BloL:1411 Foundations of Biology Exam 2 April 1, 2019 Multiple Choice Questions: Choose the one best answer for each question. Section 1: Knowledge and Comprehension Questions (2 pts. per question = 48 pts.) 1. Ina eukaryote with a haplontic life cycle, mitotic cell divisions normally occur in__cells, and meiotic cell divisions normally occur in_cells. A. haploid, haploid (8) haploid, diptoid Tdiploid, haploid D. diploid, diploid E._Allof the above are common in eukaryotes with a haplontic life cycle, 2. Which of the following phase of mitosis is able to asymmetrically distribute cytoplasmic determinants that ay ole in cellar diterentition? A. Prophase ©. Metphase Anaphase 0, telophase © cyttiness 3, The diploid chromosome number of Drosophila pseudoobscura is 10 (2n = 10). In cells of the larval brain Guring late prophase of mitosis, chromosomes are preset. Each gamete (eg or perm) ofthis fiyhas chromosomes present. ASS a 5,10 © 105 ®. 10,10 & 20,10 4. Which ofthe folowing statements about metos is falke? A. Homologous chromosomes synapse dng Prophas 8. Homologous chromosomes segregate during Anaphase © sister eromatiés synapse during Propose D. sister ehromatis segregate curing Anaphase I E. Products ofa meiotic division are genetcly distin C. is insensitive to the presence of DNA damage.Blol:1411 Foundations of Biology Exam 2 April 1, 2019 6. Which of the following statements about Mendel’ dihybrid cross shown here is false? ‘A. The ssyy genotype in the Fz generation Produces a “parental” phenotype. B._ The probability of obtaining the genotype ssyy in the F2 generation is % x % = 1/16, © ‘The probability of obtaining a wrinkled seed of either color in the F generation is %. D. Ifthe genes for seed shape and seed color were linked, a 9:3:3:1 ratio would not be observed in F, generation ey the F» generation, E. Attest cross of the F; generation would produce one-fourth each of all four possible phenotypes. 7. Considering heave cos, Medes ow of eeesation A. Indats thot only asingle alle of thes cus transmits om the Ft each F2 plant B. indicates that only a single allele of the Y locus transmits from the F1 to each F2 plant. C. indeats that single allele ofthe ocus ad singe lef the locus transmis rom the Fo each F2 plant. © weds 386 doesnt apply 8. Reciprocal crosses in D. melanogaster between a true- Generation __£1 Generation _ breeding mutant dumpy line and a true-breeding mutant vermillion line produced the F: results summarized in the table. What can you conclude about the dumpy and Dumpy female x all wild-type flies Vermillion male vermillion loci? Vermillion female x female: all wild type ‘A. The dumpy locus is autosomal; vermillion locus is also Dumpy male male: all Vermilion autosomal The dumpy locus is autosomal; vermillion locus is X linked, ‘The dumpy locus is X linked; vermillion locus is autosomal. ‘The dumpy locus is X linked; vermillion locus is also X linked. ‘This dumpy mutant is recessive and this vermillion mutant is dominant to wild type. 2 o@) 9. In Netherlands dwarf rabbits, a gene with two alleles showing incomplete dominance produces three outcomes. Rabbits that are homozygous for one allele ae small; individuals that are homozygous for ‘the other allele die during development; individuals that are heterozygous are dwarf. If a dwarf rabbit is mated with a small rabbit, what proportion of their surviving offspring are likely to be dwarf? anv) B. 1/3 @w D. 2/3 E. alBioL:1411 Foundations of Biology Exam 2 April 1, 2019 10. Consider the diagram of replicating DNA shown here. Which of the following statements about this diagram of DNA is true? x A ‘A. The strand labeled as “A” is a template strand. r 8. The strand that begins with “E” is the lagging strand. Dadar C. The rectangles labeled as "D" and “€” are primers made of RNA. I D. The strand that begins with "D” will be synthesized continuously. All of the statements are true. 11. Which of the following enzymes involved in DNA replication would be the first to act at the origin of replication? A. DNA Ligase DNA Polymerase | DNA Polymerase Ii Helicase Primase 12, Which of the following is false about DNA structure? A. Information content of the DNA molecule is exposed in the major and minor grooves of the helix. 8. DNA molecules contain an equal proportion of purines and pyrimidines. C. The two strands are antiparallel in their 5’ to 3’ orientation, D. The twa nucleotide strands are held together by hydrogen bonds. ©) Allofthe above statements are true; none are false. 13. The fst repair fncret bat corporation errs uring ONA plato ade by (B) ona poymerse themiate eat sster. theexcson rept stem telomerase. roo ol 14, The direction of synthesis for a new mRNA molecule is. from a template strand, A. 5'to 3',5'to 3" Stoaiztos € 3'to5';5'to3" D. 3°t05';3’tos! E. 5'to5',3'to3! 