representing E and v as
functions of the distance r between the satellite and the centre of the
_
Moon, we can reduce this equation to the form convenient for integ-
ration. Finally, we get 't WI — 1) mlal gR
1.228. v1= 1.67 km/s, v2 = 2.37 km/s.
1.229. Au= liyM/R (1 —1/- ) = — 0.70 km/s, where M and R
are the mass and the radius of the Moon.
1.230. Av = (1/- —1) = 3.27 km/s, where g is the stan-
dard free-fall acceleration, R is the radius of the Earth.
1.231. r = nR/(1 Vri). 3.8.104 km.
 1.232. A ym (M1/R1 M2/R2) = 1.3.108 kJ, where M and
R are the mass and the radius of the Earth and the Moon.
1.233. v3 V 2v: + - 1)2 V;, x 17 km/s. Here i4
TME IR, ME and R are the mass and the radius of the Earth;
Vi = yMslr, Ms is the mass of the Sun, r is the radius of the
Earth's orbit.
1.234. 1 = 2aF2/mw = 1.0 m.
1.235. N = (aB—bA)k,where k is the unit vector of the z
axis; l= I aB — bA + B2.
1.236. 1= I aA—bB A2+ B2.
1.237. F„ = 2F. This force is parallel to the diagonal AC and
is applied at the midpoint of the side BC.
1.238. (a) I = 1/3m12; (b) I = 'ism (a2 b2).
1.239. (a) I = iJ2rtpbR4 = 2.8 g•m2; (b) I = 8/10 mR2.
1.240. I = il4mR2.
1.241. I = (37/72) mR2= 0.15 kg•m2.
1.242. I = 213 mR2.
1.243. (a) co = gt1R (1 + M/2m); (b) T = mg2t2/2(1 M12m).
1.244. T = 112mg, Ivo = gmr21I.
1.245. co =176F sin (/ml.
1,712 — rni lg Ti (m+4m2)
1.246. R (mi - I- m2 m/2) R' T2 — MI (M+
41711)
(7712 — kini) kntig2t 2
1.247. A-
m+2(mi-Fm2) •
1.248. n = (1 + k2) co:R/8ak (k 1) g.
1.249. t = 314coRlkg.
1.250. (w) = 1/3ceo •
1.251. 13 = 2mgx1R1(M + 2m).
1.252. (a) k > 2/7 tan a; (b) T = 5114 mg2t2sins a.
1.253. (a) T = 116 mg = 13 N, t3 = 2 /3 g/R = 5.102 rad/s2;
(b) P = 213 mg2t.
1.254. w' = 2/3(g — w0), F = 1/3 m (g — wo).
1.255. w= g sin a/(1 I/mr2) = 1.6 m/s2.
1.256. Finax = 3kmg1(2 — 3k); wmax= 2kg1(2 — 3k).
(coscc rI R) F2t2(cos a, r /R)2
1.257. (a) wx — F m (1+7)
—
—
(b) A—
2m (1+7)
1.258. T = 1110 mg.
1.259. w = 3g (M + 3m)1(M + 9m ± I1R2).
F (3m1-1-2m2)F 2t 2(3m2-1-2m2)
1.260. (a) w = (b)
m1 (m1M2) 2m1(m1+ ms)
1.261. w F/(m1 217m2); w2 2/7
1 t=
1.262. (a) co0R1kg; (b)A = —1/ontw:R2.
1.263. a) =1710g(R+r)/17r2.
1.264. vo = V 113gR (7 cos a — 4) =1.0 m/s.
1.265. v =1/ 8gR.
1.266. T° = mv2.
1.267. T = 7110 mv2 (1 + 217r21R2).
19•
 1.269. N = 1/24m012 sin 20.
1.270. cos 0 = 3 /2 gl 01.
1.271. Ax = 1 /2 ka.
1.272. v' = 0)01/V1 + 3m/M.
1.273. F =a1232Im1= 9 N.
1.274. (a) v — 3m
4M My
3m +4M V; (b) F — 1(1±431/3m),
—

1.275. (a) v = (M/m) -112/3g/ sin (a/2);

