74

Proportion

ratios. If we
If expres
w e express the fact that
That is the ratio a: :bbe
more

between
two o r
proportion.

Proportion is the equality forms a When

ratio is equal to a n o t h e r
ratio, then
it
d are
said to
be in proportion.
When
ta.
b, c, called the
one

Cqual to the
ratio c : d. The
four t e r m s a,
times as d, then a, b, C, d
are
terms of
many
and c is a s
many times a s b,
s
the proportion. to the ratio of 4 to 1

of 2 and 5 equal .We

If we that the ratio also be expressed
ror example,
state
10. This equality of ratios can the
the proportion 2 : 5 : : 4 :
torm
following ways:
to 10
2:5::4:10 or:or 2 to 5 =4
are called the extremes, and
terms) and
proportion the first and last terms (outside
In a
the means.
the second and the third terms (inside terms) are called

b d

Means
extremes

In every proportion the product of the extreme is equal to the product of the
means, i.e. ad =bc
Example: 1 A man can do 12 pencils in 15
minutes. How long will it take
him to turn out 96 pencils?
Solution: Let, the time taken be x

We have 12:96: 15:x

or 12x =
96 x 15 orx = 0 x15
12
=120 minute
'x
=2 hour
Direct Proportion
Quantities are said to be in direct
increase (or proportion when an increase (or
kind is accompanied by an

Example: 2 Ifa labour earn8 decrease) in the other. decrease) 1 one

wages at ()
indicated as follows. 12 per day his
No. of days
2
earnings may be
5 6 8
Earnings of 24 60
72
10
96 120
120
Pereent
ges, Ratios And Proportie

6 days.
8 men + 16 boys 32 hoys can do a job in
do a job in how many aays
20 bov8 62 hova can
Similarly, 16 men
=

This is a case of inverse proportion

Let. the unknown quantity be 'r' days
5 2 x = 32 x 6
32 52:*:6
32 x 6
3252
-3.70 days
ana
piece of work in 60 days
A contractor undertake to do the a
Example: 8 he finds that only / 5 of
employs 300 men. But after 40 days
extra men be
engaged, 80
work has been completed. How many
that the work may be finish in time.

Solution:
employed = 300
No. of men

to finish the work be

x
Let, the No. of men required

Remaining days
= 60- 40 = 20 days
Work completed
= 3/5

Work to be completed=1- Therefore we have

The above values are the terms of the inverse proportion.

300:x men

40 days: 20 days
5or 3:2
20 x 3 = 300 x 40 x 2
.e., x x

.X =
300x 40 x 2 400 men
20 x 3
300 men = 100 men
needed to finish the work
is 400 men-
More men
weeks.
make 15kma of roadway in 40
to
A contractor undertook
Example: 9 180 men working 8 hours a
3 kme were completed by
In 10 weeks and
the men agreed to work 1 hour a day overtime
day, then them. The work was finished in
some boys were engages to assist
is 40 weeka). How many boys were
the stipulated time (that
be equal to that of 2 men?
employed if the work of 3 boys
Solution:
40 weeks
given stipulates time
=
The
3km of road way
Work done in 10 weeks
=

40 weeks 10 weeks = 30 weeks

Remaining weeks
-

=
 80
weeks
first 10
in
per day 9
hours

Worki hours = 8 hrs + 1) =

weeks
=
(8 val.
remaining
30 kms.
The above ues are the
hours in 3 = 12
done 15
Orking

work to be
done = 3 kms;
ork
terms of respective proportion.

The relation.

10 weeks: 30weeks proportion)

:3:12 or 1:4(all are direct
8 hours: 9 hours
180 men : x men

8 x 180 x 4
9x 1 = 10 x
Le., 30 x x

8x 180 x 4 640
10 x
= 3
30 x9
640 100
Hence, more men needed =

3
Given, that 3 boy work = 2 men's work

3
1 men's work =
boys work
100
No. boys required 50 boys
3
Example: 10 Two taps can separately fill a tank in 12 and 15 minutes
respectively. The tank, when full, can be emptied by a drain pipe
in 20 minutes. When the tank was empty, all the three were
opened simultaneously. In uwhat time will the tank be
filled up?
Solution
Tap 1 can full of tank in one minute
1
Tap 2 can fill
of tank in one minute
1
Pipe an
empty o20 of tank in one
minute
In 1 minute the tank will
be1 1
(20+16 12 24
1520 full.