15. The of the large ribosomal subunit is responsible for during translation, (B) ‘RW; catalyzing the formation of peptide bonds B. RNA; the initial binding ofthe mRWA rRNA; charging WA D. proteins; breaking and forming peptide bonds E. proteins; the initial binding of the mRNABloL1411 Foundations of Biology Exam 2 April 1, 2019 16. Considering the experiments conducted by Griffith, Avery and colleagues with pneumococcus cells, which of the following would result in phenotypic transformation of R cells? A. Complete extract from heat-killed § cells, B. Purified DNA from S cells C. Purified protein from S cells 17. The number of different tRNAs in human cells is 50, which is fewer than the number of codons used to specify amino acids. Ths is explained by A) wobble base-pairing of the base at the 3" end of the codon with the base at the 5’ end of the anticodon the observation that some tRNAs can be charged with two different amino acids. the finding that only the first two positions ofthe codon are necessary to specify the amino acid the discovery that human genes do not have all possible codons. and B rooe 18, Which egion of a mature miRNA does not code for amino acids but is necessary forthe mRNA to be bound and translated by the ribosome? A. promoter 8. Startcodon © S'urRorteader D. Aste & Pate 19. Inducible and repressible systems are similar in that ‘A. both systems have repressors that prevent initiation of translation. 8. both systems usually control biosynthetic pathways. both systems usually control catabolic pathways in both systems the regulatory proteins function by binding to the operator. both systems require binding of a co-repressor to the repressor to prevent transcription. 20. The strongest induction of the lac operon is seen in which of the following conditions: ‘A)) Presence of lactose, absence of glucose and increased intracellular concentration of the CRP-cAMP complex B. Presence of lactose, absence of glucose and decreased intracellular concentration of the CRP-cAMP complex C._ Presence of lactose, presence of glucose and decreased intracellular concentration of the CRP- ‘cAMP complex D. Presence of lactose, presence of glucose and increased intracellular concentration of the CRP-cAMP complex E. Absence of lactose, presence of glucose and decreased intracellular concentration of the CRP-cAMP ‘complexBioL:1411 Foundations of Biology Exam 2 ‘April 1, 2019 21. Which of the following is not an option for a bacterial cell that needs to stop the synthesis or activity of a particular protein. A. Transcriptional repression of transcription ofthe gene encoding the protein. Shorten the 3” poly Atal of the mRNA encoding the protein, thus decreasing its translation. Degradation of the mRNA encoding the protein, thus decreasing its translation. D, Degradation of the protein after itis made. E. Inhibiting the protein’s function. 22. Which of the following mechanisms is (are) used to coordinately control the expression of multiple genes that all have oreltd function in eukaryotic ces? A. coordinating nuclear impor of the related genes tach of the genes have an enhancer hat contains te same DNA sequence mt alowinga singe stimulusinduceé actvatr to tur on hr onscrpon regardless ofthe location in the genome €. oreaiing the gnes into fare operons, allowing them tbe transcribed as single unt D. localizing the functionally related proteins to a common subcellular structure. E. environmental signals that enter the cell and bind directly to their promoters. 23. In eukaryotes, RNA polymerase II by itself cannot bind to the chromosome and initiate the process of gene expression. It can bind and act only after regulatory proteins called. have been assembled on the chromosome. translation factors kinases silencing factors transcription factors splicing factors 24. Which population of the following biomolecules would differ substantially in composition between an undifferentiated (totipotent) stem cell and a differentiated neuron of the same animal? 1. DNA 2. mRNA 3. tRNA 4. 7RNA 5. Proteins A Lonly 8. 