(b) Ap = MYthig/ sin (a/2); (c) x 2/31.
1.276. (a) co = (1 -I- 2m/M) 0)0; (b) A = 12mco:R2(1 + 2m1 M).
1.277. (a) cp — m1m2 q)'; (b) Nz= 2mlimi!R
2m12+ in2 ddv;

1.278. (a) w — h1 ; (b) A- 2(/111+ 12/2) W2)2"

1.279. v' = v (4 — 11)/(4 -I- II), = 12v// (4 + TO. For it = 4
and 11> 4.
1.280. (a) Age = '/2/:(0:/(I /07 A180. = 2/:co://; (b) N =
= + /0).
1.281. co = V 6.0 rad/s; F =mg1011= 25 N.
1.282. (a) M = I /12 mw/2sin 0, M, = M sin 0. (b) AM I
1
1112m0)12 sin 20; (c) N = l24me)212 X
X sin 20.
1.283. (a) w' = mg11.1w = 0.7 rad/s;
(b) F = mo.)121 sin 0 = 10 mN. See Fig. 11.
1.284. w = (g w) IlanR2 =3 x
x 102 rad/s.
1.285. co' = ml Vg2 w2/ =
= 0.8 rad/s. The vector w' forms the
angle 0 = arctan (w/ g) = 6° with the ver-
tical.
1.286. F' = 215 mR2 0)co'// = 0.30 kN.
1.287. Fmax = nmr2q)m 0)//T=0.09 kN. Fig. 11.
1.288. N = 2nnIvIR = 6 kN•m.
1.289. Fodd = 2nnIvl RI = 1.4 kN. The force exerted on the
outside rail increases by this value while that exerted on the inside
one decreases by the same value.
1.290. p = aE AT = 2.2.102atm, where a is the thermal expan-
sion coefficient.
1.291. (a) p am Ar/r = 20 atm; (b) p 2am Ar/r = 40 atm.
Here am is the glass strength.
1.292. rt=j12amlpInl= 0.8.102 rps, where am is the tensile
strength, and p is the density of copper.
1.293. n = Vam /p/2nR = 23 rps, where am is the tensile
strength, and p is the density of lead.
1.294. x l Vmg/23-c (PE= 2.5 cm
1.295. s = 2/2F0 /ES.
 1.296. T = 11277-14o21 (1 -.- r2/12), Al = 1/3p.o2 l3IE, where p is
the density of copper.
1.297. AV'--= (1 — 2µl FlIE = 1.6 mm3, where p. is Poisson's
ratio for copper.
1.298. (a) Al = 1/2 pg/2/E; (b) AVIV = (1 — 2p,) 6.111, where p
is the density, and p, is Poisson's ratio for copper.
1.299. (a) ATI/V = —3 (1 — 20 pIE; (b) 13 = 3 (1 — 20/E.
1.300. R = 116 Eh2/pgl2=-- 0.12 km, where p is the density of
steel.
1.301. (a) Here N is independent of x and equal to N o. Integrat-
ing twice the initial equation with regard to the boundary condi-
tions dyldx (0) = 0 and y (0) = 0, we obtain y 012E1) x2. This
is the equation of a parabola. The bending deflection is X =
=N 0/2/2E/, where I = a4/12.
(b) In this case N (x) = F (1 — x) and y = (F12EI) (1 — x13) x2;
= F1313EI, where I is of the same magnitude as in (a).
1.302. 1. = F13148EI.
1.303. (a) X = 3/2 pg141Eh2; (b) = 5/2 pg141Eh2. Here p is the
density of steel.
1.304. X, = 2/513p15/Eh2, where p is the density of steel.
1.305. (a) q =- (l/2nr3ArG)- N; (b) (211 a-v.4G) • N.
1.306. N = n (d: — (4) G(p/32/ = 0.5 kN•m.
1.307. P = i/2 ar4G(pco = 17 kW.
1.308. N = 1/2 pm (r: - r4)I(r22—
1.309. U = 1 /2mE82/p = 0.04 kJ, where p is the density of steel.
1.310. (a) U = 1 /onr2 /3o2g2/E; (b) U = 2/3 nr2lE (A111) 2. Here p
is the density of steel.
1.311. A 116 n211(53E11 = 0.08 kJ.
1.312. U = 1/4 ar4Gy2// = 7 J.
1.313. u = 1/2 GT2 r2//2.
1.314. u = 1/213 (pgh)2 =23.5 kJ/m3, where 13 is the compressi-
bility.
1.315. pi > p2, v1 < v2. The density of streamlines grows on
transition from point 1 to point 2.
1.316. Q = S1S2 1/20111(S22 — Si).
1.317. Q = Si/ 2gAhp0Ip.
1.318. v= 2g (h i+ hzPziPi) = 3 m/s, where pi and p2 are the
densities of water and kerosene.
1.319. h = 25 cm; l max =50 cm.
1.320. h 1/2 v2/g — ho = 20 cm.
1.321. p = Po pgh (1. — R:/r2), where R1 <r <R2, Po is the
atmospheric pressure.
1.322. A = 1 /2073/s2 t2, where p is the density of water.
1.323. r = V2h/g S/s.
1.324. v = colt 17211h-1.
1.326. F = 2pgS c1 h = 0.50 N.
1.327. F= pgbl (2h — 1) = 5 N.
 1.328. N = plQ2/nr2 = 0.7 N•m.
1.329. F = pgh (S — s)2/ = 6 N
1.330. (a) The paraboloid of revolution: z = (6)2/2g) r2, where z
is the height measured from the surface of the liquid along the axis
of the vessel, r is the distance from the rotation axis; (b) p = Po +
ii2P(02/4•
1.331. P = nrico2R4/h = 9 W.
1.332. v— v0 ilancrdo
1.333. (a) 0)=032R/rill Rti
; (b) N = 43rivo2 RR2fRit?
1.334. (a) Q 1/2stvoR2; (b) T 116 saR2 p4; (c) Ffr
= 4nil/v0; (d) Ap =- 411/v0/R2.
1.335. The additional head Ah = 5 cm at the left-hand end of
the tube imparts kinetic energy to the liquid flowing into the tube.
From the condition pv2/2 = pgAh we get v = If 2g Ah = 1.0 m/s.
1.336. eCCAx = 5.
1.337. r1 p1112 µm/s.
1.338. d V18 Re Ti2
5 mm, where p0and p are the den-
Po) Pog
sities of glycerin and lead.
1.339. t = —Pd2
181In n——0.20 S.

