DISCIPLINE OF ART glue, used by Egyptian, Medieval, and

Renaissance painters.
Visual Art 2. Special characteristic: EMULSION
The visual arts are those creations that we can 3. Watery, milk-like texture of oily and watery
see rather than something like the auditory arts, consistency.
which we hear. These art forms are extremely Advantages of Tempera
diverse, from the artwork that hangs on your - Rapid drying
wall. - Great luminosity of the stone
- Colors are clear and beautiful
These are the arts that meet the eye and evoke 4. WATERCOLOR PAINTING
an emotion through an expression of skill and 1. Pigments are mixed with water and
imagination. They include the most ancient applied to fine white paper.
forms, such as painting and drawing, and the 2. Require a high degree of technical
arts that were born thanks to the development dexterity.
of technology, like sculpture, printmaking, 3. Paper is the most commonly used for
photography, and installation art, the latter ground.
combination of multiple creative expressions. 4. Opaque watercolor is also called
Though beauty is in the eye of the beholder, “gouache”
different eras in art history have had their own 5. Made by grinding opaque colors with
principles to define beauty. water and mixing the product with a
preparation of
WHAT IS VISUAL ART? gum and adding Chinese white to
1. The visual arts are art forms such as painting, transparent watercolors.
drawing, printmaking, sculpture, ceramics, 6. PASTEL
photography, video, filmmaking, design, crafts, 1. The most recent medium
and architecture. 2. Possesses only the surface of light, gives
2. Visual arts refers to art experienced primarily no glazed effect, and most closely
through the sense of sight. resembles dry
3. The three classical branches of visual art are pigments.
painting, sculpture and architecture - according 3. Pigment is bound so as to form a crayon
to Vasari, Giorgio in the book “The Lives of the which is applied directly to the surface,
Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and usually
Architects”. paper.
4. As support for pastel, a pastel paper,
THE THREE CLASSICAL BRANCHES OF pasteboard or canvas is used.
VISUAL ARTS: 5. FRESCO PAINTING
1. Fresco means fresh. Fresco painting is a
1. PAINTING wet plaster made of sand and quick lime.
1. The art of creating meaningful effects on a 2. Colors are mixed with water and applied
flat surface by the use of pigments (A pigment is to fresh plaster which absorbs the color.
a colored material that is completely or nearly 3. Since the pigment has been incorporated
insoluble in water.) with the plaster, it lasts until the wall is
[Link] practice of applying paint, pigment, color destroyed.
or other medium to a solid surface 4. ACRYLIC PAINTING
1. OIL PAINTING 1. The newest medium and the one that is
1. Pigments are mixed in oil used widely by painters today.
2. The most familiar type of painting is done 2. Synthetic paints using acrylic emulsion as
with oil on canvas. binder.
3. The surface to be suitable must receive oil 3. Combined with transparency and quick-
paint freely and yet not absorb it, can withstand dry qualities of watercolor and as flexible as
temperature changes and not crack the pigment oil.
on it. 4. It is completely insoluble when dry and
4. Oil color is the best method for convincing can be used almost on any surface.
representation where exact reproduction of a
color tone is necessary. 2. SCULPTURE
5. Pigments can come from many sources: 1. Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts
minerals, vegetable matter, coal tars, and other that operates in three dimensions.
chemical combinations 2. In choosing a subject for sculpture, the
2. TEMPERA PAINTING most important thing to consider is the
1. Mixture of ground pigments and an material.
albuminous or colloidal vehicle, either egg, gum, 3. Substances available for sculpture are
or colloidal vehicle, either egg, gum, or limitless.
4. Some of the earlier sculptures are made or chemically by means of a light-sensitive
from bone or wood. material such as photographic film. It is
5. Different materials required different employed in many fields of science,
methods of handling. manufacturing and business, as well as its

KINDS OF SCULPTURE MATERIALS more direct uses for art, film and video
1. Stone and Bronze production, recreational purposes, hobby,
1. The media most commonly used for and mass communication.
sculpture are stone and metal. 2. Photography is the art of capturing light
2. Stone is durable, resistant to elements, with a camera, usually via a digital sensor or
fire and other hazards. On the other hand, it film, to create an image. With the right
is camera equipment, you can even
heavy and breaks easily. photograph wavelengths of light invisible to
3. Marble is the most beautiful of stones. the human eye, including UV, infrared, and
Plenty in Greece and Italy and commonly radio.
used. High
gloss and polished; more or less permanent. Camera Shots and Angles (selected)
4. “Pieta” by Michael Angelo in the Vatican 1. Extreme Close-up - goes beyond the
City & The head of Ptolemy I are made of standard close-up by focusing on a single
marble. feature of the subject.
