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Integration Techniques and Formulas

The document provides an overview of integration in calculus. It defines integration as the inverse process of differentiation and describes how an indefinite integral is the collection of curves that form the family of antiderivatives of a function. Some standard integrals and integration techniques like partial fractions, substitution, integration by parts, and the fundamental theorems of calculus are summarized.

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50 views5 pages

Integration Techniques and Formulas

The document provides an overview of integration in calculus. It defines integration as the inverse process of differentiation and describes how an indefinite integral is the collection of curves that form the family of antiderivatives of a function. Some standard integrals and integration techniques like partial fractions, substitution, integration by parts, and the fundamental theorems of calculus are summarized.

Uploaded by

Ankit Arora
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

CBSE Class 12 Mathematics

Chapter-7
Integrals

Integration is the inverse process of differentiation. In the differential calculus, we


are given a function and we have to find the derivative or differential of this function,
but in the integral calculus, we are to find a function whose differential is given. Thus,

integration is a process which is the inverse of differentiation. Let .

Then we write . These integrals are called indefinite integrals

or general integrals, C is called constant of integration. All these integrals differ by a


constant.
From the geometric point of view, an indefinite integral is collection of family of
curves, each of which is obtained by translating one of the curves parallel to itself
upwards or downwards along the y-axis.
Some properties of indefinite integrals are as follows:

1.

2. For any real number k,

More generally, if are functions and are real numbers.

Then

Some standard integrals:

(i) Particularly,

(ii)

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(iii)

(iv)

(v)

(vi)

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)

(x)
(xi)

(xii)

(xiii)

(xiv)

(xv)

(xvi)

Integration by Partial Fraction: A rational fraction is the ratio of the form

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where P(x) and Q(x) are polynomials in x and Q(x) 0. If the degree of the

polynomial P(x) is greater than the degree of the polynomial Q(x), then we may divide

P(x) by Q(x) so that where T(x) is a polynomial in x and degree

of P1(x) is less than Q(x). T(x) is a polynomial can be easily integrated.

can be integrated by expressing as the sum of partial fractions of the following

types:

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e) where cannot be factorize further into

linear fraction.

Integration by Substitution: In this method we change the variable to some other


variable. When the integrand involves some trigonometric functions, we shall be
using some well-known identities to find the integrals. Using substitution technique,
we obtain the following standard integrals:

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Integrals of Some Special Functions:

(a) (b)

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(c) (d)

(e) (f)

Integration by Parts: For the given function f(x) and g(x),

We must take proper care to choose the first function and second function clearly. We must
choose that function as the second function whose integral is well-known to us.

Some Special Type of Integrals:

(a)

(b)

(c)

Integrals of the types or

(a) These type of integrals are transformed into standard form by expressing

(b) Integrals of the types or are transformed into standard

form by expressing

where A abd B are determined by comparing coefficients on both sides.

We have already defined as the area of the region bounded by the curve

, the x-axis and the ordinates x = a and x = b. Let x be a given

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point in [a, b], then represents the area function A(x).

First Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus: Let the area function be defined by

for all where the function f is assumed to be continuous

on [a, b], then for all .


Secind Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus: Let f be a continuous function of x
defined on the closed interval ]a, b] and let F be another function such that
for all x in the domain of f, then

This is called the definite integral of f over the range [a, b] were a and b are called the limits
of integration, being the lower limit and the upper limit.

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Common questions

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Standard integral formulas simplify complex integration problems by providing established integration results of basic functional forms, which can be directly applied. These formulas serve as templates, allowing more complicated integrals to be reduced and solved by recognizing them as variations of standard forms or by transforming the problem to fit these templates through substitution or algebraic manipulation .

The Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus facilitates the evaluation of definite integrals by allowing the evaluation of the antiderivative at the upper and lower limits of integration to find the net area under the curve. This theorem requires that the function to be integrated is continuous on the closed interval [a, b], and the antiderivative exists, thereby linking the evaluation of definite integrals directly to antiderivatives .

The constant of integration is crucial in representing the family of all antiderivatives of a function in indefinite integration, implying that multiple functions share the same derivative differing only by a constant. Geometrically, it represents vertical translations of a family of curves along the y-axis .

Integration is the inverse process of differentiation, meaning if differentiation gives the rate of change of a function, integration retrieves the original function from its derivative. This relationship implies that, in integral calculus, given a derivative, one can determine the original function plus an arbitrary constant of integration—representing the indefinite integral as a family of curves differing by a constant .

Integration by partial fractions is applied to rational integrals where the integrand is a fraction of two polynomials, P(x) and Q(x), with the degree of P(x) being less than the degree of Q(x). The method involves decomposing the fraction into simpler fractions which can be integrated separately. This technique is particularly useful for fractions that can be expressed in terms like \(\frac{1}{(x-a)(x-b)}\). Decomposition depends on the factorization of the denominator into linear or irreducible quadratic factors .

The substitution method, or u-substitution, is particularly advantageous when dealing with integrals that involve composite functions, especially trigonometric functions. By changing variables, the method simplifies the integral into a form that is easier to evaluate. The core rationale is to identify a substitution that simplifies the integration of the composite function by reducing it to a simpler form .

Integration by parts is an integration technique derived from the product rule for differentiation. It is used when integrating products of functions. The formula \(\int u dv = uv - \int v du\) requires proper selection of functions u and dv such that du and v are easier to determine. A common strategy involves choosing the differentiable function as u and a function whose integral is easily known as dv to simplify calculations .

The First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus establishes that if a function is continuous on a closed interval [a, b], then its indefinite integral is related to its antiderivative. Specifically, for a continuous function f, the area function A(x), defined as the integral from a to x of f, is differentiable, and its derivative at x is f(x). This theorem signifies that integration can be used to compute derivatives and underscores the deep connection between these two operations .

Integration techniques such as substitution, integration by parts, and partial fractions complement each other by addressing different aspects of complex integrals. Substitution simplifies integrals involving composite functions, integration by parts handles products of functions, and partial fractions decompose rational functions into simpler fractions. The combination and selection of these methods depend on the form of the integrand, often solving integrals that one technique alone cannot simplify efficiently .

Geometrically, an indefinite integral represents a family of curves, each of which can be obtained by shifting one curve vertically along the y-axis by a constant amount. The properties of integrals, such as linearity and constant multiplication, apply by translating the integration operation into transformations of these curve families, maintaining their shapes while accounting for a constant difference .

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