1.340. v = c yin(2 — = 0.1c, where c is the velocity of

light.
1.341. (a) P=a (1 +y4-3132); (b) P=a 0/-1— [32 +114— [32).
Here i = V/c.
1.342. 10 = 1 ji(1 —132 sin20)1(1-132)=1.08 m, where [3= v/c.
1.343. (a) tan 0' = Hence 0' = 590; (b) S =
—132cos20= 3.3 m2. Here [3= v/c.
1.344. v=c17(2— -1-f-)4t
. -. =0.6.108 m/s.
1.345. lo =cAt' 1/ 1 — (At/At')2 =4.5 m.
1.346. s= cAt 1/ 1 — (Ato/At)2 =5 m.
1.347. (a) At0 =(//v)171—(v/c)2 .1.4 its;
(b) /' = / —(v/c)2 = 0.42 km.
1.348. /0 = — (v/c)2 =17 m.
1.349. /0 = liAxiAx2 =6.0 m, v = c y1— Axil Ax2=2.2.108 m/s.
2t°/At
1.350. v 1+(t0/cet)8 •
1.351. The forward particle decayed At = /13/c (1 — 32) = 20 Its
later, where (3 = v/c.
2g —Z, tB) ;
1.352. (a) 10 — SA -

'V 1— (V/C)2
 1.353.(a) t
(b) to— tB= (1 — y1— (v/c)2) /0/v or tB —tA=(1+V 1— (v/c)2) 10/v.
(B)=101v, t (B') = (10 /v) -111 —(v/c)2; (b) t (A) =
(10Iv)1 y1— (vIc) 2 , t (A') = 10/v.
1.354. See Fig. 12 showing the positions of hands "in terms of K
clocks".
Af

Fig. 12.