5. Wood 2. Close-up - Aims at creating a stronger
Wood carving is a form of woodworking by connection to the subject. To easily
means of a cutting tool in one hand or a emphasize the
chisel by two hands or with one hand on a emotion and details of the subject.
chisel and one hand on a mallet, resulting in 3. Medium Shot - A subject is captured from
a wooden figure or figurine, or in the the center of its body to its top. The entire
sculptural ornamentation of a wooden body is not completely visible, but close
object. enough to establish a primary connection
6. Ivory with
Ivory Statues survive through long periods of the subject.
time due to the intrinsic value of the material. 4. Full Shot or Long Shot - Allowing to see
Ivory lends itself to technical mastery. not only the subject but also its environment.
Popular to ordinary craftspeople. Many Full shots help to take photographs that
statues of saints have heads and arms establish a subject’s position within the
made of Ivory. Ivory lacks the vigor of world.
wooden statues. Like wood, it also cracks. Other times, a subject can be surrounded by
Seldom used today. seemingly endless isolation.
7. Terra Cotta 5. Low Angle - Taking a photograph from a
“Terra Cotta” means “Cooked Earth”. It is low angle, also known as a ‘worm’s-eye
made when Moist Clay is molded and then view’,
subjected to heat. Moderately Coarse Clay makes subjects appear larger than normal.
product fired at a comparatively low The lens sees the scene from a point of
temperature. Usually painted and coated in humility while the subject towers over the
heavy glaze. Breaks and Chips Easily, not world. A photograph taken from a low angle
strong; cannot stand great strain or weight. to help establish dominance or power.
6. High Angle - Looking at the exact
3. ARCHITECTURE opposite situation, the high angle can be
Architecture is the branch of the visual arts used to make
that is designing and constructing buildings. a subject appear small or vulnerable.
Materials In Architecture The materials used Commonly known as the ‘bird’s-eye view’.
in a building and the methods which are 7. Eye level - The eye level shot is
used in assembling them are among the considered the most natural camera angle.
factors contributing to architectural style. Capturing the shot at eye-level offers a
Availability of materials is important. neutral perception of the subject.
Durability and beauty is the basis of 8. Aerial Shot - Captured above the
choosing the materials. subject/s, in well spended movies, Aerial
shot usually taken from a helicopter or
[Link] drone, is captured from way up high. It
1. Also a branch of Visual Art defined as the establishes a large expanse of scenery.
art, application and practice of creating 9. Dutch Angle or Dutch Tilt Shot - The
durable images by recording light, either camera is slanted to one side. With the
electronically by means of an image sensor, horizon lines tilted in this way, you can
create a sense of disorientation, a de- a piano keyboard to be called music? Possibly
stabilized mental state, or increase the not; however, if we record this sound, alter it
tension. electronically to create various pitches and
Film, also called movie, motion picture or durations and arrange them as composers of the
electronic compositions of today, then we might
moving picture, is a visual art-form used to
legally mark the music of the product
simulate experiences that communicate
ideas, stories, perceptions, feelings, beauty,
Elements of Music
or atmosphere through the use of moving
According to Allen Winold, there are five
images. These images are generally elements of music:
accompanied by sound, and more rarely, 1. Rhythm. It is the flow of music. It is the part of
other sensory stimulations.[1] The word music that deals with the notes' accents,
"cinema", short for cinematography, is often durations and rhythm. When integrated with an
used to refer to filmmaking and the film arrangement called melody, it is often better
industry, and to the art form that is the result understood. Figure 1. This is the theoretical
of it. illustration of rhythm which encompasses the
different kinds of notes and rests, and its
Performing Arts Lesson 2: Music and corresponding value.
