The Effects of Relationship between Social Media Usage and

Students’ Self-Esteem to High School Students of Mizpah

Community Christian Academe Inc. Main

A Research Paper Presented to the Faculty of

Senior High School Department
Mizpah Community Christian
Academe Inc.

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement

For the subject Practical Research II
First Semester S.Y. 2023-2024

Maria Angela Elizabeth M. Antonio

Ma. Luisa Ysabelle Camacho
Dante L. Gripo
Allan Patrick S. Soriano

December, 2023
 CHAPTER 1
THE INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

The rates of clinical depression and other mental illness are

'notably' rising throughout the year and while the usage of social media
is increasing the noticeable changes are starting to appear through the
new generation's mental health and the other factors of this is the
decreased self esteem of those people who's more likely to have more
usage or screen time in technology and social media. The harmful effect
of social media through out the years is getting alarming when it comes
to our youths. There is currently a lot of research going on and has also
been conducted to identify what's the cause and effect of the problem
and it shows up that having frequent activities using the internet services
affects the behavior of an individual including their physical and
physiological development.

Social media addiction is becoming prominent most especially with

'Generation Z' or what we called gen z. The habit becomes a part of the
routine, and comparing yourself to the people you see on the internet is
now the issue. They have this 'standard' that social media norms created
that many think they should fit in and if not they are not attractive
enough which causes their self esteem to drop. The internet is profoundly
changing the way a lot of us interact, based on the studies. According to
Statista (2019), in the US Snapchat is the most popular social media
platform for all age groups between 12 to 24 years (46 million users),
followed by Instagram (20 million users) and Facebook (2.6 million users).

The widespread use of social media is affecting not only the

adolescents but also the children. The new trends, new beliefs, and the
new culture that the internet influenced and created is clear to have a
strong impact in adolescents self esteem.

Alongside the use of social media can also be seen as a protective

and a risk factor. Researchers observes that students who has more
screen time behaves differently than those students who's more likely
limit themselves on using social media. Therefore it is still unclear if self-
esteem correlates with social media but the time spent on the internet by
the students could largely affect them negatively.

Theoretical Framework

This study is depicted from the theories of Social Media Use and
Adolescents’ Self-Esteem: An important developmental task that
adolescents need to accomplish is to acquire self-esteem, the positive
and relative stable evaluation of the self. Adolescents’ self-esteem is an
important predictor of a healthy peer attachment (Gorrese & Ruggieri,
2013). In the past decade, a growing number of studies have
investigated how adolescents’ social media use (SMU) may affect their
self-esteem. Adolescents typically spend 2–3 hours per day on social
media to interact with their peers and exchange feedback on their
messages and postings (Valkenburg & Piotrowski, 2017).
 According to Harter (2012), Peer interaction and feedback on the
self, both bedrock features of social media, are important predictors of
adolescent self-esteem. Therefore, understanding the effects of SMU on
adolescents’ self-esteem is both important and opportune.

Not only media effects theories, but also self-esteem theories give
reason to assume person-specific effects of environmental influences on
self-esteem. These theories agree that some individuals experience
significant boosts (or drops) in self-esteem when they experience minor
disapproval (or approval) from their peers, whereas the self-esteem of
others may fluctuate only in case of serious self-relevant experiences
(Crocker & Brummelman, 2018).

We frequently use social networking sites like Facebook, which

have grown in popularity recently, especially among young people or
students. Social networking sites give users the ability to build their own
profiles, interact with others, share details about their lives, post pictures,
comment on others' lives, and express their emotions and beliefs. Social
networking sites can also serve as a basis for social comparisons, self-
evaluation or self-enhancement (Haferkamp & Kramer, 2011)
.
Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework of the study is shown in figure 1.

INPUT
1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents according to:
1.1 age;
1.2 grade level;
1.3 gender;
2. What are the different kinds of Social Media in terms of defining
Self-Esteem?
3. What is the status of High School Students’ Self-Esteem among
Mizpah Community Christian Academe Inc. Main?
4. What are the effects of the Relationship between Social Media
Usage and Students’ Self-Esteem to High School Students of
Mizpah Community Christian Academe Inc. Main?