1.355. x = (1— y1 — [32) c/I3, where p = V/c.

1.356. It should be shown first that if At = t2 — tl > 0, then
At' =-- to — t; > 0.
1.357. (a) 13 ns; (b) 4.0 m. Instruction. Employ the invariance
of the interval.
ii(v,— V)1+1(1 — V21c2)
1.358. v' = —1 v,V/c2 •
1.359. (a) v = vi + v2 = 1.25c; (b) v = (v1 + v2)/(1 viv2/c2).
= 0.91c.
1.360. 1 = 10 (1 — 2)/(1
1.361. v =
1.362. s = Ato

1.363. tan 0'

(1 _ 02)
—02 sin 0
_v
p2),where p = v/c.
v2,—(v1v2/c2).
2

cos 0 — vic , where 3 =

, where 0. V/c.

1.364. tan 0 = vie y1— (V/c)2.

1.365. (a) w' = w (1 — 132)3/2/(1 — 13v/c)3; (b) w' = w (1 — 32).
Here 13 = V/c.
1.366. Let us make use of the relation hetween the acceleration
w' and the acceleration w in the reference frame fixed to the Earth:
3/2 dv
= (1 — v2Ic2)-
dt •
This formula is given in the solution of the foregoing problem
(item (a)) where it is necessary to assume V = v. Integrating the
given equation (for w' = const), we obtain v = w't/V1 (w't/c)2.
The sought distance is 1 = (y1 + (w't/c)2— 1) c2I w' = 0.91 light-
year; (c — v)/c = 1/2 (c/w't)2 =0.47%.
 1.367. Taking into account that v = (w't/c)2, we get

To— dt
yi+ (w,002 In [.`
1` ± + ) 2] = 3.5 months.
0
1.368. m/mo 1/V2 (1. --p) 70, where 13=v/c.
1.369. v (2 ri)/(1 = 0.6c, where c is the velocity
of light. The definition of density as the ratio of the rest mass of a
body to its volume is employed here.
1.370. (c — v)Ic = 1 — [1 + (m0c/p)2] -1/2 = 0.44%.
1.371. v = (chi) 1 = 1/,c
1.372. A = 0.42 m0 c2 instead of 0.14 m0c2.
1.373. v = 1/2cV 3 = 2.6.108 m/s.
1.374. For a < 1 the ratio is T/m0c2 < 4/3 0.013.
1.375. p =V T (T +2m0c2)1c = 1.09 GeV/c, where c is the velo-
city of light.
1.376. F = (I 1 ec) V T (T +2moc2), P = T I le.
1.377. p= 2nmv2/(1 — v2/c2).
1.378. v= Fct/Vmo2 c2 + F2t2, 1 =i1(moc2IF) 2 +c2t 2— M0C2/ F
1.379. F = m0c21a.
1.380. (a) In two cases: F v and F v; (b) Fl = mow V-1 —132,
mo w/(1 —p2)3/2,where 13= v/c•
1.382. 8' e 17(1 —13)/(1 +13), where f3 = V/c, V = 3/oc.
1.383. E2 — p2c2= m,;c4, where m0 is the rest mass of the par-
ticle.
1.384. (a) T = 2m0c2 (111 +7 72moc2 — 1) =777 MeV,
=---111/2/noT = 940 MeV/c; (b) V = ci/ T/(T 2m,c2) =2.12 .108 m/s.
1.385. M0-=-112mo 2m0c2)/c, V =c1/ T 1(T +2m0c2).
1.386. T' = 2T (T +2m0c2)1moc2=1.43 .103 GeV.
1.387. Ei max = ma -Fm?— (m2+ m3)2 c2. The particle mi has the
27no
highest energy when the energy of the system of the remaining
two particles m2 and m3 is the lowest, i.e. when they move as
a single whole.
oninioN2uc
'0 , Use the momentum conservation law
1.388. v/c = 1+ (nondau/c
(as in solving Problem 1.178) and the relativistic formula for
velocity transformation.
2.1. m = pV Ap/p0 =30 g, where p0 is the standard atmospher-
ic pressure.
2.2. p = 112 (piT 2ITi — Ap) = 0.10 atm.
2.3. ml/m2 = (1 — alM2)1(alMi — 1) = 0.50, where a =
mRT/pV.
Po (nil-Fr%) —1. 5 g/1
2.4. 0 RT (ml /M l -1-m2/M2)) •
 2.5. (a) p = (v1 + v2 + v3) RT/V = 2.0 atm; (b) M =
v2M2 v31113)/(vi ± v2 v3) = 36.7 g/mol.
2.6. T olli 012— 1)/i (112 — 1) 0.42 kK.
In
2.7. n— In (1+ AIT/17) •
2.8. p =
2.9. t = (V/C) In 11 = 1.0 min.
2.10. AT = (mg PoAS) l/R ---- 0.9 K.
2.11. (a) Tmax = 3(PoIR)17 Pd 3a; (b) Tmax=Po/ePR.
2.12. Pmin = 2/117aTo.
2.13. dT/dh = —MgIR = —33 mK/m.
2.14. dT/dh = —Mg (n — 1)/nR.
2.15. 0.5 and 2 atm.
2.16. (a) h = RT IMg = 8.0 km; (b) h 1RTIMg = 0.08 km.
2.17. m = (1 — e -MghIRT) poSIg.
OP 00

