Addis Ababa University

Addis Ababa Institute of Technology

School of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering

Engineering Drawing (MEng 2061)

Chapter One

Introduction
 Topics

 History

 Objective of the course

 Types of lines

 Drawing tools

 Lettering

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 History

 Historically drawing is started by the caveman. He uses for

communication to lead his day to day life.

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 History

 As human needs increase continuously, there is

revolutionary change. Industrial revolution is one of the
milestones for the development of drawing.

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 History

 From time to time several rules and principles were

developed to utilize drawing as efficient as possible.

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 What is Drawing ?
• Drawing is a graphic language used to express
ideas. In other words it is one means of
communication.
• It is used for:
– Research and Development
– Design
– Production
– Construction
– Operation
– Maintenance
– Installation
– etc
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 V-block in words

The v-block is to be made of cast iron and machined

on all surfaces. The overall sizes are two and one-half
mm high, three inches wide, and six mm long. A v-
shaped cut having an included angle of 90° is to be
made through the entire length of the block. The cut is
to be made with the block resting on the three mm by
six mm surface. The v-cut is to begin one-quarter mm
from the outside edges. At the bottom of the v-cut there
is to be a relief slot one-eighth mm wide by one-eighth
mm deep.

How do you understand it?

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 V-block in drawing

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 Graphic language

1. Try to write a description of

this object.

2. Test your written description

by having someone attempt
to make a sketch from your
description.

You can easily understand that …

The word languages are inadequate for describing the
size, shape and features completely as well as
concisely.
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 Graphic language

 Graphic language in “engineering application” use lines to

represent the surfaces, edges and contours of objects.

 The language is known as “drawing” or “drafting”.

 A drawing can be done using freehand, instruments or

computer methods.

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 Graphic language

Freehand drawing:

 The lines are sketched without using instruments other than pencils and
erasers.

 Try to practice….

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 Graphic language

Instrument drawing:

 Instruments are used to draw straight lines, circles, and curves concisely
and accurately. Thus, the drawings are usually made to scale.

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 Graphic language

Computer drawing:

 The drawings are usually made by commercial software such as

AutoCAD, solid works etc.

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 Drawing Sheet

 Standard sheet size (JIS) A4

 A4 - 210 x 297 (mm) A3

 A3 - 297 x 420 (mm)
 A2 - 420 x 594 (mm)
 A1 - 594 x 841 (mm) A2
 A0 - 841 x 1189 (mm)

A1

For this course:

 A4

A0

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 Drawing Sheet - Orientation

Type X (A0~A4) Type Y (A4 only)

c
d
d c Drawing
Drawing space
Border space Title block
lines Title block
c

Sheet size c (min) d (min)

A4 5 15 For this course:
A3 10 25  c = 5mm
A2 10 25  d = 15mm
A1 20 25
A0 20 25
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 Drawing Scale

 Scale is the ratio of the linear dimension (length and size)of an element of an
object shown in the drawing to the real linear dimension of the same element of the
object.

 Designation of a scale consists of the word “Scale” followed by the indication of its
ratio, as follow.

 Scale 1:1 for full size

 Scale X:1 for enlargement scales (X > 1)
 Scale 1:X for reduction scales (X > 1)

 Dimension numbers shown in the drawing are correspond to “true size” of the
object and they are independent of the scale used in creating that drawing.

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 Drawing Scale

Size in drawing Actual size

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 Basic types of lines

TYPE OF LINES ILUSTRATION APPLICATION

Continuous thick line Visible outlines (boundary lines)

Continuous thin line Dimension lines, leader lines, extension

lines, construction lines & hatching
(Section) lines.
Continuous thin wavy
Irregular boundary lines, short break lines,
line (drawn free hand)
Continuous thin line Long break lines.
with ZIGZAG.
Short dash lines Invisible edges, hidden lines.

Long chain thin line Locus lines, center lines, path of motion

Long chain thick at Cutting plane lines.

ends and thin
elsewhere.
Long thin chain with Phantom line, show alternate position
two dash lines

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 Basic types of lines

Line conventions:

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 Basic types of lines

Line conventions:

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 Drawing tools

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 Drawing tools

Triangles

Adhesive Tape

T-Square
Pencils

2H or HB for thick line

4H for thin line

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 Drawing tools

Sandpaper Compass Pencil Eraser Erasing Shield

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 Drawing tools

Circle Template Clean paper

Tissue paper

Sharpener

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 Borders and title blocks

• Borders
• Provides a safety area to prevent the loss of important information.
• Approve appearance for presentation purposes

• Title Blocks
• Some items standard: drawing number, sheet number, title, company
name, logo, scale, date, tolerances, drafter, checker, supervisor.

• Drawings should be:

• Complete and unambiguous
• Should be neat and easy to read
• Use only as many views as necessary to show all required detail
• Apply tolerances realistically - overly tight tolerances can add a great
deal of additional cost with little or not added value to the part

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 Borders and title blocks
Dimension & Notes

Text placement
on drawings

Notes Title Block

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 Lettering

 Text on engineering drawing is used:

 To communicate nongraphic information.

 As a substitute for graphic information, in those instance where text

can communicate the needed information more clearly and quickly.

 It must be written with

 Legibility - shape and space between letters and words.
 Uniformity – size and line thickness.

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 Basic strokes

Straight Slanted Horizontal Curved

Examples : Application of basic stroke

4 5
“I” letter 1 “A” letter 1 2 “B” letter 1

3 6

3
2
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 Upper case and numbers

Straight line
letters

Curved line
letters

Curved line
letters &
Numerals

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 Lower-case letters

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 Upper Case, Lower Case Numbers and Symbols

 The text’ s body height is about 2/3 the height of a capital letter.

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 Stroke sequence

I L T F

E H

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 Stroke sequence

V X W

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 Stroke sequence

N M K Z

Y A 4

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 Stroke sequence

O Q C G

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 Stroke sequence

D U P B

R J 1 2

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 Stroke sequence

5 7

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 Stroke sequence

S 0 3 6

8 9

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 Stroke sequence

l i

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 Stroke sequence

v w x k

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 Stroke sequence

j y f t

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 Stroke sequence

c o a b

d p q e

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 Stroke sequence

g n m h

u s

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 Word composition

Look at the same word having different spacing between letters.

A) Non-uniform spacing

JIRAPONG
B) Uniform spacing

J IR A P O N G
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 Word composition

Spacing
JIRAPONG
Contour || || \ / \ | )( )| |(
General conclusions are:
Space between the letters depends on the contour of
the letters at an adjacent side.
Good spacing creates approximately equal background
area between letters.
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 Spacing between letters

1. Straight - Straight 3. Straight - Slant

2. Straight - Curve 4. Curve - Curve

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 Spacing between letters
5. Curve - Slant 6. Slant - Slant

7. The letter “L” and “T”

≡ slant slant

slant
≡ straight
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 Good and poor lettering - Example

GOOD
Not uniform in style.

Not uniform in height.

Not uniformly vertical or inclined.

Not uniform in thickness of stroke.

Area between letters not uniform.

Area between words not uniform.

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 Sentence composition

 Leave the space between words equal to the space requires

for writing a letter “O”.

Example

ALL ODIMENSIONS OARE OIN

MILLIMETERS OUNLESS
OTHERWISE O SPECIFIED.

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 Thank You

Any Question?

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