OUTPUT

The Effects of the Relationship between

Social Media Usage and Students’ Self-
Esteem to High School Students in Mizpah
Community Christian Academe Inc. Main.
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework on the Effects of the Relationship
between Social Media Usage and Students’ Self-Esteem to High School
Students in Mizpah Community Christian Academe Inc. Main.

Figure 1 illustrate the conceptual framework of Mizpah Community

Christian Academe Inc. Main High School Students’ Self-Esteem and its
relation to Social Media, with the input, process, and output of this study
clearly illustrated. A system has three stages: input, process, and output.

As input, consumables and efforts introduce into a system at the

beginning of its life-cycle are represented. Outputs are represent as a
result of the system's output. The method is represent by the conversion
of inputs to outputs. As shown, the model's input contains the study's
problem, on which the researchers based their problem statements. The
next stage is the process, which consists of the steps that the
researchers will take to find solutions and answers to the problem,
primarily through the use of a survey questionnaire. Finally. The output
depicts the problem's solution.

Statement of the Problem

Generally, this study tries to determine the Effects of the
Relationship between Social Media Usage to High School Students’ Self-
Esteem of Mizpah Community Christian Academe Inc. Main.

Specifically, The researchers sought to answer the following questions:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents according to:
1.1 age;
1.2 grade level;
1.3 gender;
2. What are the different kinds of Social Media in terms of defining Self-
Esteem?
3. What is the status of High School Students’ Self-Esteem among Mizpah
Community Christian Academe Inc. Main?
4. What are the effects of the Relationship between Social Media Usage
and Students’ Self-Esteem to High School Students of Mizpah Community
Christian Academe Inc. Main?

Scope and Delimitation

The main objective of this study is to have a deeper understanding about
the effects of the Relationship between Social Media usage and Student’s self-
esteem. The study will be conducted on the first and second semester of the
school year; the participants are High school students of Mizpah Community
Christian Academe Inc. Main. The researchers will administrate a survey; the
participants are given with a few questionnaires that are relevant to our study
to prevent other perceptions that are irrelevant.

Hypothesis

H0 = there is no relationship between social media usage and self esteem.

Ha = there is relationship between social media usage and self esteem.

Significance of the Study

The results of this research study will provide information and

insights that may serve as a guide for furthermore improvement of skills
and provide an efficient sentiment for later opportunities. This study will
be of great benefit to the following
:
Parents. Parents are the first contributors to their children’s self-esteem;
the students benefit from the support system that bring and with that,
parents’ presence is vital to the student’s self-esteem. Also, they provide
guidance for better confidence of the student.

School Administration. This study will help the students in learning

capabilities reason why it helps them build more confidence, the
administration that underpins is key to providing a well-rounded
education that encompasses the whole child. An effective administration
and operations support an education that goes well beyond imparting
student’s self-esteem.

Students. High school students will be certainly the first ones to benefit
from this study because this research aims to investigate how it is
impactful on their self-esteem using the social media. Hence, students
will be able to know if it is good impact or not. On the other hand, this
research would really benefit the students who are capable of using
social media for good reasons or purposes

Teachers. Teachers will benefit from this research since it clarifies how
social media usage can have a significant impact on their kids' self-
esteem. Teachers have the power when it comes to education, their
given work and assessments to the students are what make up the self-
respect of a student. They are part of the learning, providing guidance,
and most particularly the self-esteem of the students.
Future Researchers. This study will help the future students in their
research to be aware and have more knowledgeable thinking when it
comes to the use of social media. This would help them to be better
analysts in the future, and with this it would help them for future
references in their upcoming studies. This will also improve their services
and treatments for everyone in the future.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

The following terms were define according to how they are being
used in the study:

1. Relationship: the relationship between two or more ideas, things, or

people; also, the state of being connected.

2. Self-esteem: refers to how students see and appreciate themselves,

based on the usage of social media. It is founded on self-perceptions and
beliefs.

3. Social media: usage refers to how people use social media to connect
in virtual communities and networks by creating, sharing, and/or
exchanging information and ideas.

4. Students: it refers to the learners in the research which are High

School Students from the Mizpah Community Christian Academe Inc.

5. Teachers: they are the educator who teach or instructs the students
as a profession.
 CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter shows a retrospective presentation of previously written
material: research literature, related studies, and synthesis that has relevance
and significance to the research under-considered.

