Grammar, Level One 1 Star Educational Society

D
e
Preposition
a
.A preposition is a word normally used before
r noun to show the relation sheep
.Ex: Mr. Ahmad's goes to school M
o
:Kinds of preposition m
1) Simple preposition: in, on at, for…
2) Compound preposition: behind, beside a …
3) n
Participle preposition: during, according…
d
4) Phrasal preposition: in front of, in the
D corner…
Usages a
d
On: ,
a) To in touch with surface of something. Ex: The book is on the table.
b) Is used for Date: Ex: I went to America on 25th December.
c) We can use with days of week. Ex: I was born on Friday.

:At
a) Is used to particular place. Ex: She is at Kabul University.
b) Is used for time. Ex: My class is start at four o'clock.
In:
A) Is used in the part of day. Ex: She come's her in the morning.
B) Is used for season of the year. Ex: I was born in summer.
C) Is used for months of the year. Ex: She was born in July.
D) Is used for year. Ex: I came from Iran in 1383.
E) Is used for General place. Ex: I live in Afghanistan.
F) Is used to in touch with the inside of some things. Ex: My money is in big.
.To: Is used to show direction and also for time
.Ex: I go to America. Ex: from four to five our class starts
.For: Is used to purpose/intention and also for period of time
.Ex: We come here for learning. Ex: I have lived her for ten years

Quantitative Adjectives
.They are used to show a mount or number of something
.Ex: She has some problems. Ex: we have many sisters
.Some: Is used with plural countable and uncountable nouns in (+?) sentences
?Ex: we have some students. Ex: Do you have some sugar
.Any: Is used with plural countable and uncountable nouns in (-?) sentences
?Ex: She doesn’t have any questions. Ex: Do you have any brothers
.Much: Is used with uncountable nouns in (-?) sentences
Ex: (?) Does [Link] have much work today? Ex: (-) He doesn’t have much
.time to do his homework
.Many: Is used with plural countable nouns in (- +?) sentences

Prepared by: Ali (Sadeqi)

Grammar, Level One 1 Star Educational Society
D
Ex: (+) I have many questions about security e from Karzai. Ex: (?) Does his
a
.father have many sons? Ex: (-) she doesn’t r
have many pens
A lot of / lots of: Is used with plural countable
M and uncountable nouns in (-+?)
.sentences o
m
Ex: (+) I have a lot of problems. Ex: (-) she doesn’t know lots of thing. Ex: (?)
?Does Mr. Abdullah have a lot of experience a
to be the president
No: Is used with plural countable and uncountable
n nouns in (+) sentences but
.meaning is negative d
.Ex: she has no questions. Ex: there is no Dwater
.A few /few: Is used with plural countabledanouns in (+) sentences
.Ex: I have a few friends. Ex: he has few questions
,
.A little / little: Is used with uncountable nouns in (+) sentences
.Ex: there is a little water. Ex: she has little food to eat
Adverb of Manner
.They are used to show how or what manner (way) an action happens
.Ex: she speaks slowly. Ex: they cheat quickly. Ex: they attack dangerously
Adjectives +ly = Adverb of manner
Adj adv
Quick quickly
Happy happily
Beautiful beautifully
Brave bravely
Adverb of frequency
.They are used to show how often an action occurs
.Ex: Always come on time. Ex: I often speak English
Position of adverb of frequency
 They are used to after to be verb.
Ex: She is usually late. Ex: they are always intelligent.
 They are used before main verb.
Ex: She always goes to school. Ex: Freshtah sometimes cooks well.
 In compound tenses after the first auxiliary.
Ex: I always suggested being on time in my class.
 In interrogative sentences after the subject.
Ex: Does she often come here?
 In negative sentences after "not".
Ex: they do not usually chew gum in the class.

