Three kinds of
Ratio and proportion
proportion Direct proportion 1
A proportional relationship describes quantities
that increase or decrease in the same ratio.
Equivalent fractions Example: if daghan and family members,
daghan ang bugas consume. If gamay ra ang
The two fractions are equivalent.
fam members, gamay ra ang bugas ma
consume.
Ratio
Deals with relationship between two Inverse proportion I
quantities. (A:B) A proportional relationship states that when an
Remember, for the two ratios to be increase in one quantity results in a decrease in
another and vice versa; a product of two quantities.
equivalent, they must have same value
and the same units. Example: If daghang tao mag buhat ug balay,
gamay lang nga oras ang kelangan. Pag gamay
Proportion rasad nga tao, taas nga oras ang kelangan.
An equation in which two rationales
are equal; shows how quantities relate Partitive proportion or proportion
to each other Means
·
by part
A: B A : B
=
Extremes A concept of proportional relationship that describes
a whole amount being divided into two or equal more
parts.
Fundamental law of proportion
The product of the means is equal to the Example: Si A, B, and C kay mag hati sa 64 ka toys
in the ration of 1:3:4.
product of the extremes
Cross product property Example & Solving
A way to eliminate fractions in an
equation; also known as cross Direct proportion
multiplication A car travels 120km in 3hrs. How many km will it
cover in 5 hrs?
Given: Solution:
3x =
120(6) Next, i-divide ang base (64) sa sum answer (4).
I :
120 : 3=/ 6
720 ·
I divide nar 64
=
4
=
14
i Hor
=
km Hor
BX= 720
is
to satapadsa After ana, i multiply each of this 1:1:2 sa answer (16).
atong variable
3 3 (x) .
1(1) 1(16) 2(1)
, ,
120 : 3 = 240 : G X =
210 =16 (JeFF) 1 ,
(Leal 32 (Davel
,
Inverse proportion Mark-up,
Four men repair a road in 6hrs. How long will it take
8 men to finish the job if they work at the same Mark-down,
rate?
Given: Solution:
and Mark-on
4:6
=
8: X 8X =
4(6)
men Hors inten Hours =24 Mark-on (Mo)
I
e Original price of the product/item.
4:G =
8: 3 FORMULA:
Mo= S - Mu (If given ang S and Mu)
Mo= Md + S (If given ang Md and S)
If percentage ang given for Md. (80% or .8)
Remember, ang kalahian sa both pag solving na kay ang S= Mo - Md
Direct kay i multiply nimo ang means to means, and 100= 1X - .8X
mas ni and
·
ibutang Sa
missing
extremes to extremes. For instance, 120:3=X:6,
.
= .2X
imohang i multiply ang means so 3*X= 3X, next
extremes 120*6=720, tapos divide na sa tapad sa
variable which is 3. Ang sa Inverse naman kay sa tapad
= same sa proportion i divide
variable
,
Sa tapad sa
nimo sila i multiply. For instance, 4:6=8:X, multiply the 8
.
Mo= 50
and X= 8x, tapos 4(6)=24, tapos divide sa tapad sa
variable.
Mark-down Md (decreasing)
Partitive proportion or proportion Reduced price/discount of an item.
by part FORMULA:
Md= Mo- S
A glass of jar has 64 chocolates. Jeff, Lea, and Dave
will share the chocolates in the ratio 1:1:2. How
many chocolates will each one of them get?
Mark-up Mu (Increasing)
Solution: An increasement of the product.
1: 7 : 2 -
1 +
1 +
2 =
4 FORMULA:
Mu= S - Mo
GIVEN: SOLUTION:
Example & Solving Mo= ₱1,500
S= ₱5,000
Mu= S - Mo
Mu= ₱5,000 - ₱1,500
Mu= ? Mu= ₱3,500
Mark-on (Mo)
PROBLEM: An action sports camera is being sold at a
43% discount. The selling price is ₱2,049. What was
the mark-on?
Mark-down (Md)
PROBLEM: The price of an item in a resto-bar
Since percentage man ang discount, we’re
whose business is affected by the pandemic was
going use this formula, S= Mo - Md.
originally sold at ₱593, was reduced to ₱350.
- AIWAYS What is the markdown?
GIVEN: SOLUTION: remember na
S= ₱2,049
S= Mo - Md mao ibutary GIVEN:
ni
SOLUTION:
Md= 43% or .43 sa
missing
₱2,049= 1x - .43 Md= Mo - S
.
Mo= ? (₱3, 594.74)
X
Mo= ₱593
= .57X S= ₱350 Md= ₱593 - ₱350
F2 049
,
= · 51x Md= ₱243
· 57 ·
51
Mo= ₱3,594.74
*If ang Mu and S price ang given
Buying
GIVEN:
Mu= ₱1,000
SOLUTION:
Mo= S - Mu
and Selling
S= ₱3, 500 Mo= ₱3,500 - ₱1,000
Mo= ₱ 2,500
Revenue
*If ang Md and S ang given Income you earn by selling products/services.
GIVEN: SOLUTION:
Md= ₱500 Mo= Md + S Cost of Goods Sold (COGS)
S= ₱3,800 Mo= ₱500 + ₱3,800
Cost of acquiring or manufacturing the products
Mo= ₱4,300
that a company sells during a period.
