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Acid-Base Chemistry Calculations Guide

1. The document contains two sections. Section A lists letters and Section B contains chemistry problems and calculations related to acids, bases, pH, and acid-base equilibria. 2. Section B problem 2 calculates the pH of basic and acidic solutions. Problem 3 uses the ionic product of water to calculate [H+] and [OH-] in a neutral solution. 3. Section B problem 4 calculates the percent ionization and Ka of ethanoic acid solutions of different concentrations. Problem 5 calculates the percent ionization and Kb of diethylamine solutions.

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19 views11 pages

Acid-Base Chemistry Calculations Guide

1. The document contains two sections. Section A lists letters and Section B contains chemistry problems and calculations related to acids, bases, pH, and acid-base equilibria. 2. Section B problem 2 calculates the pH of basic and acidic solutions. Problem 3 uses the ionic product of water to calculate [H+] and [OH-] in a neutral solution. 3. Section B problem 4 calculates the percent ionization and Ka of ethanoic acid solutions of different concentrations. Problem 5 calculates the percent ionization and Kb of diethylamine solutions.

Uploaded by

naderaqistina23
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Section A

1. C
2. B
3. B
4. B
5. C
6. A
7. D
8. B
9. C
10. B

Section B
1. a) C6H5NH2 < NH2OH < N2H4 < NH3
increasing strength of base
b) Structure of conjugate acid : C6H5NH3+ < NH3OH+ < N2H5+ < NH4+
NH4+ < N2H5+ < NH3OH+ < C6H5NH3+
increasing strength of acid

2.a)
M=0.62 M
pOH= -log [OH-] pH= 14-0.21
= -log 0.62 = 13.8
= 0.21
So,it is basic solution

(b)
M=1.4 x 10-3M
pH= -log [H+]
= -log 1.4 x 10-3
= 2.9
So,it is acidic solution
(c)

Kw= [H3O+][OH-] = 1 x 10-14M


[H3O+]=[OH-] = 1 x 10-7M
pH= -log [H+]
= -log 1 x 10-7
= 7.00
So,it is neutral

3. a) pH = −log [H+] = 3.80


[H+] = 10−3.80 = 1.60×10−4
−11
[OH-] = Kw 1.0 10−14 6.30×10 M
= =
 H +  1.6 10−4

b) pH = −log [H+] = 11.40


[H+] = 10−11.40 = 3.981 ×10−12 M
[OH-] = Kw = 2.512 × 10−3 M
[ H +]

4. a) CH3CH2COOH(aq) + H2O (l) ⇌ CH3CH2COO-(aq) + OH-(aq)


Ka = [CH CH COO − ][H + ]
3 2

[CH 3CH 2 COOH]

b)
CH3CH2COOH(aq) ⇌ CH3CH2COO-(aq) + H+ (aq)
Initial(M) 0.35 0.00 0.00
Change(M) -x +x +x
Equilibrium(M) 0.35-x x x

Ka = [CH CH COO − ][H + ] = x2 = 1.35 x 10−5


3 2

[CH 3CH 2 COOH] 0.35 − x


Ka<<1,
Assume x very small, 0.35 − x ≈ 0.35,

x2 = 1.35×10−5
0.35
x = 2.17×10−3 M = [H+]
pH = −log [H+] = − log (2.17×10−3)
= 2.70

c)
CH3CH2COOH(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ CH3CH2COO-(aq) + H3O+ (aq)
Initial(M) 0.60 0.00 0.00
Change(M) −x +x +x
Equilibrium(M) 0.60 − x X x

Ka = [CH CH COO − ][H + ] = = 1.35 x 10−5


3 2 x2
[CH 3CH 2 COOH] 0.60 − x

Assuming that x very small, 0.60 – x ≈ 0.60, we get


x2 = 1.35 ×10−5
0.60 x = 2.85
x 10-3 M
Thus,
% ionization = 2.85 x 10-3 M × 100%
0.60 M
= 0.47 %

5. a) (C2H5)2NH(aq) + H2O(l) (C2H5)2NH2+ (aq) + OH− (aq)


b)
(C2H5)2NH(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ (C2H5)2NH2+ (aq) + OH− (aq)
Initial(M) 0.10 0.00 0.00
Change(M) −x +x +x
Equilibrium(M) 0.10 − x x x

