Rizal in the 21st Century: The Relevance of His Ideas and Texts

● ‘National sentiment’ - Rizal believed that the lack of national sentiment was the
cause of the numerous ills of Philippine colonial society.
● Constantino: Although Rizal aimed to describe the people and society of his
time, the fact that we still see many of these non-too-agreeable characters and
ills around indicates that he is still speaking of the present.
○ First school: Rizal’s ideas are still applicable not only today but for all
times.
■ Fails to view society in terms of a dynamic process and assumes
that Filipinos will continue to exemplify those negative traits Rizal
deplored and wished to reform.
○ Second school: Pays lip service to the national hero, emphasizing some
harmless aspects of his life and works, while claiming that the conditions
he wrote about no longer exist.
■ Reveals that some ideas and truths of Rizal are ‘unpalatable and
dangerous even now.’
○ An acute problem in present day Filipino society is how to make such
characters in Rizal’s works fade away and render Rizal’s criticisms of
them a purely historical matter.
○ To make Rizal obsolete.
● Socially Descriptive Texts
○ The portrayal of characters merely represents a literary device to
exemplify institutions. Rizal aimed to point out what was wrong among
individuals and institutions in the society of his time, wrongs still existing
in some form or another these days, and propounded solutions to
eliminate them.
○ If Rizal’s major works are to be better understood, it is important to
always bear in mind that he was a firm believer in the postulate that
man was endowed by his Creator with innate moral and intellectual
faculties that were meant to be actualized in the individual and social
[Link] develop these faculties, he also had innate rights that were
God-given in nature.
○ When Rizal demanded that a person be given his freedom, he did not
necessarily mean political independence since even within a colonial
context he stressed the necessity that a person be free within that
system. And when he wrote that man was not created by God to be a
slave, he was, in his own way, saying that man was born free; but if he
found himself unfree in a society, it was due to the nature of certain
social and political institutions.
○ Methodology in understanding Rizal’s two novels
 ■ The two novels must be viewed as one integral whole, such that
it can be assumed that the conception of the first entailed the
conception of the second.
■ To determine which ideas voiced by the various characters in
the novels represent Rizal’s and those which do not.
● The Philippines: A Century Hence - a political essay
indicating certain probabilities regarding the future of the
Philippine colony.
● On the Indolence of the Filipinos - an incisive
psychological and sociological analysis of the Filipinos and
how they had been conditioned by their history, the
conquest, and the introduction of foreign values and
institutions. It is in this essay where Rizal clearly delineates
the conditions for the salvation or regeneration of the
Filipino people.
● Social Degeneration
○ Rizal admitted that the so-called ‘indolence’ of the Filipinos had
become a chronic disease, but denied it was a hereditary one.
○ The natives of the colony were deliberately isolated from their Malay
neighbors by the colonizers, thus resulting in the decline of time-honored
commercial links.
○ The native found himself exploited. In more modern terms, he was
against a government that was controlled by a special class in society.
○ Rizal bewailed the lack of moral encouragement in a colonial society.
The education system was not really designed to encourage learning.
○ Lack of sentimiento nacional or national sentiment. Two manifestations:
(1) the person feels inferior regarding his native creative energy and the
quality of the results of native labor. He is easily dazzled by the brilliant
light of what is foreign simply because it is foreign; (2) the person fails or
refuses to oppose any government measure that is injurious to the
people. He lacks the initiative to contribute to the common good.
○ Rizal: A man in the Philippines is a mere individual, he is not a member of
a nation.
○ Enumeration of the ill effects of the absence of national sentiment,
based on the last chapter of El Filibusterismo:
■ Complacency in the face of tyranny;
■ The lack of disposition to struggle for their rights and to
guarantee these rights by sacrifice and blood;
■ The feeling of private shame on what is recognized as unjust in
society accompanied by the fear of voicing this feeling in public;
■ The wrapping of one’s self in false pride or egoism;
 ■ With a forced smile, lauding government corruption while
begging for a share in the spoils.
○ A person with national sentiment is one who is preeminently
appreciative of the results of native energy or labor or genius and is
not easily dazzled with what is foreign simply because it is not a result
of native effort. He is unafraid of tyranny, willing to work and struggle
for his rights to the extent of defending them with his life. Above all, he
has emancipated himself from self-love (amor propio) or pure
personal or selfish interests so as to conceive the good of the wider
group.
● Rizal’s Concept of National Sentiment
○ Has points of contact with Rousseau’s concept of the general will (will
for the good of all). The general will represents a moral effort aimed at
the good of the whole community as against that of a special
segment/class in society.
○ Qualitative difference between Rousseau’s general will and Rizal’s
national sentiment: Rousseau was a European acquainted with a long
history of nation states (moral approach -> to arrive at the principle of
legitimacy of the government), while Rizal was not living in what he
conceived as a nation.
○ The inability to conceive of a greater good that transcended pure
individual or personal interests was due to one’s amor propio or self-
love or false pride.
○ Two attempts at revolution, according to El Filibusterismo: (1) Simoun’s
inaction upon hearing Maria Clara’s death (this attempt contained a
very personal purpose); (2) Failed due to faulty coordination and
because of the lack of a well-defined cause or ideology. Certainly, no
national sentiment was involved in Simoun’s two attempts at revolution.
○ Noli me tangere - exposing the various ills of a colonial society; El
filibusterismo - showing what was wrong or incomplete in the technique
of ameliorating or solving them.
● Prescriptions for a National Community
○ Once they have cast away their feeling of inferiority fostered among
them by their conquerors and developed common aspirations, the people
would progressively increase their community feeling and solidarity, thus
evincing a national sentiment.
○ But Rizal’s wish for the Filipinos to know something of their ‘nationality in
its last days’ was NOT meant to revert to an old nativistic culture that
had been bypassed by modern progress and technology. It was simply to
remind people of a common ancestry and past achievements and not
 to impress upon them that they were once a nation in the modern sense.
For this had yet to exist in the islands.
○ Rizal was not content to have the national community as a concept that
could be reified by harking to a precolonial past or by the mere exercise
of many wills. He decided to go into the arena of action by organizing
Liga Filipina (aimed to stimulate education, agriculture, and
commerce; to serve as a defense against all violence and injustice).
■ Moral prescription: members ought not to subject themselves to
any form of humiliation or treat each other with arrogance.
■ When the Liga Filipina aimed to unite the archipelago ‘into one
compact, vigorous and homogenous body,’ it was, in effect, aiming
to create a parallel community with a higher good to which the
member could sublimate its personal interests since he was not
humiliated or exploited in it.
■ Due to the structure of its administrative setup as well as its cell
system that was intended for the perpetuation of the Liga Filipina,
one of its goals is to include all natives in the archipelago.
■ When Rizal made Simoun’s two attempts at the revolution fail,
it did not necessarily imply that he was against revolution. It
could only mean that he was prescribing the conditions for its
justification. Or, he was laying the conditions under which it could
be judged successful.
■ At any rate, from a pragmatic point of view, a revolution
motivated by a definite ideology and supported by a solid
community would have greater chances at success.
○ To Rizal, the existence of a national sentiment and of a national
community is not an ultimate end in itself. It is simply a tool to achieve
certain human ends in the historical development of people.