2only & 12and3 2ands 2,3and4BloL:1411 Foundations of Biology Exam 2 April 1, 2019 Section 2: Application and Analysis Questions (3 pts. per question = 36 pts.) 25. The image to the right represents the chromosomes prepared from a cell during nuclear division {imagine the cell equator aligned with this page). Which type of division and what phase of division is most consistent with these chromosome forms and their orientation relative to each other? @) Prophase/Metaphase of Mitosis 8, Anaphase of Mitosis ey . Prophase/Metaphase of Meiosis D. Prophase/Metaphase of Melosis I 1’ E._Anaphase of Meiosis I 26. The karyotype of this organism (same as Q25) is 2n= _with_ chromosomes visible in this cell. The cell contains _ DNA molecules. A 4,88 B. 88,8 8,8,16 D. 8, 16,16 E. 16,16, 15 27. Hydrolysis of the protein Cohesin in centromeric regions, which is mediated by Cyclin/CDK activity, enables a cell to proceed past the spindle checkpoint and into Anaphase of mitosis. Predict the potential consequence of a loss-of-function mutation in the gene sequence of securin, which in normal cells encodes a protein necessary for the maintenance of Cohesin in centromeric regions through metaphase. A. The cell will remain in prophase indefinitely ‘The cell will remain in metaphase indefinitely. The cell will enter anaphase prematurely. ‘The cell will be blocked from proceeding through the spindle checkpoint and into anaphase. The cell will not form spindle fibers from polar microtubules, 8 cE D. E 28. Consider the following two-step metabolic pathway: Substance X > Substance A Substance B Suppose that two mutant strains of Neurospora have defects in this metabolic pathway, Strain 1 is, unable to grow on minimal medium or on minimal medium supplemented with substance A, but can grow when substance B is added to minimal medium, Strain 2 is unable to grow on minimal medium, but can grow when either substance A or B is added to minimal medium. What can be concluded from the information provided? A. Strain 1 has a mutation in a gene that codes for the enzyme that converts Substance A to Substance B 8. Strain 2 has a mutation in the gene that codes for the enzyme that converts substance X to Substance A, . Both mutant strains lack the enzyme for converting Substance A to Substance B. D} AandB A, BandCBloL:t411 Foundations of Biology Exam 2 April 1, 2019 A dihybrid cross was made between two true-breeding strains of fruit flies that differed for two autosomal traits ~ eye color (brown versus red) and wing veins (extra veins versus normal venation). All Fi progeny had red eyes and normal wing venation. Some of the heterozygous Fi females were mated to males with brown eyes and extra wing veins. The F2 offspring were scored for eye color and wing venation. Numbers of each phenotype aut of 1000 are below: Phenotype number Red eyes, normal venation 25 Brown eyes, extra veins 20 Red eyes, extra veins 485 Brown eyes, normal venation 470) Total 1000) 29. Which of the following can be concluded from the data that is presented? A. The genes for the eye color and wing venation traits are located on the same chromosome. B. One parental generation strain had red eyes and extra wing veins and the other parental strain had brown eyes and normal wing venation ._Red eyes and normal wing venation are dominant to brown eyes and extra wing veins, respectively. ‘The F2 progeny with brown eyes and extra wing veins must be homozygous for both traits. © All of the above can be concluded. Ss 3 & D, E -cording to the data above, the genes for eye color and wing venation: are 4.5 map units apart. are 2.25 map units apart are 95.5 map units apart. must be on opposite ends of the same chromosome. Both Cand D. g Rif o-f-otio ‘O-t-o-t-o-f-o. 6 OH OH up Chemical X 31, Aresearcher is investigating the effects of nucleotide analogs on the rates of bacterial transcription. She compares transcription rates in cells with all normal nucleotides (like UTP shown above) and in cells where nucleotide analogs have been added (like Chemical X shown above). In one experiment, she adds equal concentrations of UTP and Chemical X to a bacterial culture. Which of the following would be the most likely result of Chemical X addition? A. No effect on transcriptional rates. B. Immediate cessation of trans C. For every U in the template, RNA polymerization will cease. D. For every Ain the template, RNA polymerization will cease. E) At each position where there is an A in the template, there is a 50% chance RNA polymerization will cease. tion. aBlol:1411 Foundations of Biology Exam 2 April 1, 2019 Use the following information for Questions 32 & 33. In experiments to determine the mechanism of replication of DNA, Meselson and Stahl grew bacteria in the presence of heavy nitrogen, "N, for many generations so that all DNA molecules would have a heavy density. They next shifted bacteria into growth medium with only light nitrogen, “*N, and extracted DNA from the bacteria after 1, 2, or 3 rounds of DNA replication. 