% ionization = x x 100 = 9.33 %


0.10
x = 9.33 x 10-3 M

x 2 = (9.33x10 −3 ) 2 = 9.6 x 10
-4
=
0 .1 − x 0.1 − 9.33x10 −3

c)
(C2H5)2NH(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ (C2H5)2NH2+ (aq) + OH− (aq)
Initial(M) 0.0100 0.00 0.00
Change the value
0.010 M in Change(M) −x +x +x
question to Equilibrium(M) 0.010 − x x x
0.0100 M

= x2 = 9.6 x 10-4
0.01 − x

Assuming 0.010 – x ≈ 0.010, because of Kb << 1,


x2 = 9.6×10−4
0.010 x
= 3.1 x 10−3 M

So, use algebraic method :


x2 = 9.6×10−4
0.010- x
x2 + 9.6 x 10-4x – 9.6 x 10-6 = 0
x1 = 2.655 x 10-3 or x2 = -3.615 x 10-3 ( can be neglected )

[OH-] = x = 2.655 x 10-3 M


pH = 14 − (-log [OH−])
= 14 − (-log 2.655×10−3)
= 11.40

6. a) By using Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, the pH of the solution

(b) i) When 0.01 mol HCl is added


CH3COO - (aq) + H+ (aq) CH3COOH (aq)
Initial (Mol) 0.30 0.01 0.20
Change (Mol) − 0.01 - 0.01 + 0.01
Final (Mol) 0.29 0.00 0.21
Final (M) 0.29 0.00 0.21

Calculating a new pH:

pH change = 4.92 – 4.88 = 0.04


Explaination : When a small amount of HCl is added to the mixture of solution, the H+ from the acid will
neutralize by the basic component, CH3COO- to form CH3COOH.
CH3COO− (aq) + H+(aq) CH3COOH(aq)
The [CH3COOH] increases and the [CH3COO-] decreases. As a result the pH solution is not much affected.
ii) When 0.02 mol NaOH is added
CH3COOH (aq) + OH- (aq) CH3COO− (aq) + H2O(l)
Initial (Mol) 0.20 0.02 0.30 -
Change (Mol) -0.02 -0.02 +0.02 -
Final (Mol) 0.18 0.00 0.32 -
Final (M) 0.18 0.00 0.32 -

Calculating a new pH :

pH = 4.99

∆ pH = 4.99 – 4.92 = 0.07


Explaination : When a small amount of NaOH is added to the mixture of solution, the OH- from the base
will neutralized by the acidic component CH3COOH to form CH3COO- and H2O.

CH3COOH(aq) + OH− (aq) CH3COO−(aq) + H2O(aq)

The [CH3COO-] increases and the [CH3COOH] decreases. As a result the pH of the solution is not much
affected.

7. a) = 0.4(0.3) = 0.45(0.2)
n NH3
n NH4Cl@NH4+

= 0.12 mol = 0.09 mol


[NH3] = 0.12/0.5 [NH4Cl@NH4+] = 0.09/0.5
= 0.24 M = 0.18 M
pOH = pKb + log  NH + 
 4 
 NH 3 
= - log 1.8×10-5 + log 0.18
0.24

= 4.62
pH= 14-4.62
= 9.38

(b) i) When 0.01 mol HCl is added


NH3 (aq) + H+ (aq) NH4+ (aq)
Initial (Mol) 0.12 0.01 0.09
Change (Mol) − 0.01 - 0.01 + 0.01
Final (Mol) 0.11 0.00 0.10
Final (M) 0.11/0.5 = 0.22 0.00 0.2

Calculating a new pH:

pOH = pKb + log  NH + 


 4 
 NH 3 

pOH = - log (1.8 x 10 -5) + log 0.2


0.22
pOH = 4.70

pH = 14 – 4.70 = 9.3

pH change = 9.38 – 9.3 = 0.08

Explaination : When a small amount of HCl is added to the mixture of solution, the H+ from the acid will
neutralize by the basic component, NH3 to form NH4Cl.
NH3 (aq) + H+ (aq) NH4+ (aq)
The [NH4+] increases and the [NH3] decreases. As a result the pH solution is not much affected.
ii) When 0.01 mol NaOH is added

NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq) NH3 (aq) + H2O(l)


