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LECTURE SHEET

 K¼vjZš¿ : we‡kl ai‡bi †hvRK Kjvi Øviv wbwg©Z Aw¯’ I ZiæYvw¯’i mgš^‡q MwVZ †h
Zš¿ †`‡ni KvVv‡gv MVb K‡i, †`‡ni fvi enb K‡i, wewfbœ big A½ iÿv K‡i Ges †cwk
ms‡hvR‡bi Rb¨ ¯’vb m„wó K‡i Zv‡K K¼vjZš¿ e‡j|
 K¼vjZ‡š¿i MVb : Aw¯’, ZiæYvw¯’, †cwk, †cwkeÜbx I Aw¯’eÜbx wb‡q K¼vjZš¿
MwVZ|
 K¼vjZ‡š¿i KvR : †`n KvVv‡gv MVb, iÿYv‡eÿY I fvienb, bovPov I PjvPj, †jvwnZ
i³KwYKv Drcv`b, LwbR jeY mÂq BZ¨vw` K¼vjZ‡š¿i KvR|
 Aw¯’ : Aw¯’ n‡”Q †`‡ni me©v‡cÿv my`„p Kjv Ges †hvRK Kjvi iƒcvšÍi| Aw¯’i gvZ…Kv,
k³ I f½yi Aw¯’‡Kvl‡K Aw÷Ieøv÷ ejv nq| Aw¯’‡Kvl 40% ˆRe Ges 60% A‰Re
†hŠM w`‡q ˆZwi| A‰Re AskwU cÖavbZ dmdivm, †mvwWqvg, cUvwmqvg I K¨vjwmqv‡gi wewfbœ
†hŠM w`‡q ˆZwi| Aw¯’ e„w×i Rb¨ cÖPzi wfUvwgb ÔwWÕ I K¨vjwmqvg mg„× Lvevi cÖ‡qvRb|
 ZiæYvw¯’ : ZiæYvw¯’ Aw¯’i g‡Zv k³ bq| G¸‡jv A‡cÿvK…Z big I w¯’wZ¯’vcK| Gi
†Kvl¸‡jv GKK ev †Rvovq †Rvovq Lye Nbfv‡e w¯’wZ¯’vcK gvZ…Kv‡Z we¯Í„Z _v‡K| gvZ…Kv
KwÛªb Øviv MwVZ| me ZiæYvw¯’ GKwU Zš‘gq †hvRK Kjv wbwg©Z AveiYx Øviv cwi‡ewóZ
_v‡K, G‡K †cwiKwÛªqvg e‡j| Avgv‡`i †`‡n K‡qK iKg ZiæYvw¯’ _v‡K| †hgb : Kv‡bi
wcbvi ZiæYvw¯’|
 Aw¯’mwÜ : `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK Aw¯’i ms‡hvM¯’j‡K Aw¯’mwÜ e‡j| cÖwZwU Aw¯’mwÜi
Aw¯’mg~n GK iKg w¯’wZ¯’vcK i¾yi g‡Zv eÜbx w`‡q `„pfv‡e AvUKv‡bv _v‡K; d‡j
Aw¯’¸‡jv mn‡R mwܯ’j †_‡K wePz¨Z n‡Z cv‡i bv| Aw¯’mwÜ K‡qK ai‡bi nq|
 mvB‡bvwfqvj Aw¯’mwÜ : GKwU Aw¯’mw܇Z `ywU gvÎ Aw¯’i ewnf©vM G‡m wgwjZ n‡q GKwU
mvB‡bvwfqvj Aw¯’mwÜ MVb K‡i| †`‡n cÖvq 70wUiI †ewk ¯^”Q‡›`¨ mÂvjbÿg mvB‡bvwfqvj
Aw¯’mwÜ Av‡Q| mvB‡bvwfqvj mw܇Z Aw¯’ `ywU Zš‘gq wSwjø ev wjMv‡g›U Øviv mshy³
_v‡K| hvi Kvi‡Y Aw¯’¸‡jv bovPov Ki‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ wePz¨Z nq bv|
 †cwkZš¿ : gvbe‡`‡ni †gvU IR‡bi 40-50 fvM AskB †cwk Kjv| Hw”QK †cwk, A‰bw”QK
†cwk I ü`‡cwki mgš^‡q †`‡ni †cwkZš¿ MwVZ| Hw”QK †cwk B”Qv Abyhvqx wbqwš¿Z nq,