2.18. he = .c hp dh I p dh = RTI Mg.

2.19. (a) p = Po (1 — ah.)n , h <11a; (b) p = p 01 (1 + ah)n. Here
n = MglaRT o.
2.20. p p0elt1(02r2/2RT
2.21. pid =pRTIM =80 atm; p = pRTI(M — pb) — ap2/M2=
= 80 atm.
2.22. (a) T = a (V — b) (1 + 1))/RV (QV b) = 133 K; (b)
p = RTI(V — b) — alV2 =9.9 atm.
2.23. a = V2 (T1p2 — T 2pi)I(T 2 — T1) = 185 atm•12/mo12 , b
= V — R (T 2 — T1)I(p2 — pi) = 0.042 1/mol.
2.24. x = VZ (V — b)-2/1R7T3 — 2a (V — b)2].
2.25. T > a/bR.
2.26. U = pVl•y — 1) = 10 ML
2.27. AT = 1/2/Vv2 (' — 1)/R.
2.28. T = T1T2 + P2 V2)/(PiViT2 p2V2T1); P
(PiVi P2V2)/(Vi + V2).
2.29. AU = —poVATIT 0 (7 — 1) = —0.25 kJ, Q' —AU.
2.30. Q = A?/(? — 1) = 7 J.
2.31. A = RAT = 0.60 kJ, AU = Q — RAT = 1.00 kJ,
.17 = Ql(Q — RAT) = 1.6.
2.32. Q = vRT 0 (1 — 1/n) = 2.5 kJ.
2.33. vai (v1-1)___ .33.
vl (72 —1) ± V2 (71 -1)
2.34. cy = 0.42 J/(g•K), cp = 0.65 J/(g•K).
2.35. A RT (n — 1. — ln n).
2.36. A' = PoVo In [(n + 1)2/44
2.37. y = 1 + (n — 1)1(Q1vRT, — ln n) = 1.4.
2.38. See Fig. 13 where V is an isochore, p is an isobaric line, T
is an isothermal line, and S is an adiabatic line.
2.39. (a) T = T - niv = 0.56 kK; (b) A' = RT ivy
— 1)/(y — 1) = 5.6 kJ
 2.40. The work in the adiabatic process is n = (iv -
-1)/(y — 1) In n = 1.4 times greater.
2.41. T = To [(71 + 1)2/401-1)/2.
2.42. v = 112yRT1(y — 1) M = 3.3 km/s.
2.43. Q = RAT (2 — y)/(y — 1).
2.45. Cr, = R (n — 7)/(n — — 1); Cn < 0 for 1 < n < T.
2.46. C = R (n y)1 (n — 1) (y — 1) = —4.2 J/(K•mol), where
n= In 13/In a.
2.47. (a) Q = R (n — y) AT 1(n — 1) (y — 1) = 0.11 kJ; (b)
A = —RAT1(n — 1) = 0.43 kJ.