Dance 2. Melody. A set of single tones arranged in
Introduction: Performing arts is one of the patterns of ascending and descending that add
classifications of art wherein the artists use their up to a whole that can be recognized as a whole.
bodies and voices to express message in a It has direction, form and continuity; a melody
creative manner. Performing artist express his starts, moves and ends. Tension and release,
emotion, feelings, sentiments or taste through anticipation and arrival are expressed by the up
performance like, music, dance, spoken word, and down movement of its pitches.
theatre, musical play and others. The arts and 3. Dynamics. Loudness and softness of a
skills in performing arts require a performance in sound. Loudness is indicated by special words
front of public audience. True enough that or symbols such as forte-loud, fortissimo-very
performing arts covers a wide range of loud and fortississimo-very very loud.
disciplines, this lesson will focus only music and [Link]. It refers to the relationships between
dance. According to Nielsen Music (2017), 90% any simultaneously sounding elements in music
of the population listens to music. On average, such as tones, melodies, rhythms, etc. The three
they spend 32.1 hours a week of which comprise basic textures used in music as monophonic
of 41% listening time though streaming; 24% (one melody alone), homophonic (one main
from radio, 14% digital music library, 11% melody with accompaniment) and polyphonic
physical music formats and 9% for other means. (two or more independent melodies sounded
Under music and the curriculum, (George- simultaneously).
Hemming, Westvall, Music Education Research. Monophonic: Someone Like You (A capella
2010), music is stated to influence the individual cover)
on a number of different levels of perception, Homophonic:: National Antem (Duet)
which eventually makes it to be an important tool Polyphonic: Paru-parong Bukid (Choral
for expressing ideas, and impressions and for Singing)
developing social skills. Dance also contributes
to aesthetic, moral and intellectual values as well Types of Music
as enhancing physical adeptness and overall According to the Prof. Herminio M. Suarez in his
well-being. Plato asserted that dance trains the book understanding the fundamentals of music,
mind and soul to differentiate among those forms here are some of the types of music.
of actions, feelings, and ideas capable of Orchestral Music is the regular selection of
producing nobility of character and refinement of several musicians (more than eighty) grouped by
mind. (Carter, 1984). Basically, both music and their instruments, led by their years of
dance are unique forms of aesthetic expression experience and practice of sheet music and the
as an integral part to the education of students. conductor.
● Symphony. It consists of four (sometimes
Music “Music is an art, a craft and a science three) movements. Usually, by the kind of
involving the conscious organization of sound emotion they are meant to evoke, they vary from
and silence in the framework of time for the each other.
purpose of effecting communication between ● Suite. (Pronounced as sweet, French for a
men,” (Winold, 1966). Music, as it is found in all sequence) It is an organization of short
societies, is considered the most universal type movements, either self-composed or taken from
of performing arts, often as an integral part of the composition of someone else..
other art forms and other fields of cultural ● Overture. It is a piece of composition that acts
heritage that inculcate traditions, festive as the curtain-raiser to the opera.
activities, custom and traditions. We might argue ● Concerto. It consists essentially of three
that such a concept is so general and inclusive movements produced solely to allow the soloist
that many items that are generally not instrument to shine out. This is different from a
considered music may be related to it. Are the symphony in which all instruments play in
notes hitting a cat unintentionally as it walks over unison.
● Ballet. It is orchestral music focused on the complete control over the muscles of his body
movements of dance. During the Romantic for him to be said technically proficient.
period, this form was developed and nurtured. 5. Design. It refers to the arrangement of
movements according to pattern in time (either
Incidental music is directly related to the stage fast or slow) and space (one’s position in relation
music; it provides the motion to an act. The to his background).
sections are short and often repetitive. 6. Properties and Costumes. These contribute
● Chamber music. This is musical work to the visual effect of dance. The costumes can
composed specifically for a smaller instrumental somehow relate closely to the beliefs and
arrangement (smallest than an orchestra. environment of people.