A‰bw”QK †cwk B”Qvi Ici wbf©ikxj bq| Avi ü`h‡š¿i cÖvPx‡ii †cwk‡K ü`‡cwk e‡j|
 †UbWb I Aw¯’mwÜ : †UbWb bvgK †hvRK Kjv Øviv †cwk Aw¯’i mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K| †UbW‡bi
g‡Zv AviI GK ai‡bi †hvRK Kjv _v‡K hv‡K Aw¯’mwÜ ev wjMv‡g›U e‡j|
 Aw÷I‡cv‡iwmm : K¨vjwmqv‡gi AfveRwbZ †ivM‡K Aw÷I‡cv‡iwmm e‡j| eq¯‹ cyiæl I
gwnjv‡`i mvaviYZ G †ivMwU nq| †hme eq¯‹ cyiæl eûw`b hver †÷i‡qWhy³ Ilya †meb
K‡ib Zv‡`i I gwnjv‡`i †g‡bvcm nIqvi ci G †ivM nIqvi m¤¢vebv †ewk| hviv Ajm
Rxebhvcb K‡ib, KvwqK cwikªg Kg K‡ib, A‡bKw`b a‡i Av_©ªvBwUm G fzM‡j G †ivM
nIqvi m¤¢vebv A‡bK †ewk _v‡K|
 Av_©ªvBwUm ev †Mu‡UevZ : Av_©ªvBwUm GK ai‡bi evZ †ivM| A‡bKw`b hver R¡‡i fzM‡j Ges
Gi h_vh_ wPwKrmv bv Kiv n‡j G †ivMwU nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| mvaviYZ eq¯‹iv G †iv‡M
AvµvšÍ nq| Kg eqmx †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i †ejvq wM‡U e¨_v ev hš¿Yv nIqv G †iv‡Mi jÿY n‡Z
cv‡i| †hgb : evZR¡i ev h²v|
 Ávbg~jK cÖkœ I DËi 
cÖkœ \ 1 \ gvbe‡`‡ni KvVv‡gv Kx?
DËi : gvbe‡`‡ni KvVv‡gv K¼vj|
cÖkœ \ 2 \ †cwk K¼vjZš¿ cÖavbZ KqwU Ask wb‡q MwVZ?
DËi : †cwk K¼vjZš¿ cÖavbZ PviwU Ask wb‡q MwVZ|
cÖkœ \ 3 \ K¼vj †Kvb ai‡bi Kjv?
DËi : K¼vj †hvRK Kjv|
cÖkœ \ 4 \ †jvwnZ i³KwYKv †Kv_vq Drcbœ nq?
DËi : †jvwnZ i³ KwYKv Aw¯’ g¾vq Drcbœ nq|
cÖkœ \ 5 \ ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq Aw¯’‡Z KZ fvM cvwb?
DËi : ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq Aw¯’‡Z 40Ñ45 fvM cvwb|
cÖkœ \ 6 \ K¼vjZš¿ Kxfv‡e MwVZ nq?
DËi : Aw¯’ I Ziæbvw¯’i mgš^‡q K¼vjZš¿ MwVZ nq|
cÖkœ \ 7 \ gvbe K¼vj‡K KqwU cÖavb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq?
DËi : gvbe‡`‡ni K¼vj‡K `ywU cÖavb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
cÖkœ \ 8 \ Aw¯’ Kx?
DËi : Aw¯’ †hvRK Kjvi iƒcvšÍwiZ iƒc|
cÖkœ \ 9 \ ZiæYvw¯’ Kx?
DËi : ZiæYvw¯’ n‡jv A‡cÿvK…Z big I w¯’wZ¯’vcK iƒcvšÍwiZ †hvRK Kjv|
cÖkœ \ 10 \ gvby‡li Pj‡b †`‡ni †Kvb Ask¸‡jv f‚wgKv iv‡L?