240 =

240 10
Hence in 1
one minute of tank will
10 be full
The whole tank will get filled
in 10
munites.
 IONs 81
osition of Ratio
Two or
more ratios are
.b d is the multiplied gether,
compounded together, then they
they are
are said to be compounded.
ratio of : b s
a
and c: d
()
TuO ratio, if
antecedent of
hen they are said to
be
one is the
consequent of the
reciprocals to each oU
If the ratio a ; b is other.
(i) compounded with itself, the result is the
duplicate ratio ot a : b
Similarly a b is triplicate ratio a': b° ratio o licate
licate
ratio of a : b and so on. 1s
quad
Properties of Proportion:

If then their
reciprocal are equal 1.e., a c This property 1s caieu

INVERTENDO

/7 thendADDENDO)
b +d +f

I . then (SUBTRACTENDO)

we we have ad =
=bc and . This is called ALTERNANDO.
a +b Cd
adding one on both sides, we get+1 =+1
or
b d
b

This is called COMPONENDO.

sides, get
=, subtracting one on both
we
When, d

DIVIDENDO.
This is called
a+ c +d componendo)
=d (dividendo)
d
When, d'
When,=, we have b

And therefore
ET DIVIDENDO
COMPONENDO
a+bC+d
t h i s process
i1s t e r m e d a s

a
Example:1
a+x+ ya-*_ a
Solve a +x -

va-*
 Solution:
By Componendo et Dividendo,

y a r y a -r+ ya+* - a
.
Va+* + ya -r -a +* t ya*

Example: 2 C
a

= prove tha +2y + 2 * - x -

2y +z
2b +C a-c a - 2b + C

Solution:
Let, the given fractions are equal to K.
K(a
-
2b + c)
K(a c), z
-
=

Then x =
K(a + 2b+ c), y =

a
a
a
2b + c) 4Ka 4KK
c)+2K (a c)+ K(a
-

+2y + 2 K(a + 2b+

b
b
2b c) K(a + 26 + C -

a +
2b-c
26 c) - K(a +
-

K(a + +

b
4Kb 4K
C
x -2y + z K(a + 2b + c) - 2K (a - c) + K(a - 2b + C)

K(a + 26 + c - 2a + 2c + a 2b + c)

C 1
4Kc 4K

d C
x +2y + 2 * z * -2y + 2

Example: 3
x+ 12a- *_ va +1
Solve
12a -* a-1
Solution:
By Componendo et Dividendo, we get

+12-z+ - 12a-z a 1)+(Va -1

120-)- (x -12a-z (a +1)-(Ja -1)
12a x 12a *
Per

Squaring both sides, we get

* -12a ax 12 ax - 0
3n(a 4a)-O
*+4ax3ar 12a-o x(x 4a)
>(* + 4a)(r - 3a) - 0

= 3a or - 4a

Arample:4

11 bC C+a a+b

2(+y+ 2)_(b+ c)x (c +

a)y (a *b
Show that ab
(a +b + c) bc + Ca +

Solution:

z.
a+b - a +b+c
.....i)
Wehave. c+a
cy
bz +bx +
cx+

ay + az
a(y+2)_b(z+ x)c(x+ + bc + ca)
2(ab
ASO a(b+c) b(c + a) ca+b

get
By() and (ii),
we

c) + (c + a) + z(a +b)
2(x+y+z)x(b + + bc + ca
(ab
a+ b + C

Example: 5
CX+ay + bz
+ az

If ax+by + cz
bx + cy
1

each ratio
is equal
to
a + b +c
Show that

Solution: Sum of Numerators

Denominators
Each ratio Sum of
x+y+ 2
az +
cx + a y + b2
bx + Cy+
+ c2 +
ax+ by
r + y+ 2
+c(x+y
+ 2)
* y
+ z)
+ b(r
y + 2)
a (x +

+ + (a
+b +b+c)
c)
y
+ z)
(x +
 Review Qu

2 mark)
Short 7ype Questions (for
1. Define ratio.
2. What is common ratio?
3. What is duplicate ratio?
difference.
4. What is operating ratio? common

common
ratio and
between
5. the
ditference

6. What do you mean by proportion:

What is direct proportion?
8. What do you mean by inverse proportion
9 What do you mean by continued proportion?
10. Difference between ratio and proportion.

