Induction

MODULE # 7
Contents: Part A
• Faraday’s Law

• Lenz’s Law

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Faraday’s Law
 Discovered in 1830s by Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry. Faraday was a poor boy and
worked as a lab assistant and eventually took over the laboratory from his boss.
 Faraday’s Law says that when magnetic flux changes in time, an EMF is induced in the
environment which is not localized and also is non-conservative.

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Faraday’s Law
FEW EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS:

• When the magnet is brought to rest and held

stationary relative to the loop, meter reading is
zero.

• When the magnet is moved away from the loop,

the meter reading is non-zero.

• When the coil is moved while keeping the magnet

stationary, the meter reading is non-zero.

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Faraday’s Law
• A defection in the meter is observed at the instant
when the meter is turned on or off.

• If the current is kept steady, no defection is

observed.

Faraday concluded that

(a) An electric current can be induced in a loop by a changing magnetic field.

(b) The induced current exists only when the magnetic field is changing.

An EMF is induced in the coil when there is a changing magnetic field.

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Faraday’s Law
EMF induced in a coil is proportional to the time rate of change of magnetic flux.
𝑑𝜙 [The negative sign
ℰ=− comes from Lenz’s law.]
𝑑𝑡

For a coil of 𝑁 loops of same area :

𝑑𝜙
ℰ = −𝑁
𝑑𝑡

Exercise # 9.1: A coil consists of 200 turns of wire having total resistance of 2.0 .. Each turn is a square of side d = 18 cm,
and a uniform magnetic field directed perpendicular to the plane of the coil is turned on. If the field changes linearly from 0
to 0.50 T in 0.80 sec, what is the magnitude of the induced EMF in the coil while the field is changing?

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 Lenz’s Law
The polarity of induced emf is determined by Lenz’s law which states that

“The induced current in a loop is in the direction that creates a magnetic field that opposes the change in
magnetic flux through the area enclosed by the loop.”

Suppose we pull with velocity v a coil of resistance R through a xxxxxx I

region of constant magnetic field.
xxxxxx
Energy must be supplied to produce the current and to move w
the loop (until it is completely out of the B-field region). The xxxxxx v
work done is exactly equal to the energy dissipated in the
resistor, i.e. 𝑊 = 𝐼 2 𝑅𝑡 xxxxxx
x
Lenz’s law results from energy conservation principle.

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Motional EMF
𝐹𝐵 = 𝑞 𝑣 × 𝐵 Lorent’z Force

Under the influence of this force, the electrons move to the lower
end of the conductor, leaving a net positive charge at the upper
end. As a result, an electric field is created inside the conductor.

Condition of equilibrium requires that:

𝑞𝐸 = 𝑞𝑣𝐵 𝐸 = 𝑣𝐵
∆𝑉 = 𝐸𝑙 = 𝐵𝑙𝑣

Induced emf ℰ = 𝑩𝒍𝒗

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Motional EMF : Closed Loop
𝑑𝜙 𝑑
= (𝑥𝑙𝐵)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝑥
= 𝐵𝑙 = 𝐵𝑙𝑣
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜙
Using Faraday’s Law: ℰ=− = −𝐵𝑙𝑣
𝑑𝑡
F
If the resistance of the loop is R, the magnitude of the
induced current is
ℰ 𝐵𝑙𝑣
𝐼= =
𝑅 𝑅

𝐵2 𝑙2 𝑣
𝐹1 = 𝐹 = 𝑖𝑙𝐵𝑆𝑖𝑛90 =
𝑅

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Lenz’s Law
The following figure shows a conducting loop consisting of a half-circle of radius 𝑟 = 0.20𝑚 and three straight sections.
The half circle lies in a uniform magnetic field B that is directed out of the page; the field in given by 𝐵 = 4.0𝑡 2 + 2.0𝑡 +
3, with B in teslas and t in seconds. An ideal battery with emf ℰ𝑏𝑎𝑡 = 2.0 𝑉 is connected to the loop. The resistance of
the loop is 2.0 .

(a) What are magnitude and direction of the emf induced around the loop by field at 𝑡 = 10 sec.