(a) (6) I
Fig. 13.

2.48. (a) AU = aV,;(112 — 1)/(y — 1); (b) A = 112aq (112— 1);

(c) C = 1/2R (y + 1)/(y — 1).
2.49. (a) C = —R/(y — 1); (b) TV(Y-1-)/2 = const; (c) A =
= 2RT0(1 — -Y)12)/(7 - 1).
2.50. (a) A = (1 — a) RAT; (b) C = R/(y — 1) + R (1 — a);
C < 0 for a > y/(y — 1).
2.51. (a) A = AU (y — 1)/a; Q = AU El (y — 1)/al; (b) C
= R1(y — 1) + R/a.
2.52. (a) C = Cv + R/aV; (b) C = Cv + R/(1 + aV).
2.53. (a) C = TR/(y — 1) + aR/P017; (b) AU = Po (V2 -
- Vi)/(y — 1); A = Po (V2 — V1) 1 a In (v 21v1); Q = w (V2
- -

— 1) + a In (V2/V1).
2.54. (a) C = Cp + RTolaV; (b) Q = aEp (V2 — V1) +
RT 0 In (V2/V1).
2.55. (a) Ve 7R = const; (b) TeR/fw = const; (c) V — aT
-21

= const.
2.56. (a) A = a In II —RT0 (1— 1)/(y —1); (b) p -VY ea (v-i)/pv,.
= const.
V2 b ( 1
2.57. A=RT In —+ —
where a and b are Van
Fi —b a V2 VI-----)

der Waals constants.

2.58. (a) AU= alV alV 2=0.11 kJ; (b) Q=RT in V2 b
- =
=3.8 kJ.
 2.59. (a) T (V — b)Ricv = const;
(b) Cp —CV — I-2a (V — RTV 3 •
vaV2 (y-1)
2.60. AT= Rv, (V„-{-v,) 3.0 K.
2.61. Q = Oa (V2 — V1)1VIV2 = 0.33 kJ.
2.62. n = p/kT = 1.105 cm-3; (1) = 0.2 mm.
2.63. p = (1 mRTI MV = 1.9 atm, where M is the mass
of an N2 mole.
2.64. n = (p/kT — p/m2)/(1 — ml/m2) = 1.6.1019 cm-3, where
ml and m2are the masses of helium and nitrogen molecules.
2.65. p = 2nmv2 cost 0 = 1.0 atm, where m is the mass of a
nitrogen molecule.
2.66. i = 2/(pv2 /p — 1) = 5.
2.67. v/vn + 2)/3i; (a) 0.75; (b) 0.68.
(3N — 3) kT for volume molecules.
2.68. (8)=
(3N — 5/2) kT for linear molecules.
1/2(N-1) and 1/(2N-5/3) respectively.
2.69. (a) CV =7/2R, y = 9/7; (b) CV = (3N — 5/2) R, y
= (6N — 3)/(6N — 5); (c) Cr = 3 (N — 1) R, y =
= (N — 213)/(N — 1).
1/(3N — 2) for volume molecules,
2.70. A/Q=
1/(3N — 3/2) for linear molecules.
For monoatomic molecules A/Q = 2/5.
2.71. M = RI(cp— cv.) = 32 g/mol. i = 2/(cp/cv — 1) = 5.
2.72. (a) i = 2 (CpIR — 1) = 5; (b) i = 2 [C/R 1/(n — 1)] =
= 3, where n = 1/2 is the polytropic index.
2.73. y = (5v1 7v2)/(3v1 5v2).
2.74. Increases by Aplp = Mv2IiRT = 2.2%, where i = 5.
2.75. (a) vn=-113RTIM= 0.47 km/s, (8)= 3/2kT = 6.0-10-21 J;
(b) 3 1/2kTlapd3= 0.15 m/s.
2.76. 11= 7.6 times.
2.77. Q = 112 — 1) imRTIM = 10 kJ.
2.78. Wsq= 172kTa = 6.3 • 10 12 rad/sec.
2.79. (€),..,t = kToi2/i = 0.7.10-2° J.
2.80. Decreases 11(11-1)/1times, where i = 5.
2.81. Decreases 11(i-10-2) = 2.5 times.
2.82. C = 1/2R (i 1) = 3R.
2.83. vp , = 112p/p = 0.45 km/s, (v) = 0.51 km/s,
= 0.55 km/s.
2.84. (a) 6NIN = (8/1/n) e-161 = 1.66%;
(b) ON IN = 12 1/-3/2n e-3/28i = 1.85%.
m (Av) MV2
2.85. (a) T = —380 K; (b) T = 2k =340 K.
k -v- 2 )2
i) 3kTo •ri
2.86. (a) T — 4k ln (v2/vi ) —330 K; (b) v= V m 1-1 •
 2.87. T — 2k (i AvN)m 0)2— 0.37 kK.
m
3kT 1n (m2/m1)
2.88. v = =1.61 km/s.
M2 — 1
2.89. T = 113mv21k.
2.90. dN/N = (-7 2' ) 3/2 e-mv212hT 2nvl dvl dvx.
2akT
2.91. (vx )= 0, (I vx ) =1/.2kT I nm•
2.92. (v1) = kT/m.
2.93. v =1/4r1 (v), where (v) = li8kT/am.
Co

