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Genetic Engineering in Crop Production

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This document contains questions and partial answers about genetics, heredity, cell division, selective breeding, biotechnology, and livestock improvement. It includes diagrams of chromosome…

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  • Module 5 Exercises - Genetics and Biotechnology

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MODULE 5

The figure shows a pair of chromosomes with the position of corresponding genes on each. Use it to
answer question 1a[i] to [iii]. 2004

a. (i)label any pair of allele in the diagram …………………………………………………………………………………[1]

(ii) State if pairs of alleles labeled in (i) above are homozygous or heterozygous………………………...… [1]

(iii) State if alleles shown in the chromosome W above are dominant or recessive

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………….… [1]

b. Complete the table to show differences between mitosis and meiosis


mitosis meiosis
i
ii
iii
iv
[4]

2. (a) explain how modern biotechnology improves production of crops


……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………. [6]

(b) Describe hybridization in plants


……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………[4]

2007 3. (a) (i) what is meant by genetic engineering?


...........................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................[1]

(b)(i) Give one example of biotechnology used in animal production


………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……… [1]
(iii) Describe how the examples you have named in (b)(i) can be applied in animal
Production
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…. [3]

(c) In cattle the allele for polledness (H) is dominant to the allele for horned (h).
What will be the offspring’s phenotypic ratio when mating two heterozygous polled cattle?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...? [1]

2009
4 (a) explain the process of hybridization in plants

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]

(b) How can the yield of a crop be enhanced through selection?


……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]

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(c) How can beef production be improved through upgrading?


……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

[d] What is meant by?


[i] Traditional biotechnology
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……… [1]

[ii] Modern biotechnology


……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………… [1]

[e] [i] in rabbits, the gene for folded ear is dominant to the gene for normal ear. Over a period
of two years, two rabbits, which were heterozygous for the gene, produced a total of 160
offspring’s. What would be the ratio of folded ear to normal ear among these offspring?
A 1: 3 C 5:3
B 1:1 D 3:1

[ii] What breeding method is used to improve the quality of a herd of local cattle by using an
exotic bull?
A inbreeding C selection
B upgrading D pure breeding

[iii] Which is the disadvantage of using biotechnology in Agriculture?


A genetically modified seeds are expensive
B improved crop and livestock yield
C possible to engineer crops and livestock for the specific purpose
D desired genetic changes can be achieved in fewer generation.

2010
5 [a] define the following terms giving a relevant example for each:
[i] co- dominace
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…… [2]

[ii] Complete dominance


……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……[2]

The illustrations, A&B show how types of cell division in cattle.


A B

[b] [i] which type of cell division is shown in illustration B?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..........[1]

[ii] Give a reason for your answer


……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….[1]

[c] What is the importance of selective breeding in cattle?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]

[d] State the relevance of the signs of heat when breeding livestock?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………............. [1]

2011
6 [a] what name is given to a unit of inheritance found in every cell of living things?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........... [1]

[b] Name two environmental factors that can cause variation in plants
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... [2]

[c] Explain how one of these environmental factors can cause variation in plants
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... [2]

2012
7 [a] explain the following terms as used in livestock improvement.
[i] Breeding
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………… [1]

[ii] Genetic engineering


……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……. [1]

[iii] Co dominance
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..[1]

[b] Differentiate between the following terms.


[i] Phenotype and genotype

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…….[1]

[i] Traditional biotechnology and modern biotechnology

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…… [1]
[c] fig shows a pair of chromosomes.
On the diagram, label alleles that are; [i] heterozygous
[ii] Homozygous recessive

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Fig pg 7

[d] The gene for chinchilla in rabbits (R) is dominant over the gene for white fur (r) . A
heterozygous male rabbit is crossed with a homozygous recessive female. What will be the
genotypic ratio for this cross?

[3]

2013
8 [a] what is meant by the terms:
[i] Breeding

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……. [1]

[ii] Biotechnology

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

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[b] fig shows a simplified diagram of an animal cell.


Fig

Name the parts labeled:


A ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………[1]

B……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

C……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

[C] Which genes in figure 6.1 are?


[i] Homozygous and dominanant
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………,………… [1]

[ii] Homozygous and recessive


…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]

[iii] Heterozygous
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

[d] How does an ordinary animal cell differ from a gamete cell?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………............ [1]

[e] Use the information to answer questions i &ii

In cattle, a of horns (polled) is dominant to the presence of horns. A heterozygous polled bull is
crossed with a homozygous recessive cow.

[i] What will be the genotypic ratio of the cross?


A 1:1 C 3:1
B 2:1 D 4:0

[ii] If 50 calves are born from this cross, how many of them can be expected to be polled?
A 25 calves C 38 calves
B 33 calves D 50 calves

2014
9[a] explain the following terms as used in genetics:
[i] Heterozygous
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………[1]

[ii] Dominance
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………[1]

[b] Fig 6.1 is a diagram of an animal cell greatly magnified.