Related Literature

Social media is profoundly changing the way many people interact,

and there are growing concerns that social media use is negatively
affecting individual’s mental health. This chapter will review research
which has correlated social media use to measures relating to depression,
self-esteem, anxiety, and loneliness. Additionally, we review the report
benefits of using social media relating to mental health, such as
enhanced self-expression, online support, and enhanced socializing
capabilities. We then evaluate theories and models that have been
proposed to explain the relationships between social media use and
depression. In the final section, we highlight some methodological
limitations with prior research and suggest future directions (Jackson and
Moustafa, 2020).

Eighteen earlier studies have investigated the associations

between social media use (SMU) and adolescents’ self-esteem, finding
weak effects and inconsistent results. A viable hypothesis for these
mixed findings is that the effect of SMU differs from adolescent to
adolescent. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a preregistered three-
week experience sampling study among 387 adolescents (13–15 years,
54% girls). Each adolescent reported on his/her SMU and self-esteem six
times per day (126 assessments per participant; 34,930 in total). Using a
person-specific, N = 1 method of analysis (Dynamic Structural Equation
Modeling), we found that the majority of adolescents (88%) experienced
no or very small effects of SMU on self-esteem (−.10 < β < .10), whereas
4% experienced positive (.10 ≤ β ≤ .17) and 8% negative effects (−.21 ≤
β ≤ −.10). Our results suggest that person-specific effects can no longer
be ignored in future media effects theories and research. (Valkenburg,
Beyens, Pouwels, Driel, Keijsers, 2021).

Related Studies

Social media has gained immense popularity in the last decade and
its power has left certain long-lasting effects on people. The upward
comparisons made using social networking sites have caused people to
have lower self-esteems. In order to test the hypothesis 150 students
from institute of business management were surveyed through
questionnaires and interviews. This research was limited to the students
of IoBM and Facebook, being the most popular social networking site was
used as the representative of social media. Correlation and regression
model was applied to the data with the help of SPSS statistics to test the
relationship between social media and self-esteem. The major findings
suggest that approximately 88% people engage in making social
comparisons on Facebook and out of the 88%, 98% of the comparisons
are upward social comparisons. Further this research proves there that
there is a strong relationship between social media and self esteem.
Increase in social media usage causes the self-esteem of individuals to
decrease. One hour spent on Facebook daily results in a 5.574 decreas
in the self-esteem score of an individual. (Jan, Muqaddas and
Soomro, Sanobia and Ahmad, Nawaz, 2017)
 Social media is pervasive in today’s culture, and this reality is true
among college students as well. As a result, students must understand
what, if any, impact social media usage had on their lives, specifically
self-esteem. This quantitative, true experiment answered the question
“What impact does social media usage have on the self-esteem of college
students?” For the purpose of this study, social media usage was defined
as time spent on Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat, TikTok, Twitter, and
YouTube. This study took place at a private, small, four-year, liberal arts
institution in the Midwest and included 61 participants. Participants were
asked to voluntarily participate in a four-week study in which they were
randomly assigned to one of two groups, abstaining from social media
usage for the four weeks or continuing social media usage for the four
weeks. These participants completed the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale as
a pre-test and post-test to the experiment. The group of students who
abstained from social media usage were given five open-ended questions
to answer in the post-test of the study. The results indicated the self-
esteem of college students is not impacted by social media usage.
Students and higher education professionals should consider the ways
social media usage influence their lives. (Dennig and Nick, 2021)
Synthesis

According to Pineiro, after reviewing the data from the online

survey given to the participants and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale,
there did not appear to be a significant correlation between social media
usage and self-esteem levels. These results indicate that this particular
group of undergraduate college students, frequent social media use does
not correlate with self-esteem levels. Jan countered this idea and said
that social media has a very strong impact on the self-esteem of
individuals. He said that upward comparisons make people envy others
and their lifestyles and also feel less obliged and ungrateful for their
bounties. As a result the self-esteem of such people gets negatively
affected. The most frequent occurrence when using social media on a
regular basis is opposing viewpoints with negative outcomes. Barker
supported the view and said that self-esteem does have an influence on
how one uses social media and how one presents themself on social
media. A person with high self-esteem is more likely to use social media
to find entertaining content, promote products/services, and talk about
their accomplishments A person with low self-esteem may use it to avoid
feeling alone, but they do not post selfies. Everyone has different ways to
boost their self-esteem, and everyone deals with emotions in different
ways. It means that whether you regularly use social media or not, how
you use it will determine whether it helps to increase or decrease your
sense of self-worth.
 CHAPTER 3
METHODS AND PROCEDURES