2.94. p = 2mvx• vx dn (vx) = nkT , where dn (vx) =

(m12nkT) 1/2 n • e-m4/2hT dvx.

2.95. (1/v) =1/2mInkT = 4n (v).
2.96. dN/N= 21s (nkT)-3/2e-ena dc; ep,=1/2kT; no.
2.97. SNIN = 3 6n e-3126i= 0.9%.
CO

Q AN 231 8 e-e/kT de.

2.90 — = 1/
(nkT) 312 J
The principal contribution to the value of the integral is provided
by the smallest values of a, namely a x a o. The slowly varying factor
lii-can be taken from under the radical sign if ascribed the constant
value 1/- so. Then
AN 1 N = 2 V eolnkT e-sona
2.99. (a) vp,. = 1/3kT/m; (b) a pr =kT.
00

2.100. dv = dn (42143-t)v cos 0 = n (2kT/am)I/2sin 0 cos 0 de.

v=-0
n/2
2.101. dv = dn (d52/4n) v cos 0 = n (m/2akT)3/2 e-mv2/ 211Tv3 dv.
e=o
2.102. F = (kT I Ah) ln = 0.9.10-0 N.
2.103. NA = (6RT Ind3Apgh) ln 6.4.1023 mo1-1.
2.104. 11/10 = ec.m2-m1vninT = 1.39 .
kT In (n21%)
2.105. h —
(m2 mi) g •
—

2.106. Will not change.

2.107. (U) = kT. Does not depend.
2.108. w riliT I M1 N 70 g.
2RTp In 1
2.109. M —
(P— Po) (r2— r?) 0)2 •
2.110. co = V (2RT M12) ln rl = 280 rad/s.
2.111. (a) dN = no e-ar2/hT4ar2 dr; (b) kT/a; (c) dN =
= (a/akT)3/2 e-ar2/14T4TEr2 dr; (d) Will increase 13/2-fold.
 2.112. (a) dN= (2nno/a3/2) e-UMT VU dU; (b) Up,=1/2kT.
2.113. In the latter case.
2.114. (a) II= 1 — ni-- ? = 0.25; (b) = 1 — ni /Y-1= 0.18.
2.115. 8 = (1 — 11)/1 = 9.
2.116. -11 = 1 — 2T3/(T1 + T2).
2.117. n = — = 60%.
2.118. 11 = 1 — n-(1-1/1)•
2.119. 71 = 1 — (n + 7)41 + yn)
2.120. In both cases 11 =1
- 1
2.121. In both cases Ti =1 n
2.122. =1 :nn •
1-"I
n 1
2.123. (a) 11=1— ‘,7 --
-