Gross Profit
Mark-up (Mu) Revenue has left after paying all the direct
expenses related to the manufacturing or
PROBLEM: In January 2020, Zyth bought 5 boxes of a
acquiring of the product.
3 ply surgical mask worth ₱1,500. After 3 months, he
decided to sell the 5 boxes of masks because of the
higher demand due to the existence of covid-19 with
Mark-up
its present market value of ₱5,00. How much is the The amount or cost of a product increased to
mark-up? obtain the retail price.
Gross Profit x 100
W
20GS
Margin Relationship
The amount remaining after a retailer/manufacturer
subtracts its COGS from net sales.
among fractions,
Gross Profit x 100
decimals, and
Revenue
percent
Mark-up STEPS IN SOLVING WORD PROBLEMS:
Shows how much more your selling price is than • IDENTIFY THE PROBLEM- Understand what the
the amount you spent to make them. problem is asking.
• DEVELOP S SOLUTION- Decide on a strategy to
Margin use.
Shows the revenue earned after paying the COGS. • EVALUATE AND SOLVE- Perform necessary
computations.
Example & Solving • ASSESS YOUR ANSWER- Most important part;
Check for mathematical errors.
PROBLEM: Let say you are selling a spyder bike
cycling helmet that costs ₱1,800. And you are
selling it online at ₱2,800. Compute the mark-up PART
and margin.
MARK- UP BASE RATE
GIVEN: SOLUTION:
COGS= ₱1,800 BASE (B)- Whole amount. PART (P)- Part
*Kuhaa sa ang gross profit
S= ₱2,800 RATE (R)- Percent
first. ( GP= S - COGS)
GP= ₱2,800 - ₱1,800
FORMULA:
GP= ₱500
* Mr =
GROSS PROFIT
x100 P= B X R
COGS
#
R= P/B
500 x 100
B= P/R
=
#1 808 ,
Mr =
33 33. %
MARGIN:
Types of Decimal
GROSSPROFIT
M x100
=
REVENUE Terminating
F500 Fixed na ang decimal, it means dili siya continous.
100
=
x
#2 800 EXAMPLE: 1.2, 0.35, 0.1, 0.46
M 11 86 %
,
=
.
FRACTION
Non- terminating Kung pila kabuok number sulod sa decimal, mao sad
Continous siya unlike sa terminating nga dili. dapat sa zero tapos dungagan ug 1 sa left. So,
VINCULUM
D Magbalik-balik kung .25 ang sulod sa decimal, then 100 ang sa
EXAMPLE: 1.3333
·
ang no nga under .
denominator. · remember whole ni siya
Sa vinculum . ,
A. Repeating (naay vinculum)- .123/ .1232323 so permi sa
gawas
1
.
B. Non-repeating (dots)- .123…../ .123456543 1 25=.
⑪ Does follow order ↳ Duha Kanumber
and solod
decimal so duha sad ka
Doesn’t follow order
sa zero
i ,
and add 1 .
Converting fraction to 75 simplify Mangitag a number nga prede
I
·
decimal to percent ma divide sa both .
7 E E: 57 kaywak
-> Mao nani ans
na man ma divide sa
FRACTION both .
1
·
Don't Forget to insert the
whole pag na simplify na and
Fraction .
DECIMAL PERCENT
REMEMBER: Only divide the fraction, ayaw na apila Just move the decimal.
ang whole number.
= T = 725 %
45
= 5
Another example, but with vinculum.
·
·
Since whole number man siya DECIMAL
X dapat naa jud no sa
gawas .
6 256 .
PERCENT FRACTON
Just multiply the decimal into 100 or imove ug ika REMEMBER, ang number under sa vinculum kay
duha ang decimal to the right. equivalent into 9.
First, iisa tanan number (6256)
7 25x108
. 725 %
=
Second, i-subtract tanan number/s nga wala naapil
7 25 =
725 % sa vinculum. (6256 - 62= 6194)
e
.
Third, after ma subtract kay ibutang ang answer
Converting decimal to sa numerator.
= 6256-62(wala sa vinculum)= 6194
fraction to percent =
6194
Turn it into proper since
improper siya (mas dako ang
DECIMAL 990 numerator kesa sa denominator.
5
From 2 since siya lang
7 25
↑
man ang walay labot sa
.
From 56 since vinculum. Ayaw nag
sila mang duha apila ang 6 kay whole
ang apil sa number naman siya.
vinculum.
Turning improper fraction to proper fraction
6
Always remember that ika isa
99014194 lang ka mag divide. Kung unsa
5948
-
ang first answer, mao nana ang
254 numerator (254).
Dili na siya ma simplify so mao nana
⑰
ang fraction.
Copy the denominator.
A Whole number.
PERCENT
=
6 .
256x100 =
425 6565 %
.
Converting percent to
decimal to fraction
PERCENT
625 6545 .
DECIMAL
625 6545 .
I
100 I divide nimo always sa 100
(Base)
=
↳ .
256
FRACTION
=
6256 -
62
=
6194
Turn it into
=
6194 proper.
990
990a