DËi : Hw”QK †cwkmg~n Ges wewfbœ Aw¯’ I Aw¯’mwÜ †`‡ni Pj‡b f‚wgKv iv‡L|
cÖkœ \ 11 \ K¼vjZš¿ Kx wb‡q MwVZ nq?
DËi : Aw¯’, ZiæYvw¯’, †cwk, †cwkeÜbx I Aw¯’eÜbx wb‡q K¼vjZš¿ MwVZ nq|
cÖkœ \ 12 \ AšÍtK¼vj Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi : K¼v‡ji †h Ask¸‡jv †`‡ni †fZ‡i Aew¯’Z Zv‡K AšÍtK¼vj e‡j|
cÖkœ \ 13 \ Aw÷Ieøv÷ Kx?
DËi : Aw¯’‡Kvl‡K Aw÷Ieøv÷ e‡j|
cÖkœ \ 14 \ Aw¯’ Kx Øviv MwVZ?
DËi : Aw¯’ g~jZ dmdivm, †mvwWqvg, cUvwmqvg I K¨vjwmqv‡gi wewfbœ †hŠM Øviv MwVZ|
cÖkœ \ 15 \ mij mvB‡bvwfqvj Aw¯’mwÜ Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi : GKwU Aw¯’mw܇Z `ywU gvÎ Aw¯’i ewnf©vM G‡m wgwjZ n‡j Zv‡K mij mvB‡bvwfqvj
Aw¯’mwÜ e‡j|
cÖkœ \ 16 \ RwUj mvB‡bvwfqvj Aw¯’mwÜ Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi : GKwU Aw¯’mw܇Z `yB‡qi AwaK Aw¯’i ewnf©vM G‡m wgwjZ n‡j Zv‡K RwUj
mvB‡bvwfqvj Aw¯’mwÜ e‡j|
cÖkœ \ 17 \ wbðj Aw¯’mwÜ Kx?
DËi : †h Aw¯’mwÜ Abo A_©vr bvov‡bv hvq bv Zv‡K wbðj Aw¯’mwÜ e‡j|
cÖkœ \ 18 \ KewR Aw¯’mwÜ Kx?
DËi : KeRv †hgb `iRvi cvjøv‡K KvVv‡gvi mv‡_ AvU‡K iv‡L, †miƒc KeRvi g‡Zv
Aw¯’mw܇K KewR Aw¯’ mwÜ e‡j|
cÖkœ \ 19 \ Aw÷I‡cv‡iwmm Kx?
DËi : Aw÷I‡cv‡iwmm n‡jv eq¯‹ cyiæl I gwnjv‡`i K¨vjwmqv‡gi AfveRwbZ GKwU †ivM|
cÖkœ \ 20 \ ewntK¼vj Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi : K¼v‡ji †h Ask¸‡jv evB‡i Aew¯’Z Zv‡K ewntK¼vj e‡j|
 Abyavebg~jK cÖkœ I DËi 
cÖkœ \ 1 \ ej I †KvUi mwÜ Ges Kwâ mwÜi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Kx?
DËi : ej I †KvUi mwÜ Ges Kwâ mwÜi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wb‡P †`Iqv n‡jv :
ej I †KvUi mwÜ Kwâ mwÜ
1. ej I †KvUi 1. Kâv †hgb `iRvi
mw܇Z mwܯ’‡j cvjøvi cvjøv‡K
GKwU Aw¯’i gv_vi KvVv‡gvi mv‡_ AvU‡K
†Mvj Ask Ab¨ Aw¯’i iv‡L, †miƒc Kâvi
†KvU‡i ¯’vwcZ _v‡K| g‡Zv mw܇K Kwâ
mwÜ e‡j| †hgb :
nv‡Zi KbyB, Rvby
BZ¨vw`|
 2. Gme mwÜ mKj 2. Gme mwÜ †Kej
w`‡K bvov‡bv hvq| GKw`‡K bvov‡bv
hvh|
cÖkœ \ 2 \ †Mu‡U evZ n‡j kix‡i Kx mgm¨v nq?