Pg 7

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Label an allele and a chromosome on fig 6.1………………………………………………………………….……….. [2]

[c] A bull with horns is crossed with a polled cow (no horns). The offspring produced consists of
an equal number of horned and polled calves. The gene for polled is dominant over the
presence of horns.
By means of clear illustrations show the genotypic outcome of the cross

[3]

2015
10[a] [i] what term best describes the manipulation of the DNA structure to produce new
organisms?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………............. [1]

[ii] State one way the practice of traditional biotechnology differs from modern biotechnology
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……[1]

[b] A black- haired ram which is not breeding pure for colour is crossed with a homozygous
recessive white-haired ewe.
Assuming that represents the dominant allele and b represent the recessive allele for colour,
work out the ratio of black-haired to white –haired offspring from this crossing

[3]

[c] Explain the difference between crossbreeding and inbreeding using appropriate examples
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]

[d] [i] Which of the following statements about mitosis is true?


A it is a process of reduction division
B it has two phases of division

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C it results in haploid daughter cells


D it results in identical daughter cells

[ii] Which pair of allele represents a pure and dominant genotype?


A HH C hH
B Hh D hh

Use the information below to answer question [iII]

Pure bred plants; one producing white flowers and the other one producing red flowers were
crossed and all flowers produced were white. The white flowered plants were allowed to self
fertilise. Then a total of 800 flowers were collected from the plant.

[iii] Predict the number of flowers that were red from the cross.
A0 C 600
B 200 D 2400

Use the illustration to answer question [iv]


Two identical potato plants were planted on the same day and grown in two different climatic
regions. The drawings show average size of the tubers from each plant.

[iii] What could have caused the different in size of the two tubers?
A alleles C genes
B chromosomes D environment

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The illustration below shows a way of livestock breeding. Use it to answer question [e]..

[e] Which method of livestock breeding is illustrated?


A line crossing C selection
B pure breeding D upgrading

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Common questions

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Hybridization in plants involves crossing two genetically different plants to produce offspring that exhibit traits from both parent plants. This process can increase genetic diversity and lead to the development of new plant varieties with improved characteristics such as greater yield, resistance to diseases, and adaptation to environmental changes .

Genetic engineering in animal production can be applied by introducing specific genes that increase the efficiency of livestock. For instance, transgenic pigs can be engineered to produce less nitrogen waste, which reduces environmental impact, or engineered cattle can be made more resistant to specific diseases, improving health and productivity .

Environmental factors such as climate, soil quality, and water availability can significantly impact plant variation by influencing growth patterns, health, and reproduction. For example, sunlight exposure can affect the rate of photosynthesis, leading to variations in plant size and flowering times even within the same species .

The phenotypic ratio for the offspring of a cross between two heterozygous polled cattle, where the allele for polledness (H) is dominant over the allele for horns (h), is 3:1. This means three-quarters of the offspring will be polled, and one-quarter will have horns .

Mitosis and meiosis are both processes of cell division, but they have distinct differences. Mitosis results in two identical daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell, and is involved in growth and repair. It consists of one division cycle. In contrast, meiosis includes two division cycles and leads to the production of four genetically diverse daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes, essential for sexual reproduction .

Traditional biotechnology involves using natural organisms or organic processes like fermentation and selective breeding to enhance production in agriculture and food processing. An example is the use of yeast in bread-making. Modern biotechnology involves manipulating organisms at the molecular level, such as genetic engineering, to achieve more precise and targeted improvements, such as creating genetically modified crops with pest resistance .

Modern biotechnology enhances crop production by allowing for the introduction of desirable traits such as pest resistance, improved nutritional content, and better stress tolerance through genetic engineering. These methods facilitate the development of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) that can yield more under specific conditions and reduce the reliance on chemical pesticides or fertilizers .

When a heterozygous polled bull is crossed with a homozygous recessive cow for the same trait, the expected genotypic ratio is 1:1, meaning half of the offspring will inherit the heterozygous genotype (Hh) and half will inherit the homozygous recessive genotype (hh). Phenotypically, this results in a 1:1 ratio of polled to horned offspring .

Co-dominance occurs when two alleles in a gene pair are both fully expressed, resulting in a phenotype that displays both traits equally without blending. An example is the AB blood type in humans, where both A and B alleles are equally expressed, resulting in a blood type that exhibits characteristics of both .

Selective breeding in livestock involves choosing animals with desirable traits to reproduce, thereby enhancing certain qualities in future generations. This method can improve characteristics such as growth rate, milk production, disease resistance, and meat quality, leading to more efficient and sustainable livestock production .

P a g e | 1 1 | P a g e MODULE 5 The figure shows a pair of chromosomes with the position of corresponding genes o
P a g e | 2 2 | P a g e …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………. [6] (b) Describe hybridization i
P a g e | 3 3 | P a g e (c) How can beef production be improved through upgrading? ………………………………………………………………………
P a g e | 4 4 | P a g e …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…… [2] [ii] Complete dominance ……
P a g e | 5 5 | P a g e ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... [2] 2012 7 [a] explain the fol
P a g e | 6 6 | P a g e Fig pg 7 [d] The gene for chinchilla in rabbits (R) is dominant over the gene for whit
P a g e | 7 7 | P a g e [b] fig shows a simplified diagram of an animal cell. Fig Name the part
P a g e | 8 8 | P a g e ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………............ [1] [e] Use the informati
P a g e | 9 9 | P a g e Label an allele and a chromosome on fig 6.1………………………………………………………………….……….. [2] [c] A bull
P a g e | 10 10 | P a g e C it results in haploid daughter cells D it results in identical daughter cells [ii] Wh

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