Initial (Mol) 0.09 0.01 0.12 -
Change (Mol) -0.01 -0.01 +0.01 -
Final (Mol) 0.08 0.00 0.13 -
Final (M) 0.16 0.00 0.26 -

Calculating a new pH :

pOH = pKb + log  NH + 


 4 
 NH 3 

pOH = - log (1.8 x 10 -5) + log (0.16)


(0.26)
pOH = 4.53

pH = 14 – 4.53 = 9.47

pH change = 9.47 – 9.38 = 0.09


Explaination : When a small amount of NaOH is added to the mixture of solution, the OH- from the base
will neutralized by the acidic component NH4+ to form NH3 and H2O.

NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq) NH3(aq) + H2O(l))

The [NH3] increases and the [NH4+] decreases. As a result the pH of the solution is not much affected.
8. By using Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, the pH of the solution

pOH = 14 − 8.3 = 5.7


pOH = pKb + log ([NH4Cl]/ [NH3])
= - log 1.8×10-5 + log ([NH4Cl]/ [NH3])

([NH4Cl]/ [NH3]) = 10 (5.7 − 4.7447 )


1
 ([NH4Cl] : [NH3]) =1:9
9.

a) HCl is strong acid. So, the pH of solution starts out low (pH = 1.00 if [HCl] = 1×10-5 M)
NaOH is added. It makes [H3O+] decreases. Thus, pH increases.
pH jump for strong acid and strong base is pH 3-11
At equivalent point, pH of solution is 7.
Beyond equivalent point, since NaOH is strong base, pH increases slowly, and the final pH is
approaching pH=13

b) CH3COOH as a weak acid and partially dissociate in water. So, pH starts out higher (The pH is
about 2.8 if [CH3COOH] = 1×10-5 M)
NaOH is added. It makes [H3O+] decreases. pH increases.
pH jump for the reaction between weak acid and strong base is 7-11
At equivalent point. Basic salt formed. pH > 7
Beyond equivalent point, since NaOH is strong base, pH increases slowly, and the final pH is
approaching pH=13

10. CaF2 (s) ⇌ Ca2+ (aq) + 2F- (aq)


s 2s
ksp = [Ca2+] [F-]2
= (s) (2s)2
3.98 x 10-11 = 4s3
s = 2.15 x 10-4 mol L-1
= 2.15 x 10-4 mol L-1 x 78.08 g mol-1
= 0.01679 g L-1

11. From the stoichiometry, 1 mol of Ag2CrO4 produces 2 moles of Ag+ and 1 mol of CrO42− in the
solution. Therefore, when 1.3×10−4 mole Ag2CrO4 is dissolved in 1.0 L of solution, the concentrations of
Ag+ and CrO42− are
Ag2CrO4 (s) ⇌ 2Ag+ (aq) + CrO42- (aq)
2s s

[Ag+] = 2(1.3×10−4M) = 2.6x10-4 M


[CrO42−]= 1.3×10−4 M

The solubility product:


Ksp = [Ag+]2[CrO42−]
= (2.6x10-4 )2(1.3×10−4)
= 8.8x10-12
(b)
Ag2CrO4(s) 2 Ag+(aq) + CrO42− (aq)
Initial(M) - 0 0.0050
Change(M) - + 2s +s
Equilibrium(M) - 2s 0.005+s

Ksp = [Ag+]2 [CrO42]


8.8 x 10-12 = (2s)2(s + 0.0050); Assume s very small, thus (s + 0.005)≈ 0.005
4s2(0.005) = 8.8 ×10−12
s = 2.1×10−5 M

The solubility of Ag2CrO4 in K2CrO4 solution is lower than in water.