DËi : †Mu‡U evZ n‡j kix‡ii e¨_v nq, Aw¯’ mwܸ‡jv k³ nIqvq bvov‡Z Kó nq I wMU dz‡j
hvq|
cÖkœ \ 3 \ Aw¯’i Dcv`vb¸‡jv †jL|
DËi : Aw¯’ g~jZ cUvwkqvg, †mvwWqvg, K¨vjwmqvg, dmdivm Gi wewfbœ †hŠM w`‡q MwVZ|
GQvov Aw¯’‡Z cÖvq 40Ñ50 fvM cvwb _v‡K| RxweZ Aw¯’‡Kvl 40% ˆRe Ges 60% A‰Re †hŠM
c`v_© wb‡q MwVZ|
cÖkœ \ 4 \ †Kvb ai‡bi jÿY †`L‡j Zv †Mu‡UevZ wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv hvq?
DËi : wMu‡U cÖ`vn, Aw¯’mwܸ‡jv k³ n‡q hvIqv, Aw¯’mwÜ bvov‡Z Kó nIqv, wMuU dz‡j hvIqv
BZ¨vw` jÿY †`L‡j Zv †Mu‡U evZ wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv hvq|
cÖkœ \ 5 \ Kxfv‡e †Mu‡UevZ cÖwZ‡iva Kiv hvq?
DËi : ch©vß Av‡jv-evZvm Av‡Q Ggb evm¯’v‡b ev‡mi gva¨‡g, wbqwgZ e¨vqvg K‡i Ges mylg
I Auvkhy³ Lv`¨ MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g †Mu‡U evZ cÖwZ‡iva Kiv hvq|
cÖkœ \ 6 \ Aw÷I‡cv‡iwmm †Kb nq?
DËi : †`‡n LwbR jeY we‡kl K‡i K¨vjwmqv‡gi NvUwZi Kvi‡Y G †ivMwU nq| gwnjv‡`i
†g‡bvcm nIqvi ci Aw¯’i NbZ¡, cyiæZ¡ Kg‡Z _v‡K| Gm‡ei d‡j Aw÷I‡cv‡iwmm nq| GQvov
hviv `xN©w`b a‡i †÷i‡qWhy³ Ilya †meb K‡i Zv‡`i G †ivM nq|
cÖkœ \ 7 \ Aw¯’mwÜi bovPov Kiv‡Z Kg kw³ e¨q nq, †Kb?
DËi : Aw¯’mw܇Z mvB‡bvwfqvj im I ZiæYvw¯’ _vKv‡Z Aw¯’‡Z Aw¯’‡Z Nl©Y I Zvi Rb¨
ÿq n«vm cvq Ges Gi d‡j Aw¯’mwÜi bovPov Kiv‡Z Kg kw³ e¨q nq|
cÖkœ \ 8 \ †UbWb I Aw¯’eÜbx ej‡Z Kx †evS?
DËi : †UbWb Nb, †k¦ZZš‘gq †hvRK Kjv Øviv MwVZ| GwU †ek k³, †cwk ev Aw¯’i Zzjbvq
†f‡O ev wQu‡o hvIqvi m¤¢vebv Kg|
Aw¯’eÜbx †Kvgj A_P `„p, w¯’wZ¯’vcK †h eÜbx Øviv Aw¯’mg~n ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ mshy³ _v‡K
Zv‡K Aw¯’eÜbx ev wjMv‡g›U e‡j| GwU †k¦ZZš‘ I cxZZš‘i mgš^‡q MwVZ|
cÖkœ \ 9 \ †cwki KvR Kx?
DËi : †cwki KvR n‡jv :
1. A½cÖZ¨½ mÂvjb I Pjv‡divq mnvqZv Kiv|
2. †`‡ni wbw`©ó AvKvi MVb Kiv|
3. kw³i msiÿY Kiv|
4. ü`‡cwk ü`wc‡Êi ¯ú›`b I i³ mÂvwjZ Kiv|
cÖkœ \ 10 \ gvbe K¼v‡ji KvR¸‡jv Kx Kx?
DËi : gvbe K¼v‡ji KvR¸‡jv n‡jv :
1. †`n KvVv‡gv MVb
2. †`n iÿYv‡eÿY I fvienb
3. bovPov I PjvPj
4. †jvwnZ i³KwYKv Drcv`b Ges
5. LwbR jeY mÂq|