● Opera. The most famous form of classical
music in the Baroque era. It's an orchestra that's Elements of Dance According to Gilbert's dance
set for a whole play. The composition can be principles, space, time, and force (energy) are
created to complement an act or display a the elements of motion or dance. It is the body
character 's emotions on a colorfully crafted that is the instrument. The body moves with
backdrop. force in the space of motion and in time. It is
Popular Music. Includes many kinds of music, important to interpret the dance concepts
such as folk music, country musicm jazz, rock holistically. Both components of dance are
music, and music from musical comedies and combined all the time when taking part in dance.
films. The distinction between concepts here serves as
a way of thinking about, organizing, and
Dance Dance, usually accompanied by music, is analyzing dance.
a rhythmic and expressive movement of the ❖ Space. Where is movement performed?
body in successive motion. It is one of the oldest ❖ Time. When is movement performed?
arts that actually reflects the ageold need of man ❖ Force. How is movement performed?
to communicate various emotions such as ❖ Body. What is being used to perform?
happiness, sorrow, excitement, and others. For
❖ Form. How is dance structured?
almost all occasions, dance literally began as
man's own life, in whatever aspects such as
Movement Space
birth, death, curing the ill, asking for forgiveness,
1. Direction - is the line of movement taken
war, marriage-dancing were celebrated. There
which maybe forward, backward, sideward,
are dances that show appreciation for a good
diagonal, upward or a combination of those
harvest, or just a pleasurable expression of the
mentioned.
body in the celebration of religious festivities. It
2. Level - is movement through space that
uniquely intensifies different moods and
maybe done at a high, low, or medium level.
emotions that somehow deepen everybody’s
3. Range - refers to the area covered as the
feelings. Dancing can be both an art and a
body moves.
hobby for many generations. As an art, a story is
[Link] Pattern - the path or design that is made
said to set one's mood to convey those feelings.
while moving in space is what is termed as floor
It somehow offers relaxation, compassion and
pattern.
enjoyment as a means of leisure. Dance is a
mixed form, since it focuses on the body's
movements and is timed to music. A dance Categories of Dance
without music is very hard to picture. Therefore, There are many types of dances around the
a dance can be well done in this sense if it uses world and they can be divided into two principal
costumes, lighting, certain stage scenery and categories that each has subcategories :(Castro,
music. 2010)
1. Dance categories by number of interacting
dancers are
Features of Dance as Art Form
2. Dance categories by main purpose Dance
There are two kinds of movement Macario
categories by number of interacting dancers are:
Gayeta. These follows: movement within the
A. Solo dance - ‘a person” dances alone like
body which includes the hand and arms and
ballet, jazz and hip hop.
movememt from one space to another as
■ Ballet is established on techniques that have
walking, running, etc. But now movement can be
been developed over centuries.
classified as dance.
■ Jazz - has become the most popular dance
1. Music. It is closely related to dance for it plays
forms in recent years.
a significant role on it. It is used as
■ Hip hop - is a dance form, generally dance
accompaniment that somehow motivation the
with hip hop music.
dancer’s movement.
B. Partner dance - The guy is usually the leader
2. Movement. It refers to action of dances with
and the woman, the follower, in any partner
the use of their bodies to create organized
dance. They maintain a link with each other as a
patterns.
law. The dance is called handhold, when the link
3. Theme. It pertains to the content or main
is loose.
ingredient of dance. It actually conveys the
■ Rumba- a dance that tells a story of love and
message of the dance.
passion between a strong, male lover and a coy,
4. Techniques. It refers to the skill in executing
teasing woman. Full of sensual movements.
movement. As dancer, one needs to have
■ Cha-cha-cha- its characteristic three-step [Link] design. It's called mise-as-scene,
change of weight carried the identifying verbal too. All the scenery and sets, make-up and
definition, “cha-cha-cha”. costumes, music, sound and other potential
■ Tango- has various styles that differ in both effects used in the theater production are
tempo and basic dance movements. The tango included.
styles can be divided into two categories: close [Link] space. It is widely referred to as the
embrace and open embrace. point. With the intention of bringing life into
C. Group dance - are danced by groups of motion where the viewer can see it, it is said to
people at the same time, as opposed to solo be an acting field.
dance and to partner dancing. Forms of Theater Space
■ Folk dance- a form of dance often performed A. Proscenium or Picture Frame Stage.
by a group of people who wish to conserve or During the Italian Renaissance, it was
express a national or ethnic sentiment and introduced. In auditoriums and halls, it is typically
shows traditional life of the people of a country formal. It is the stage which is most widely used.
or region. ■ Line dance- is a group of people B. Thrust or Trestle Stage. It was developed by
dancing in one or more lines performing the ancient Greeks and used for their play festivals.
same movements. C. Booth Stage. It is said to be an open-air
■ Round dance-in the first category are often acting area as improvised and is usually used by
ethnic, folk or country dances. The dances traveling troupes who have no access to a stage
related to sicial ballroom often belonging to the acting area theater situated in the center of a
second category. square or a circle and surrounded by the
Theatre and Cinema audience.