Explaination : The presence of the common ion CrO4- increases the concentration of the CrO42- ion and
thus shifts the equilibrium to the left. Some of CrO42- combine with Ag+ to form more solid Ag2CrO4.
Hence the solubility of Ag2CrO4 is decrease in 0.005M K2CrO4 solution.
12. Ions present: Ba2+, Cl-, K+, SO42-
Possible precipitate: BaSO4

BaSO4 (s) ⇌ Ba2+(aq) + SO42− (aq)

1 mol of Ba2+ comes from 1 mol of BaCl2 solution


Therefore, the number of moles of Ba2+ present in the 100 mL of BaCl2 solution
= 100 mL x 0.040 M
1000 mL
= 4.0×10-3 mol of Ba2+

The total volume after combining the two solutions is 400 mL.
The initial concentration of Ba2+ in the 400 mL volume is
[Ba2+]o = 4.0 x 10-3 mol
0.40L
= 1.0×10−2 M
The number of moles of SO42- in the 600 mL K2SO4 solution
= 300 mL × 0.08 M
1000 mL
= 2.4×10−2 mol of SO42-

The initial concentration of SO42− in the 400 mL of the combined solution is


[SO42-]o = 2.4 x 10-2 mol
0.40L
= 0.06 M
Now comparing Qsp and Ksp.
Qsp = [Ba2+]o[SO42−]o
= (1.0×10−2)( 0.06)
= 6.0×10−4
Therefore, Qsp > Ksp
The value of Qsp indicates that the concentrations of the ions are too large, thus some of the BaSO4 will
precipitate out of solution until[Ba2+][ SO42−] = 1.1×10−10

Common questions

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Increasing the concentration of CH3COOH shifts the equilibrium of the reaction CH3COOH ⇌ CH3COO- + H+ to the right. According to Le Chatelier's principle, the system will counteract this change by producing more products (CH3COO- and H+), resulting in an increased ionization and a slight pH decrease .

During titration of a strong acid with a strong base, the pH starts low and increases as the base is added. Initially, the pH changes slowly, then sharply increases at the equivalence point where the concentration of H+ equals the concentration of OH-. Beyond the equivalence point, the pH increases slowly again as excess base is added. The pH at the equivalence point is typically neutral (pH 7) for strong acid-strong base titrations .

The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation provides a mathematical relationship between the pH, the pKa of the acid, and the ratio of the concentrations of the conjugate base and the acid. It is used to estimate the pH of a buffer solution and to understand how the pH changes with the addition of small amounts of acid or base. This relationship is critical for buffer design and understanding its resistance to pH changes .

The addition of HCl to the solution of CH3COO- and CH3COOH introduces H+ ions, which react with the basic component CH3COO- to form CH3COOH. This reaction increases the concentration of the weak acid CH3COOH and decreases the concentration of CH3COO-, causing a slight decrease in pH. However, due to the buffer action of the acetic acid/acetate conjugate pair, the overall pH change is minimal .

The solubility product (Ksp) represents the maximum product of ion concentrations in a saturated solution before a precipitate forms. By comparing Qsp (the reaction quotient) to Ksp, one can predict whether a precipitate will form. If Qsp exceeds Ksp, the solution is supersaturated, leading to precipitation. If Qsp is less than Ksp, the solution remains unsaturated, and no precipitation occurs .

In the presence of additional fluoride ions from a common source (e.g., NaF), the equilibrium of the dissolution of CaF2 shifts to the left due to the Le Chatelier's principle. This occurs because the increase in fluoride ion concentration pushes the reaction CaF2(s) ⇌ Ca2+(aq) + 2F-(aq) toward forming more solid, thus decreasing the solubility of CaF2 in the solution .

The pH of a solution containing a weak acid is higher than that of a strong acid at the same concentration because weak acids only partially dissociate in solution, leading to a lower concentration of H+ ions. In contrast, strong acids fully dissociate, resulting in a higher concentration of H+ ions and a lower pH .

Adding NaOH to a solution containing NH4+ and NH3 increases the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-). These ions react with the NH4+ ions to form NH3 and water, decreasing the concentration of NH4+ while increasing the concentration of NH3. This shift causes a slight increase in the solution's pH but is buffered by the NH4+/NH3 pairing, limiting the change .

The ionization percentage of a weak acid like CH3CH2COOH increases as the pH of the solution decreases. Lower pH indicates higher concentration of H+ ions, driving the dissociation reaction forward according to Le Chatelier's principle. Therefore, in a more acidic environment, CH3CH2COOH will ionize more, increasing the ionization percentage .

The addition of a common ion to a solution containing a sparingly soluble salt decreases its solubility due to the common ion effect. The increased concentration of the common ion shifts the dissolution equilibrium toward the formation of the solid phase, reducing the number of ions in solution. This principle is used to lower the solubility of salts by introducing ions that are already present in the equilibrium .

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