Practical Problems

Q.1 Caleulate 25% of 120

Q.2 A blackboard is reduced 15% in price in a sale. The old pricè was R 750. Find
the new price.
Q.3 An article is purchased for 1750 and sold for 1985. Find the gain percent.
9.4 A man bought 40 toys for R 800 and sold 35 of them for 950. Find his gain or
loss percent.
Q.5 The list price of article is ? 15,000. The producer offers 20% trade discount
an

to the customer. A cash discount of 2% is

offered for immediate payment.
Assuming that the customer makes immediate
payment for the purchase.
compute the selling price.
Q.6 By selling an article for 121 a dealer gains 10% what is the percentage of
profit or loss. If he has sold the article foe
104.50?
Q.7 If x:3 50: 2. Find x. Nov 2014, 2012
Q.8 Find the third proportional to 3:9.
Q.9 Find the third proportion of 4 and 8
Q.10 Find the fourth proportion of 6 8:9.
Q.11 Two numbers are in the ratio
3. of 7 Their difference is
20. Find the number.
9.12 A number is divided into 3 parts in the
ratio
81. Find the others numbers. of 2 3:4. If the second part
Q.13 A's monthly salary is 250 and B's annual
what is the ratio of their income. income from
agriculture
ire is
is 7 4000.
4000
Pelt
the
182. Find
. numbers are în the ratio 5 : 8. If the sum of the number *
is
414 numbers.

bullocKS
How many
10 bullocks can
plough 12 acres of land since 15 days.
o.15will be required to plough 72 acres in 5 days. in t h e
t
ratio 12 1 3 .
company's yearly profits are found to have risen in the
16 A profits this year.
the profits were 13,800, Find the
1 6

revious year finish the

workers will
pr

00 workers can finish a work in 8 days. How many

work in 3 days. ratio 8

same in
added to each they are the
a r e in the ratio 5 8. If 9is
18 Two numbers
18 T w o n u m b e

numbers.
:11. Find the
earn
will 15
men

in how any days

IE 10 men c a n e a r n 7 10500 in 7 days
22500? the price of
ears later when
Three year
2 vehicles was 8 : 7. their
prices
The ratio of price of 10% the ratio of
0.20
Q.20
i n c r e a s e d by 880 and the second by
first had
What w a s the original prices. respectively 5
: 3 :8
became bill. B are
savings of A
and
Find t h e i r
e x p e n s e s and in a year.
of incomes,
them a r e 3,600
ratio
Q.21 The The joint savings both of
:5 and 2 : 1. will it
monthly incomes. days, how long
in 16
perform a job
working 12 hours per day same t
ask?
22 If 15 to do the
men
hours daily (BU, [Link], Dec-2015)
working 10
take 21 m e n
pieces.
and 10 paise
25 paise
of 50 paise, Find the
some
coins consisting total value be z 144.
A
contains
4 5 and their
the ratio 3 :
Q.23 purse

the coins be in
If each kind. and 2 boys
coins of long shall 5 m e n
of How
number
in 33 days.
a work
c a n do
4 boys will 8
Q242 m e n and hours a day. How much
finish it? working 9
take to
360 in 6 days
can
earn z at 6 hours a day?
carpenters working
285
earn
in 12 days
carpenters

*****
 86
Problems

Practical
Solution of

Solution: Q.1
30
25 25 25% of 120 is
120 30 So
25%= and x =

100 100
Solution: Q.2
First, find 15% of 7 750:

15 15 112.5
1 0100
0
and
and 100750 = 112.5, 15% of 750 is
100
112.5) = 637.5
D0 the reduction is 112.5 from orginal price i.e. (750
Solution: Q.3
Gain=SP - CP = 1985 1750 = 235

Gain in % = 235 x 100 = 13.43%

1750
Solution: Q.4
Cost price of 40 toys 7 800? CP of 1 toy z 200
= =

Selling price of 35 toys = z 950» SP of 1 toy = z 27.14

Therefore, Gain = 27.14 - 20 =7.14

7.14
Gain percent= |20 x 100 = 35.7%
20
Solution: Q.5

List Price
15000
Less: Trade Discount@ 20%
3000
(15,000 x 20%)
Invoice Price
12000
Less: Cash Discount@ 2%
240
(8000x 2%)
Selling Price
1160
Solution: Q.6
Let, x be the cost price of the
article
Consider,
Selling price = Cost Price + Gains
 121 =
* +* 10% 121 = x + 0.1 *
1.1x 121 =21
=
x
x = 110
1.1
Price =
110
Cost
hen the article is sold book 104.50
Profit or Loss = 104.50 110