D. Arena Stage or Theater-in-the-Round. This
Introduction: Theatre and cinema were and kind of space is often found outside the theater
still are an efficient means of spreading social for the acting area of the stage which is located
consciousness in many ways, as a means of in the center of the square or circle and the
entertainment and a liberal way of voicing one's audience surrounds it.
opinion. As the cultural customs and historical E. The created or Found Stage. This is non-
forces that influenced over the centuries, theater conventional theater staging for the venue, such
in the Philippines is varied. The dramatic forms as ordinary spaces, lecture halls, streets,
among the numerous people of the archipelago restaurants, etc. are not really used for acting.
that flourished and continue to flourish includes What is Cinematography?
indigenous theater. The play with Spanish The art and craft of making motion pictures by
influence, among that are komedya, the visually capturing a story is cinematography.
sinakulo, the plays, the sarswela and the drama; Cinematography, however, is theoretically the art
and the theater with Anglo-American influence, and science of capturing light either
which includes bodabil and the plays in English electronically on an image sensor or chemically
and the modern or original plays. Primarily Malay on film. It is the creation of images you see on
character that are seen in rituals, mimetic screen. A series of shots that form a cohesive
dances, and mimetic customs. Film also relies narrative. Cinematography composes each shot,
on complex technology compared to theatre, considering, where everything in frame demands
since it involves machinery and collective effort Technical Elements of Cinematography
from participants to create it. But over the years, 1. Exposure Exposure is one of the first things
it has developed into a highly successful, to remember when taking a shot. We're going to
lucrative global industry and today's most look at this separately from lighting, because
common creative representation and although both are connected, the camera
communication in a short period of time. The regulates exposure, while lighting is an
Philippine cinema has a history that can be environmental factor.
traced back to the early days of filmmaking in 2. Composition The composition of the picture
1897, when imported moving images were is the second strongest aspect of
screened by a theater owner called Pertierra. cinematography. How are the picture 's distinct
parts arranged? Are your subjects in the center
B. Abstraction Elements of Theater Arts or on the side of the image? Background or
[Link] playwright and his play. In terms of real foreground?
acts and dialogue, the playwright needs to carry On the big screen, the composition is particularly
out his story to be executed and spoken by visible. The sides or the backdrop of a shot can
actors within the stage 's minimal facilities. be easy to miss on a smartphone. You are more
[Link] performer. It is important for projects to likely to note the extras in the background or the
serve as character impersonation within a play characters on the outside of the frame on a large
and its responses and reactions to the situation screen.
in which it is involved. 3. Camera Movement The only thing moving
[Link] director. The director's job is to present, during a scene might not be your characters.
in terms of the playwright's emotional and You will have to determine whether you want a
intellectual conception, a play he has interpreted moving or static camera for each shot.
and converted into dramatic action with complete Cameras had less freedom of movement in the
devices such as environments, sound and early days of cinema than they do today. A
others. tracking shot may require setting up a long track
of a dolly. A 360-degree shot meant hiding the Reyna in 2012, produced their own productions.
crew and camera equipment strategically where In 2010, Tanghalang Ateneo presented its own
it wouldn't be seen. production, directed by Ricky Abad, with
With the rise of steady cams and even drones Salvador Bernal's same set and costume
these days, without breaking the fourth wall or designs used in the 1992 staging of Tanghalang
depending on an intricate camera rig, anyone Pilipino.
can do a tracking shot.
4. Camera Angles The angle of the shot is Ang Huling El Bimbo, 2020 Ang Huling El
another essential aspect of cinematography. Bimbo is a friendship tale told through the songs
Some of the most subtle camera movements, in of the most popular 90's Pinoy rock band. It is an
fact, are simply shifts in the angle of the camera. original tale that should resonate with individuals
Tilting up from the feet of a character to their who understand how our lives are formed by the
face might underline their height. The opposite powerful connection between mates. It will also
effect can be created by an overhead shot that be a journey of nostalgia, guided by songs that
tilts down. Titling can generate a Dutch angle have become part of the collective
diagonally, which can produce a feeling of consciousness of Pinoy. Produced by Resorts
dizziness or unease. World Manila and Full House Theater Company,
5. Color The use of color is often overlooked as Ang Huling El Bimbo is written by Dingdong
a cinematography element. Is that not the work Novenario and directed and choreographed by
of the stage designer? Or, the costume designer Dexter Santos.
