CHAPTER 10- VAPOR AND
COMBINED POWER CYCLES
Application Lecture
Arş. Gör. Emre ARPACİ
Q1-A steady-flow Carnot cycle uses water as the working fluid. Water
changes from saturated liquid to saturated vapor as heat is transferred
to it from a source at 250°C. Heat rejection takes place at a pressure of
20 kPa. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram relative to the saturation lines,
and determine;
• (a) the thermal efficiency,
• (b) the amount of heat rejected,
• and (c) the net work output.
Carnot Cycle The Carnot cycle is a reversible cycle that is
composed of four reversible processes, two isothermal
and two adiabatic.
Reversible Isothermal Expansion (process 1-2, TH = constant).
Reversible Adiabatic Expansion (process 2-3, temperature drops from TH to TL).
Reversible Isothermal Compression (process 3-4, TL = constant).
Reversible Adiabatic Compression (process 4-1, temperature rises from TL to TH).
The thermal efficiency of any heat
engine, reversible or irreversible, is
given by;
Then the efficiency of a Carnot
engine, or any reversible heat
engine, becomes;
Solution Q1
• Q2-A simple Rankine cycle uses water as the working fluid. The boiler
operates at 6000 kPa and the condenser at 50 kPa. At the entrance to the
turbine, the temperature is 450 °C. The isentropic efficiency of the turbine is
94 percent, pressure and pump losses are negligible, and the water leaving
the condenser is subcooled by 6.3 °C. The boiler is sized for a mass flow rate
of 20 kg/s.
• Determine the rate at which heat is added in the boiler,
• the power required to operate the pumps,
• the net power produced by the cycle,
• and the thermal efficiency.
• 1-2 Isentropic compression in a pump
• 2-3 Constant pressure heat addition in a boiler
• 3-4 Isentropic expansion in a turbine
• 4-1 Constant pressure heat rejection in a
condenser
𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 1 ℎ1 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 𝑚ሶ 2 ℎ2
Q3- A steam power plant operates on the ideal reheat Rankine cycle. Steam
enters the high pressure turbine at 6 MPa and 400 °C and leaves at 2 MPa. Steam
is then reheated at constant pressure to 400 °C before it expands to 20 kPa in the
low-pressure turbine.
• Determine the turbine work output, in kJ/kg,
• and the thermal efficiency of the cycle.
• Determine the exergy destruction associated with each of the processes of the
reheat Rankine cycle described in Prob. Assume a source temperature of 1500 K
and a sink temperature of 295 K.
𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 2 ℎ2 + 𝑚ሶ 4 ℎ4 + 𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 3 ℎ3 +𝑚ሶ 5 ℎ5
ℎ2 + ℎ4 + 𝑞𝑖𝑛 = ℎ3 + ℎ5
• Q4 - A binary geothermal power plant uses geothermal water at 160 °C as the heat
source. The cycle operates on the simple Rankine cycle with isobutane as the
working fluid. Heat is transferred to the cycle by a heat exchanger in which
geothermal liquid water enters at 160 °C at a rate of 555.9 kg/s and leaves at 90
°C. Isobutane enters the turbine at 3.25 MPa and 147 °C at a rate of 305.6 kg/s,
and leaves at 79.5 °C and 410 kPa. Isobutane is condensed in an air-cooled
condenser and pumped to the heat exchanger pressure. Assuming the pump to
have an isentropic efficiency of 90 percent, determine ;
(a) the isentropic efficiency of the turbine,
(b) the net power output of the plant, and
(c) the thermal efficiency of the cycle.
The properties of isobutane may be obtained from EES.
Q5-The gas-turbine portion of a combined gas–steam power plant has a pressure ratio of
16. Air enters the compressor at 300 K at a rate of 14 kg/s and is heated to 1500 K in the
combustion chamber. The combustion gases leaving the gas turbine are used to heat the
steam to 400 °C at 10 MPa in a heat exchanger. The combustion gases leave the heat
exchanger at 420 K. The steam leaving the turbine is condensed at 15 kPa. Assuming all the
compression and expansion processes to be isentropic, (𝑇0 = 293 𝐾, 𝑇b =
300 𝐾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇𝑠 = 2200 𝐾). For air, assume constant specific heats at room temperature
(cp=1.005 kJ/kg·K and k=1.4).
Determine
• Write all mass, energy, entropy and exergy balance equations for each device.
• Determine the mass flow rate of the steam,
• Determine the net power output,
• the thermal efficiency of the combined cycle.