Prepared by: Ali (Sadeqi)

 Grammar, Level One 1 Star Educational Society
D
e
Past continuous tense
a
Past progressive
r
M
.It shows an action that was continuing in the past
o
.Ex: She was speaking Dari in the class. Ex:
m
They were running fast
:Spelling Rules
3 2 a1
Love loving n
Hate hating Run running d Play playing
Like liking Stop stopping D Study studying
a
See seeing Hit hitting d
Agree agreeing Swim swimming,
:Structure (formula)

.Sub+was/were+verb+ing+obj/com
.Ex: I was taking the final test

Present perfect tense

I. It expresses an action started in the past and extending to the present.
Ex: Dr. Ahmad has written a number of short poems.
II. It is used for the actions when the time is not mentioned.
Ex: I have read this book. Ex: Have you had your lunch?
III. Recent actions often have result in the present.
Ex: She has broken the door. Ex: I have been America.
IV. Since: Inception of an action.
Ex: I have lived in Afghanistan since 1999.
V. For: period/ duration of an action.
Ex: He has talked to students for three hours.
VI. Just: Recently completed action.
Ex: I have just done my home work.
VII. Yet: present perfect +yet=Result in the present.
Ex: they have not come here yet.
VIII. Already: Completed action.
Ex: I have already done with present perfect.

Comparison of Adjectives
Adjective have three degree of comparison.
1. Positive degree 2. Comparative 3. Superlative degree
Ex: tall – taller –tallest / beautiful- more beautiful – most beautiful.
1. Positive degree: It shows the simple quality of a noun or pronoun.
Ex: She is nice. Ex: Zhara is beautiful.
Prepared by: Ali (Sadeqi)
Grammar, Level One 1 Star Educational Society
D
e
a
2. Comparative degree: It the higher or r
lower quality of noun or pronoun.
Ex: Nazia is nicer than her sister. Ex:
M He is smaller than his brother.
3. Superlative degree: It shows the highest
o or lower quality of noun or
pronoun. m
Ex: She is the most beautiful girl in aKabul.
Ex: He is the tallest of our family. n
d
D
Roles: a
1. Adjectives of one syllable form their comparative
d and superlative by
, form.
adding "er, est" at the end and positive
Ex: tall- taller- tallest/ high- higher-highest
Those ending in (e) "r,st" is added.
Ex: Brave-Braver-Bravest
2. Adjectives of three and more syllables form their comparative and
superlative by more and most before the positive.
Ex: interested-more interested-most interested
3. Adjective of two syllables obey one and the other of above roles.
Those ending in "FUL, RE" used usually more, most is added.
Ex: useful-more useful-most useful/Obscure-more obscure- most
obscure.
Cocksure-more cocksure-most cocksure
Those ending in "Y, R" usually take "er,est" at the end.
Ex: Clever-cleverer-cleverest/ pretty-prettier-prettiest.
Irregular adjectives:
Good – better – best
Bad – worse – worst
Far – farther – farthest
Litter – less – least
Much/many – more – most
Old – older – oldest
Elder – eldest
As…as (+)
Not/so…as (-)
They are used to show similarity and difference.
As…as: is used with similarity and not/so…as: is used with difference.
Ex: She is as white as milk. / He as black as coal.
Ex: He is not as fat as his father. / She is not as smart as her sister.
Had to: Strong necessity in the past
Ex: You had to talk to the teacher before the final test.
You didn’t have to talk to the teacher before the final test.
Prepared by: Ali (Sadeqi)
Grammar, Level One 1 Star Educational Society
D
e
Did you have to talk to the teacher before the final test?
a
r
Indefinite Pronoun
M
They are used to show person and thingo which we are UN known or less
m
clear.
Ex; some body has stolen the key of myacar.
n
Person Thing d
D
Every Every body Every thinga
Every one d
Any Any body Any thing ,
Any one
Some Some body Some thing
Some one
No No body Some thing
No one
Formula: Indefinite Pronoun+ Singular verb
Let's / why don’t we
Let's / why don’t we+ infinitive
Ex: let's speak English. Yes, let's
Why don’t we cry waster our time?
Let's as (+) let's not (-)

Prepared by: Ali (Sadeqi)