Research Design

This study will determine the relationship between social media usage
and students’ self-esteem in Mizpah Community Christian Academe Inc. This
research makes use of descriptive quantitative research. The primary objective
of this study is to assess if there is a significant relationship between social
media usage and the students’ self-esteem, and the correlation between the
type of social media used and the self-esteem of students. Descriptive designs
collect information about variables without changing the environment or
manipulating any variables, so they do not look at possible cause and effect.
According to Grove, Burns, and Gray (2013), descriptive designs may use to
develop theory, identify problems with current practice, justify current practice,
make judgments, or determine what others in similar situations are doing.
Descriptive designs also range from cross-sectional surveys (at one or multiple
points in time) to comparative designs (comparing two groups) to correlations
(relationships between two variables)

Sources of Data

A. Primary Data

Level the impact of social media on self esteems of high-

school students of Mizpah Christian Community Academe
Inc. to validate studies whether there is or not a relationship
between social media usage and self esteem of the students, first
hand data will be gathered with the use of random sampling
method using questionnaires. This data will show the connection
 among these two factors among respondents which is the high
school students.

B. Secondary Data

The use of social networks and their impact. According to

Molina Ruiz and others (2022) observed that the relation between
the two factors has been found that the use of platform and the
study variables seems to be meditated by the tendency of their
users to compare their appearance with others. On the other hand,
the type of content both published and observed, showed no effect
on any of these variables. Chou & Edge (2012) Recent studies have
found that frequent Facebook users believe that other users are
happier and more successful, especially when they do not know
them very well offline. So people are comparing their realistic
offline selves to the idealized online selves of others, which can be
detrimental to well-being and self-evaluation. The study, led by
Gary Goldfield, Ph.D., showed that teens who reduced their social
media use by just 50 percent over the course of a few weeks saw
“significant improvement in how they felt about both their weight
and their overall appearance compared with peers who maintained
consistent levels of social media use.”
Locale and Population

This study is based on the random sampling technique, the

alternative usage of probability is not assessed due to restricted duration
and resources. The respondents of this study are the High school
Students. The researchers will conduct the study in Mizpah Community
Christian Academe Inc.

Research Instrument

Researchers will conduct survey questionnaires as their method for

collecting data and information from a group of high-school students
studying at Mizpah Community Christian Academe Inc. This will test the
validity and the reliability of the research study and will be used as a
primary source of the study. This will allow the researchers to get the
original and unique data directly from the source.

According to Cavana et al. (2001), after the development of the

research questions, data needs to be collected. Data can be collected by
using either quantitative (example – questionnaires) or qualitative
(example – focus groups) methods.
Data Gathering Procedure

After the finalization of the checklist, the following procedures were:

1. Permission to conduct a survey was sought from the administrator of

Mizpah Community Christian Academe Inc. Main.

2. Upon the approval of the administrator, the questionnaires will be

administer to the 50 students from the high school department that is
currently studying in Mizpah Community Christian Academe Inc. The
study is base on the random sampling technique.

3. The data will be gathered and tabulated in preparation for statistical

treatment.

Treatment of Data
As soon as the researchers collect data, they were classify, analyze,
and tabulate using the following statistical tools:
Frequency Counts and Percentages. It will be use to interpret
the demographic profile of the respondents. The demographic profile of
the participants will be determine by using the formula of percentage.

F x 100 Where:
P=
N
P = Percentage
F = Frequency
N = Total Number of
Respondents
Data Categorization

This research will use systematic approach in order to find out the
variables provided to measure the statistical data for this study. The
researchers approach will be used to guarantee the assessment of the
chosen topic which is The Relationship between Social Media Usage and
Students’ Self Esteem. Researchers will be using the Point Biserial
Correlation Coefficient, which is a special case of Pearson’s Correlation
Coefficient. It measures relationship of two variables namely: continuous
and dichotomous variable. (Stephanie, 2016)