,
(b) = 1
ni — 1 y (n-1) 0-1
(n—i)
2.124. (a) 11= 1 n-1-1-(y — 1) n Inn '
n-1+(y-1)Inn
(b) it =1 y (n-1)
- (T 1) In v
2.125. —
ti In v —1)/(y —1) '
(t— 1) In n
2.126. rl =
ti In n (T-1) y/(y —1) •
2.127. 11-1 2 7+1/T
(1-1-v) (1-1-177)
2.128. The inequality .Q 1— 8Q; <0 becomes even stronger
T2
when Ti is replaced by T,,,„„ and T2 by Trnin Then Qiirmax
Q;amin< O. Hence
Qi —Q; Tnta:m—aTurin pdp
< or 1<llcarnot• (61 41
2.129. According to the Carnot theorem P
WW 1 =dTIT. Let us find the expressions
for 811 and 8Q1. For an infinitesimal Carnot
cycle (e.g. parallelogram 1234 shown in
Fig. 14)
lkfc/V
SA = dp-dV = (OpIOT)vdT • dV,
= p dV = away), + p] dV.
[( Fig. 14.
It remains to substitute the two latter expressions into the former one.
Ryln1.
2.130. (a) AS = 19 JAK • mol); (b) AS — yRy In1 n = —

= 25 J/(K • mol).
2.131. n = eAs/". = 2.0.
2.132. AS = vR ln n = 20 PK.
2.133. AS = M y-1
In n = —10 37K.
2.134. AS = In a — in 6) vR/(? — 1) = —11 J/K.
 yin
2.135. 152-S1=-•vR (In a =1.0 J/K.
(n 'OR
2.136. AS =
(n-1) (v —1) In T.
2.137. AS —v(+1).R
v
71
ln a 46 J/K.
2.138. V7n Vo/a (1 +1').
2.139. T = To+ (R/a) In (V/Vo)•
2.140. AS = R In [(V2 — b)/(Vi— b)].
2.141. AS = Cv In (T2/T1) + R In [(V2— b)/(Vi — b)].
2.142. S = aT3/3.
2.143. AS = m [a In (T2/T1) + b (T 2 — T
Ti)] = 2.0 kJ/K. C>0
2.144. C = Sin; C <0 for n <0.
2.145. T = T oes-sox. See Fig. 15.
2.146. (a) C= —air; (b) Q.- a In (T1/T2);
(c) A = a In (Ti/T2) + Cv T2)• C<0
2.147. (a) = (n — 1)/2n; (b) = (n —
—1)/(n + 1).
2.148. AS = vR In n = 20 J/K. so
2.149. AU = (2Y-1— 1) RT0/(y —1), AS Fig. 15.
= R In 2.
2.150. The pressure will be higher after the fast expansion.
2.151. AS = v1R In (1 + n) + v2 R In (1 + 1/n) = 5.1 J/K.
2.152. AS = m1cl In (T/Ti) + m2c2 In (T/T 2) = 4.4 J/K, where
7' = + m2c2 T2)/(m1c1 + m2c2), c1 and c2 are the specific
heat capacities of copper and water.
+ Ts)2
2.153. AS = Cv In (T 4Ti rg >0.
2.154. (a) P .112N; (b) N — hrog(t2IT) 80, where 10-2 s is
the mean time which takes a helium atom to cover distances of
the order of the vessel's dimensions.
2.155. Op,. = Ar1/1(N/2)!P = 252. Pnia = 52p7.12N = 24.6%.
N!
2.156. Po,— • 1/32, 5/32, 10/32, 10/32, 5/32, 1/32
n! (N—n)! 2N '
respectively.
2.157. Pn=
n1ovNI where p.V /V°.
2.158. d= )376/Icn0re= 0.4 fun, where no is Loschmidt's num-
ber; (n) = 1.0 .106.
2.159. Will increase S2/00 = (1 + AT/To)iNA/2 = 101.31.10"
times.
2.160. (a) Ap = 4a/d = 13 atm; (b) Ap = 8a/d = 1.2.10-3atm.
2.161. h = 4alpgd = 21 cm.
2.162. a = 1/8pod (1. — re/n)/(112 — 1).
2.163. p = po + p gh 4a/d 2.2 atm.
2.164. h= [Po (n3— 1) + 4a (n2— 1)/d1/pg = 5 m.
2.165. Ah = 4a I cos 0 I (d2 — dOldid 2pg = 11 mm.