ACTIVITY 8
Synthesis
&
Properties of Alcohol
Prepared by: KaS
Objectives:
• To be able to study compounds having alcohol
functional group
• To be able to differentiate the types of alcohol
• To be able to give pharmaceutical uses of alcohols
Pre-laboratory Requirement
• Activity: Fermentation
• FERMENTATION
-process of central metabolism in which an organism
converts a carbohydrate, such as starch or sugar, into an
alcohol or an acid.
**Louis Pasteur- first scientist to study fermentation
• Fermentation processes to produce wines, beers and ciders are
traditionally carried out with Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, the most
common and commercially available yeast.
• Many other important industrial products are the result of fermentation,
such as yogurt, cheese, bread, coffee.
Pre-laboratory Requirement
• FERMENTATION
• Chemical equation for the hydrolysis of Cane sugar:
• C12H22O11 + H2O 🡪 C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
• (Sucrose) (Glucose) (Fructose)
Chemical equation for the production of ethanol from glucose:
C6H12O6 🡪 2 C2H5OH + CO2
(Glucose) (Ethanol) (Carbon dioxide)
YEASTS: characterized by their capacity to ferment a
high spectrum of sugars, among which
glucose, fructose, sucrose, maltose and
maltotriose predominate, found both in ripe
fruit and in processed cereals
DISODIUM PHOSPHATE: as a neutralizing agent
It acts as a buffering solution that
helps control pH
Test for Ethyl Alcohol
• C1. IODOFORM TEST
- used to check the presence alcohols
with the structure R-CH(OH)-CH3 in a
given unknown substance
• Ethanol + Iodine + NaOH
• (warmed for 5 minutes)
• (+) result – Yellow precipitate (CHI3)
(Triiodomethane precipitate)
Test for Ethyl Alcohol
• C2. ETHYL ACETATE TEST
-
Ethanol + Glacial Acetic Acid + H2SO4 then warmed
• + Alkalinized Na2CO3 Sol’n
• (+) result – Plastic Balloon like odor
D. Differentiation of Alcohol: LUCAS’ TEST
LUCAS’ TEST: a chemical test used to distinguish between primary,
secondary, and tertiary alcohols
- Ethanol/Isopropyl/Tert-butyl Alcohol + Lucas Reagent then warmed and shaken
- Left to stand for 5 minutes
Lucas Reagent: Anhydrous Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) + Concentrated Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
Immediately Upon After Standing for 5 Types of Alcohol
Standing Minutes
Distillate: Ethanol Clear Clear Primary
Isopropyl Alcohol Clear Cloudy Solution Secondary
Form 2 Layers
Tert-Butyl Alcohol Cloudy solution Cloudy Solution Tertiary
Forms 2 Layers 2 Layers
Alcohols ( R-OH)
- hydrocarbons derivatives in which one or more hydrogens
of a parent hydrocarbon have been replaced by a
hydroxyl or alcohol group
** R – represents any alkyl group (methyl, ethyl, propyl, and so on…..
Classification of Alcohols:
Alcohols ( R-OH)
- hydrocarbons derivatives in which one or more hydrogens
of a parent hydrocarbon have been replaced by a
hydroxyl or alcohol group
** R – represents any alkyl group (methyl, ethyl, propyl, and so on…..
Classification of Alcohols:
Alcohols ( R-OH)
- hydrocarbons derivatives in which one or more hydrogens
of a parent hydrocarbon have been replaced by a
hydroxyl or alcohol group
** R – represents any alkyl group (methyl, ethyl, propyl, and so on…..
Classification of Alcohols:
Alcohols ( R-OH)
- hydrocarbons derivatives in which one or more hydrogens
of a parent hydrocarbon have been replaced by a
hydroxyl or alcohol group
** R – represents any alkyl group (methyl, ethyl, propyl, and so on…..
Classification of Alcohols:
D. Differentiation of Alcohol: LUCAS’ TEST
LUCAS’ TEST: a chemical test used to distinguish between primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols
- Ethanol/Isopropyl/Tert-butyl Alcohol + Lucas Reagent then warmed and shaken
- Left to stand for 5 minutes
Lucas Reagent: Anhydrous Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) + Concentrated Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
REACTION: R-OH + HCl 🡪 RCl + H2O
in the presence of ZnCl2 (catalyst)
D. Differentiation of Alcohol: LUCAS’ TEST
LUCAS’ TEST: a chemical test used to distinguish between primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols
- Ethanol/Isopropyl/Tert-butyl Alcohol + Lucas Reagent then warmed and shaken
- Left to stand for 5 minutes
Lucas Reagent: Anhydrous Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) + Concentrated Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
REACTION: R-OH + HCl 🡪 RCl + H2O
in the presence of ZnCl2 (catalyst)
Immediately Upon After Standing for 5 Types of Alcohol
Standing Minutes
Distillate: Ethanol Clear Clear Primary
Isopropyl Alcohol Clear Cloudy Solution Secondary
Tert-Butyl Alcohol Cloudy solution Cloudy Solution Tertiary
END OF ACTIVITY 8
POST LAB DISCUSSION
Review your notes!
MIDTERMS Q3