in the case of clothing? Although the director and
other crew members can make certain Noli Me Tangere: The Opera, 2019 The musical
decisions, the way color shows up on camera is presentation follows the story of Juan
a crucial part of your position as a Crisostomo Ibarra, who, after conducting
cinematographer. scholarly studies in Europe, returns to the
Ways to Appreciate Movies as an Art Philippines. He wants to open a school and
1. Study the lessons in the previous chapters marry his betrothed, Maria Clara. "Parish priest
and get familiar with the fundamental concepts Padre Damaso, archenemy of the Ibarras,
of photography, music, and design elements and however, is out to hiinder the plans of
principles. Crisostomo, producing" a dramatic plot of
2. Expose yourself to movies of various kinds. prohibited passion, deception and revenge. Noli
They claim that in order to understand films Me Tangere (Touch Me Not) depicts the abuses
better, one must watch a thousand films of suffered by the native Indios at the hands of
various genres and styles. Watch films, Spanish tyrants. The opera paints us a clear
documentaries, experimental films from various picture of the so-called social cancer that
countries that are critically acclaimed. illustrates the rotten system of governance, the
3. Watch your movie more than once. Repeated illicit ways of the church and the unfavorable
viewing will allow you to remove yourself and trade of the privilege class.
critically criticize the film.
4. To help you gain a broad understanding of Some Famous Philippine Films
their style as an artist, watch films by the same
Himala (1982) Himala, recipient of the Bronze
director.
Hugo Award at the 19th Chicago Film Festival
5. Be concentrated. When watching movies,
and a Viewer's Choice Award at the 2008 CNN
determine which part of the movie you are not
Asia Pacific Screen Awards, follows the story of
interested in analyzing. You can choose to
a young girl in her small town in a remote
examine how the director used and/or
northern village whose dreams of the Virgin
manipulated technical elements such as
Mary are stirring. The film was shot in just three
composition, lighting, editing and sound to tell
weeks and stars Nora Aunor, a much-loved
his story or concentrate on his message or what
Filipino actress, in what many analysts rate as
the film has to say about different social , cultural
her career's best performance.
or political issues. (Punzalan, Bernardo, Caberos
Hello, Love, Goodbye, 2019 Hello, Love,
2019, Art Appreciation
Goodbyel, a romantic drama starring Kathryn
Bernardo, Alden Richards and Maymay Entrata,
Some Famous Philippine Theater tells the story of Joy and Ethan, two Hong Kong-
Compositions based Filipino workers. Despite her plans to
move to Canada to provide for her family, Ethan
Walang Sugat 1902 As the dominant theater has his heart set on finding Joy. As their
type in Manila, this sarswela is credited with burgeoning relationship continues to develop, it
dislodging the komedya. Set in the last decade is apparent that the two will forever alter the lives
of the 1890s, in the middle of a war with Spain of each other.
and later with the Americans, it revolves around Four Sisters and a Wedding 2013 The
the love story of Tenyong and Julia. A revival romantic sitcom, Four Sisters and a Wedding, is
was created at the Cultural Center of the set in Manila , Philippines and stars Brenna
Philippines by the Zarzuela Foundation of the Garcia, Bea Alonzo, and Bea Basa. The story of
Philippines in 1970. Guided by Daisy Avellana a Filipino family consisting of four sisters and a
Hontiveros. Tanghalang Pilipino, directed by brother is told in the film. When the brother, the
Dennis Faustino in 1992 and Carlos Siguion- youngest of the siblings, reveals that he is going
to get married, the sisters concoct a scheme to
expose the deep-seated hatred they have
towards each other to talk him out of it.

Glossary
Animosity - strong hostility
Archenemy - is the main enemy of someone. In
fiction, it is a character who is the hero’s or
protagonist’s most prominent and worst enemy.
Mimetic - relating to, characterized by imitation.
Vaudeville - a light often comic theatrical piece
frequently combining pantomime, dialogue,
dancing, and song.
Zarzuela - usually a comic Spanish operetta
(small oper