• Find the entropy generation in the combustion chamber
Q5- Bir birleşik gaz-buhar santralinde gaz türbininin basınç oranı 16 olup, hava
kompresöre 300 K sıcaklıkta, 14 kg/s debiyle girmektedir. Yanma odasından 1500 K
sıcaklıkta çıkan gazlar, türbinde genişledikten sonra atık ısı kazanına girmekte ve
buradan 420 K sıcaklıkta çıkmaktadır. Yanma sonu gazlarının verdiği ısı ile atık ısı
kazanında 10 MPa basınç ve 400 °C sıcaklıkta buhar üretilmektedir. Üretilen buhar
bir türbinde 15 kPa basınca kadar genişlemektedir. Tüm sıkıştırma ve genişlemelerin
izantropik olduğunu kabul ediniz. (𝑇0 = 293 𝐾, 𝑇sınır = 300 𝐾 𝑣𝑒 𝑇𝑘𝑎𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑘 =
2200 𝐾). Hava için oda sıcaklığında sabit özgül ısılar kabul ediniz (cp=1,005 kJ/kg·K
ve k=1,4).
Tüm kütle, enerji, entropi ve ekserji denge denklemlerini her bir bileşen için yazınız.
a) Buharın kütle debisini bulunuz.
b) Santralin net gücünü bulunuz.
c) kombine çevrimin termal verimliliği.
d) Yanma odasındaki entropi üretimini bulunuz.
1-2 Isentropic compression
in the pump 2-3 Constant-pressure heat addition
in the heat exchanger
𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 1 = 𝑚ሶ 2 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠
𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 ℎ1 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 ℎ2 𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 2 = 𝑚ሶ 3 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠
ℎ1 + 𝑤𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = ℎ2 𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 ℎ2 + 𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 ℎ3
𝑤𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 𝑣(𝑃2 − 𝑃1 ) ℎ2 + 𝑞𝑖𝑛 = ℎ3
𝑄
ሶ
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 𝑠1 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 𝑠2 ሶ
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 𝑠2 + 𝑖𝑛 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 𝑠3
𝑇𝑠
𝑠1 + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠2 𝑞
𝑠2 + 𝑖𝑛 + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠3
𝑇𝑠
𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 𝑒𝑥1 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑝 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 𝑒𝑥2 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝐷
𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 𝑒𝑥2 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 𝑒𝑥3 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝐷
𝑒𝑥1 + 𝑤𝑝 = 𝑒𝑥2 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷 𝑒𝑥2 + 𝑒𝑥 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑒𝑥3 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷
3-4 Isentropic expansion 4-1 Constant-pressure heat rejection
in the turbine in the condenser
𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 3 = 𝑚ሶ 4 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 4 = 𝑚ሶ 1
𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 ℎ3 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 ℎ4 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑇 𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 ℎ4 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 ℎ1 + 𝑄ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡
ℎ3 = ℎ4 + 𝑤 𝑇 ℎ4 = ℎ1 + 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡
ሶ
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 𝑠3 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 𝑠4 𝑄ሶ
ሶ
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 𝑠4 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 𝑠1 + 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑠3 + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠4 𝑇𝑏
𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 𝑒𝑥3 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 𝑒𝑥4 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑇 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝐷 𝑠4 +𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠1 +
𝑇𝑏
𝑒𝑥3 = 𝑒𝑥4 + 𝑤𝑇 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷 𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 𝑒𝑥4 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 𝑒𝑥1 + 𝐸𝑥 ሶ 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
+ 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝐷
𝑒𝑥4 = 𝑒𝑥1 + 𝑒𝑥 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷
5-6 Isentropic Compression 6-7 Constant-pressure heat addition
𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 5 = 𝑚ሶ 6 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 6 = 𝑚ሶ 7 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 ℎ5 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑐 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 ℎ6 𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 ℎ6 + 𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 ℎ7
ℎ5 + 𝑤𝐶 = ℎ6 ℎ6 + 𝑞𝑖𝑛 = ℎ7
ሶ
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑠5 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑠6 𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑠6 +
𝑄𝑖𝑛
ሶ
+ 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑠7
𝑇𝑠
𝑠5 + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠6 𝑞𝑖𝑛
𝑠6 + + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠7
𝑇𝑠
𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑒𝑥5 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑐 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑒𝑥6 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝐷
𝑒𝑥5 + 𝑤𝐶 = 𝑒𝑥6 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷 𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑒𝑥6 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑒𝑥7 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝐷
𝑒𝑥6 + 𝑒𝑥 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑒𝑥7 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷
6-7 Constant-pressure heat addition 8-9 Constant-pressure heat rejection
𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 6 = 𝑚ሶ 7 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 8 = 𝑚ሶ 9 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 ℎ6 + 𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 ℎ7 𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 ℎ8 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 ℎ9 + 𝑄ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡
ℎ6 + 𝑞𝑖𝑛 = ℎ7 ℎ8 = ℎ9 + 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑄𝑖𝑛 𝑄 ሶ
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑠6 + ሶ
+ 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑠7 ሶ
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑠8 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑠9 + 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑇𝑠 𝑇𝑏
𝑞𝑖𝑛 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑠6 + + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠7 𝑠8 +𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠9 +
𝑇𝑠 𝑇𝑏
𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑒𝑥6 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑒𝑥7 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝐷 𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑒𝑥8 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑒𝑥9 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝐷
𝑒𝑥6 + 𝑒𝑥 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑒𝑥7 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷 𝑒𝑥8 = 𝑒𝑥9 + 𝑒𝑥 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷
𝒅)𝑬𝒏𝑩𝑬 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒃𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓;
𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛
𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑠6 + ሶ
+ 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑠7
𝑇𝑠
𝑞𝑖𝑛
𝑠6 + + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠7
𝑇𝑠
𝑇7 𝑃7 1500
𝑠7 − 𝑠6 = 𝑐𝑝,𝑎𝑣 − 𝑅 𝑙𝑛 = 1.005 × − 0 = 2.276 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾
𝑇6 𝑃6 662.5
14𝑘𝑔 2.276 𝑘𝐽 11,784𝑘𝑊
ሶ
𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = × − = 26.508 𝑘𝑊/𝐾
𝑠 𝑘𝑔𝐾 2200𝐾
Q6-Consider a steam power plant that operates on a reheat Rankine cycle and
has a net power output of 80 MW. Steam enters the high-pressure turbine at
10 MPa and 500 °C and the low-pressure turbine at 1 MPa and 500 °C. Steam
leaves the condenser as a saturated liquid at a pressure of 10 kPa. The
isentropic efficiency of the turbine is 80 percent, and that of the pump is 95
percent. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram with respect to saturation lines, and
Determine ;
(a) the quality (or temperature, if superheated) of the steam at the turbine
exit,
(b) the thermal efficiency of the cycle,
and (c) the mass flow rate of the steam.
• Q7-Determine the exergy destruction associated with the heat addition
process and the expansion process in Previous Prob. 6. Assume a source
temperature of 1600 K and a sink temperature of 285 K. Also, determine
the exergy of the steam at the boiler exit. Take P0=100 kPa.
Q8-A textile plant requires 4 kg/s of saturated steam at 2 MPa, which is
extracted from the turbine of a cogeneration plant. Steam enters the
turbine at 8 MPa and 500 °C at a rate of 11 kg/s and leaves at 20 kPa.
The extracted steam leaves the process heater as a saturated liquid and
mixes with the feedwater at constant pressure. The mixture is pumped
to the boiler pressure. Assuming an isentropic efficiency of 88 percent
for both the turbine and the pumps,
Determine;
(a) the rate of process heat supply,
(b) the net power output, and
(c) the utilization factor of the plant.
Q9-Steam enters the turbine of a steam power plant that operates on a
simple ideal Rankine cycle at a pressure of 6 MPa, and it leaves as a
saturated vapor at 7.5 kPa. Heat is transferred to the steam in the boiler
at a rate of 40,000 kJ/s. Steam is cooled in the condenser by the cooling
water from a nearby river, which enters the condenser at 15 °C. Show the
cycle on a T-s diagram with respect to saturation lines, and determine
(a) the turbine inlet temperature,
(b) the net power output and thermal efficiency, and
(c) the minimum mass flow rate of the cooling water required
• Q10-The net work output and the thermal efficiency for the Carnot
and the simple ideal Rankine cycles with steam as the working fluid
are to be calculated and compared. Steam enters the turbine in both
cases at 5 MPa as a saturated vapor, and the condenser pressure is 50
kPa. In the Rankine cycle, the condenser exit state is saturated liquid
and in the Carnot cycle, the boiler inlet state is saturated liquid. Draw
the T-s diagrams for both cycles.
Q11-Consider a steam power plant that operates on a regenerative
Rankine cycle and has a net power output of 150 MW. Steam enters
the turbine at 10 MPa and 500 °C and the condenser at 10 kPa. The
isentropic efficiency of the turbine is 80 percent, and that of the
pumps is 95 percent. Steam is extracted from the turbine at 0.5 MPa to
heat the feedwater in an open feedwater heater. Water leaves the
feedwater heater as a saturated liquid. Show the cycle on a T-s
diagram, and determine;
(a) the mass flow rate of steam through the boiler,
(b) and the thermal efficiency of the cycle.
(c) Also, determine the exergy destruction associated with the
regeneration process. Assume a source temperature of 1300 K and
a sink temperature of 303 K.
Q12- Repeat Previous Prob. assuming both
the pump and the turbine are isentropic.
• Q13-Consider a steam power plant that operates on the ideal reheat
Rankine cycle. The plant maintains the boiler at 5000 kPa, the reheat
section at 1200 kPa, and the condenser at 20 kPa. The mixture quality
at the exit of both turbines is 96 percent. Determine the temperature
at the inlet of each turbine and the cycle’s thermal efficiency.