(b) What is the current in the loop at 𝑡 = 10 sec.

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Nature of Changing Flux
𝜱𝑩 = 𝑩. 𝒅𝑨 = 𝑩 𝒅𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
How can we induce emf?
- B can change with time

- A can change with time

- q can change with time

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Applications: Faraday’s Law
Generator:

Single Phase

𝜙𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝐵𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡

𝑑𝜙𝐵
ℰ = −𝑁 = 𝑁𝐴𝐵𝜔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜔𝑡 = 0 𝑜𝑟 180° , ℰ=0
𝜔𝑡 = 90° 𝑜𝑟 270° , ℰ = ℰ𝑚𝑎𝑥 Three Phase

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Applications: Faraday’s Law
Hydroelectricity
Water turns wheel
 rotates magnet
 changes flux
 induces emf
 drives current

This is also the operating principle of a wind turbine, in which

wind instead of water is used to rotate the blades of a
turbine.

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Applications: Faraday’s Law
Magnetic playback head Electric Guitar

Credit card Reader

Swipe card: Generates changing flux

Faster swipe bigger signal

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Induced Field
Coulomb Field Non-Coulomb Field
Work done to move a
charge along a circular path:

𝑊= 𝐹. 𝑑𝑙 = 𝑞 𝐸. 𝑑𝑙

𝑑𝜙𝐵
ℰ= 𝐸. 𝑑𝑙 = −
𝑑𝑡

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Induced Field

The electric field produced

due to an induced emf (by
magnetic field) is non-
conservative. The closed path
integral of emf is non-zero,
meaning that charge will be
accelerated parallel to the
electric field.

The electric field produced by 𝒅𝝓𝑩

electric charge is conservative. 𝑬. 𝒅𝒍 = −
𝒅𝒕

𝑬 ⋅ 𝒅𝒍 = 𝟎

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Contents: Part B

• Mutual Inductance

• Self Inductance

• LR Circuit

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Mutual Inductance
Mutual inductance occurs when a changing current in one circuit results, via changing
magnetic flux, in an induced emf and thus a current in an adjacent circuit.

◦ Mutual inductance occurs because some of the magnetic flux produced by one circuit passes
through the other circuit.

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Mutual Inductance
Suppose that we have two coils:
Coil 1 with N1 turns and
Coil 2 with N2 turns

Coil 1 has a current i1 which produces a magnetic flux, Φ𝐵2 , going

through one turn of Coil 2.

If i1 changes, then the flux changes and an emf is induced in Coil 2

which is given by

𝑑Φ𝐵2
ℰ2 = −𝑁2
𝑑𝑡

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Mutual Inductance
The flux through the second coil is proportional to
the current in the first coil

𝑁2 Φ𝐵2 = 𝑀21 𝑖1

where M21 is called the mutual inductance.

Taking the time derivative of this we get

𝑑Φ𝐵2 𝑑𝑖1 𝑑𝑖1

𝑁2 = 𝑀21 ℰ2 = −𝑀21
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

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Transformer and Power Supplies
A transformer is a pair of coils linked by mutual
inductance.
An AC current in the primary induces a current in
the secondary.
The secondary voltage differs from the primary
voltage by the ratio of the number of turns.
Both step-up and step-down transformers are
possible.
Transformers are used to produce low voltages for
electronic equipment.
Then they’re combined with diodes that convert AC
to DC and capacitors to smooth the DC voltage.

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Transformers and Power Transmission
Electric power is most efficiently transmitted at high voltages.
◦ This reduces I2R energy losses in the power lines.
◦ But most end users require lower voltages.
◦ Transformers accomplish voltage changes throughout the power grid.

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Self-Inductance
Self-inductance occurs when a changing current in a circuit results in an
induced emf that opposes the change in the current itself.
• Self-inductance occurs because some of the magnetic flux produced
in a circuit passes through that same circuit.