Loss = 5.5

Thedealer losses by5.5

(110 5%
Solution: Q.7
x:3= 50:2

2x=150

150
x = x = 75
2

Solution: Q.8
Let, the third proportional be x

3 9:x are in the third proportion

92 3x; 3x = 81
3 9 : 27
x 27 27 is the third proportional to
Solution: Q.9
Let the third proportion bex
4:8: x are in the third proportion

4x 4x =6 4 * * =16
8
8:16.
proportional to 4
16 is the third

Solution: Q.10
proportion bex
Let the fourth
=
72 > x
6x =

x =12.
Solution: Q.11
7x: 3x
Let, the number be
3x 20
difference
7x -

There

x
==
r =5
4r =
20
 Fourth term =
x days
Therefore, the ratio = 7:*
The known ratio of like items are
a) Number of men
(Inverse proportional)
15 10
b) Amount earn (Direct
proportional)
= 10,500: 22,500

Then, 15 10:: 7:x ..1)

.
10,500 22,500:7:X.. ..(i)
From (i) and (ii) we get
(15 x
10500):(10 22500):: 7:x x

1,57,500x: 2,25,000: 7: x
157500x 22500x 7 x =
= 225000 7 x
1575000
157500 157500
x =
10 days
Solution: Q.20
Let, the original of the 2 vehicles be 8x and 7x
Consider,
8x + 8880
13 8x+ 8880
7x+ 10
13
7x+100 77 11 7x +0.7x 11 11(8x 880) 13(7x + 0.7x)
+
=

88x + 9680
13(7. 7x) 88x + 9680 =
100.1r 100.1x 88x 9680
12.1x =
9680 x =
9680
680
12.1
= 800
Original Price of the 2 vehicles area
1st vehicles =
8x =
8 x
800 =
6400
2nd vehicles =
7x 7
= x
800 =
5600
Solution: Q.21
Given, the ratio of
their incomes =5:3
Let, A's Income 5x =

B's Income 3x =

Again, given, ratio ofthe

their
Sum of the values = 2+1 saving 2:1
=

=3
Percer
entages, Ratio And
The joint savings =
roportions 91
3,600
2
A's Saving= 3600
3 - 7200
2,400
1
B's Savings = 3 3600 - 3600
= 1,200
A's 3
expenditure =
5x- 2400
Bs
expenditure =
3x 1200 -

But given that ratio of

expenditure =
8 :5
i.e.
5x-2400): (3x -

1200) 8:5 8(3x - 1200) 5l5x - 2400)

=

24x -

9600 25x -

12000 25x 24x =

12000 -

9600
x = 2400

Thus, A income =
5 x
2400 12,000
B income =
3 x
2400 7,200
Solution: Q.22
This is a of
compound proportions because, there are three quantities in
case
relationship with each other, number of men, number of hour per day and number of
days worked.
Let the number of days required for 21 men working 10 hours per day = x days.
Step 1:
Express the odd term and unknown quantity as the third and fourth
proportional.
16 days: x days
Step 2:
and express them as ratios, arranging the terms in
Take the known quantities
the relationship, 1.e., direct or inverse, in mind while
the order of ratios in step1. Keep
writing ratios.
is inversely proportlonal
to number of days, in doing a job.
i) Number of men

21:15 16:x
a n a t n e n u m b e r ot days to do a job are inversely
of hours per day
(i) Number
related
10:12: 16:x

(ii) 21:15
10:12 :: 16:x hand
hand side ratio
ratio
the l e f t .
Compound

Step 3:
Step
 16:x
(21 x 10): (15 x (12)::
210:180:: 16:x
180x 16
= 13.71 days
210
Solution: Q.23
Given, the ratio of coins = 3: 4 : b

Ratioof value =3 x 4 x : 5 : 3:2: 1

Sum of values 3 + 2 + 1 6

Value of 50 paise coins x 144 =

7 72
No. of 50
paise coins =
72 x 2 = 144

Value 2
of 25 paise coins =
x 144 =
7 48
. No. of 25
paise coins =
48 x 4 =
192

Value of 10 paise coins =

144 =
7 24
No. of 10
paise coins 24 x 10 =
=
240
Hence, no. of coins of each
kind is 144, 192 and 240.
Solution: Q.24
Let the number of
days be x
Men
Boys
2
4
Days
5 33
2
X
X 33 x
=
26.5
It will take
5
days
26.5 for 5 men
Solution: Q.25 and 2 boys to
complete the work.
Carpenters Hour
5
9
Days
6 Wages
12 360
X = 360 x 12
9 6 = 768

*****