The current in the circuit causes a magnetic field B in the coil and hence a
flux through the coil. When the current changes, the flux changes also and
a self-induced emf appears.
For a coil carrying current I, there is a magnetic field produced around it.
The value of B at each point is proportional to the current. Therefore the
magnetic flux through the coil is also proportional to I
𝜙𝐵 = 𝐿𝐼
L is the self inductance of a coil

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Self-Inductance
Suppose that we have a coil having N turns carrying a current i; That means that there is a magnetic flux
through the coil.
This flux can also be written as being proportional to the current; with L being the self inductance
having the same unit as the mutual inductance
𝑁𝜙𝐵
𝐿=
𝑖
L is inductance of a coil, measured in henry (H). Typical values of an inductor are in mH.
𝑛𝑙 (𝐵𝐴) 𝑛𝑙 (𝜇0 𝑖𝑛)𝐴
𝐿= =
𝑖 𝑖
Where, n is the number of turns/unit length and 𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝑖𝑛
𝐿 = 𝜇0 𝑛2 𝑙𝐴 = 𝜇0 𝜋𝑛2 𝑙𝑅2
Inductance depends only on the geometrical factors (n, R, l) and is independent of the current I

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Potential Difference across an Inductor

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Resistor Vs Inductor

Potential difference across a Potential difference across an

resistor depends on the current inductor depends on the rate of
change of the current

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Spark Plug

This is how spark plugs work. The car’s generator sends a large current through the coil (inductor). A switch in the distributor
is suddenly opened, breaking the current. The induced voltage, usually a few 1000V, appears across the terminals of the
spark plug, creating the spark that ignites the fuel.

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RL Circuit
𝑑𝑖
Charging −ℰ + iR = −L
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑖
ℰ=𝐿 + 𝑖𝑅
𝑑𝑡
𝑡
ℰ 𝑅𝑡 ℰ −𝐿
Solution −𝐿) 𝑖 = (1 − 𝑒 𝑅 )
𝑖= (1 − 𝑒 𝑅
𝑅
ℰ 𝑳
𝑖= (1 − 𝑒 −𝑡 𝜏 ) [𝝉 = = 𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕]
𝑅 𝑹

ℰ
At 𝑡 = 0, 𝑖 = 0 And at 𝑡 = ∞, 𝑖 = 𝑅 = 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 (1 − 𝑒 −𝑡 𝜏 )

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RL Circuit
Discharging The battery is removed and a path is made for the inductor to discharge.

𝑑𝑖
𝐿 + 𝑖𝑅 = 0
𝑑𝑡
𝑡
−𝐿
Solution 𝑖 = 𝐼0 𝑒 𝑅 𝑖 = 𝐼0 𝑒 −𝑡 𝜏

𝑰𝟎 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒃𝒆𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒔 𝒕𝒐 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆.

𝑰𝒕 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒊𝒕 𝒄𝒂𝒏 𝒃𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝓔 𝑹.

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RL Circuit
Exercise 10.1

A solenoid has an inductance of 53 mH and a resistance of 0.37 . If the solenoid is connected

to a battery, how long will the current take to reach half its final equilibrium value?

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Magnetic Energy

𝑑𝑖 𝑑𝑖
ℰ = 𝐿 + 𝑖𝑅 ℰ𝑖 = 𝐿𝑖 + 𝑖 2𝑅
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 Thermal
Energy
Rate at which magnetic potential energy is stored dissipated by
in the magnetic field the resistor

𝑑𝑢𝐵 𝑑𝑖
= 𝐿𝑖
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑈𝐵 𝑖
1 2
𝑑𝑢𝐵 = 𝐿𝑖𝑑𝑖 𝑈= 𝐿𝐼
0 0 2
This energy stored in the magnetic field is available to act as source of emf in case the current starts to decrease.

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Energy Density
Energy density is the energy stored per unit volume

1 2
𝑈𝐵 2 𝐿 𝐼
𝑢𝐵 = = (𝑙 − 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 − 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑖𝑑)
𝐴𝑙 𝐴𝑙

𝜋𝑟 2 𝑁 2 𝐵𝑙
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐿 = 𝜇0 and 𝐼 =
𝑙 𝜇0 𝑁

Replacing the value of 𝐿 and 𝐼, we get

𝟏 𝑩𝟐
𝒖𝑩 =
𝟐 𝝁𝟎

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