32. Which of the following observations ruled out the conservative model of DNA replication? No completely heavy’ DNA ves cbserved afte the st round of repletion O. Some cimpletey igh” ONAwas obser oe theft round of releton C. Only DNA of intermediate density was observed after the first round of DNA replication. . AandB & sane 28, Which ofthe following obseratons woul have dtnglshed between dispersive and semi conservative repeton? A. Observation of only a single band of DNA of intermediate density after the first round of ONA renaton, GShreratton of single band of DNA of intermediate density tera three round of NA repletion wt ast tnard ight dens after ech sucess round ._bicratan afte ONA bonds one of nermedate deny and one of hear density ater the Seco andi rounds of DNA relation D. Either Aor B. E. None of the above. 34. Imagine an E. coll cell harboring a loss-of-function mutation in its adenylyl cyclase gene such that itis tunable to make cAMP from ATP, Which of the following plots of beta-galactosidase expression in various carbon sources most accurately reflects the expected mutant phenotype in various carbon sources? < 1000) pe 2& Beg ‘ 335 be B38 52° 1 ‘ ° ° iiss oe Gueosee + - + A. Plot A Plot B Plot C Plot D Either plots A or D are plausible depending on whether the mutation is in the wobble position or not.BloL:1411 Foundations of Biology Exam 2 April 1, 2019 Gene product 2 rages 12S 35, Aresearcher examining gene expression patterns of Drosophila embryonic genes finds the above early ‘embryonic staining pattern for two different gene products (dark staining = higher concentration of the gene product). Which of the following would be a logical conclusion(s) consistent with the findings? A. The cytosol is in constant movement, dispersing the polypeptide. Gene product 1s produced in reson 5 and ifuses toward region 1 < « oh Gene product 1 activates the expression of gene 2 Aands 36, Given below is the DNA sequence and corresponding RNA sequence of the coding region of a gene. Which of the variant DNA sequences produced by mutation would be silent in respect to the function of the encoded palypeptide. (Only the sense or coding DNA strand is provided for each mutant gene sequence; genetic code provided on p. 12.) DNA: 5'-ATGTATCCTGCCAGCTCTTAA-3" 3-TACATAGGACGGTCGAGAATT-5" mRNA: — 5'-AUGUAUCCUGCCAGCUCUUAA-3) 5'-ATCTATCCTGCCAGCTCTTAA-3 5'-ATGTATTCTGCCAGCTCTTAA-3' 5'-ATGTATCCTGACAGCTCTTAA-3 5'-ATGTATCCTGCCTCCTCTTAA-3' 5'-ATGTATCCCCAGCTCTTAA-3° r@o e > 10Bioa4a1 Foundations of Biology Exam 2 April 1, 2019 Short Answer Questions (20 pts): Write your answers in the space provided. [10 pts.] The diagram below represents the ebony (e) gene of Drosophila melanogaster. The top part of the diagram indicates the position on the chromosome. The thick solid black arrow indicates the transcribed region, with transcription proceeding from right to left. The diagram beneath the transcribed region indicates the intran and exon structure of the pre-mRNA. The coding region of the ebony gene is represented by the white rectangles. SESAME HSE aE 5 > loo 3 ¥ SY “a eRe Go 2 ba Exons ‘A. This gene has__©_ exons and _7_ introns. [1] B. Draw the structure of the mature mRNA after processing. Include all processing events. Shade as needed to depict different regions of the pre-mRNA that remain in the mRNA. [2] polyA qa he Goa 5! tear! Stop Stet . Mark the positions of the start and stop codons for translation on your diagram of the mature mRNA, Be as exact as possible. [1] ‘ D. The sequence ofthe first 240 nucleotides of the mature processed mRNA is shown below. 8G Is nob—_, Csiceded _ 5*favuncucuccaascecccuDUACAAGUACAUAGCACGUUGAGUUUCCCsAGUGCGUUGC ‘SUA acuvuuLusccuscCCcCcARAATCAAAGUGAAACGCUAAGUGAAGUGHCCAGAARAAG AAGUUUAAASCUGGUAGACUCACUCUCUCRUAGUUGAAARUAUAGAAGGAARAUCARAUU CAAGRAAAACGUGCUTIAGUSUGRARCGGCCACAGAUBAACAUUUGRAAAAGGARAUCBAG BUURAUALAUCUUCRAGAUBGUUCECGECACARUUGUCGAUCAUCAAGGGUCUGCAGC-3° Write out the sequence of the DNA template strand from which the first 12 nucleotides of the pre~ mRNA was transcribed, Write the letters on the lines provided, also indicating which is the 5’ end ‘of the DNA template. [3] E. Underline the Start codon in the mRNA. Next, using the Genetic Code table provided (on the next page), translate the first S amino acids of the “ebony” protein. Identify the amino (N) terminus of the polypeptide. [3] NHo- Methonine- Glyaune - Secime-Leuce - Proline aBIOL:14: 238, The whi 1 Foundations of Biology Exam 2 April 1, 2019 Genetic Code Table Second letter a BOO! phen |G UAU rosie | UCU u fae] Phe j ia) Ve | ipeg] Csiro OH ere [Rey top codon | [TEEN Stop codon fa uUG im Stop codon | UGG Tryptophan |@ cuv cou AU vistine || CGU et ae Leucine eae Proline oS gac, Arginine Ci fy GUA CCA CAA cca “9! i 3) | cue cee Gag Gutamine | CGS az % [aw AAU ‘AGU u E | AUC isoleucine | AU AA asoaaane | AGH seine | E aga Teenie | — q Metionne| AGG FAR ysine | AGA ag a uv GoU GAU Aspanic | GGU al : ccc! GAC acid GGc ci Valin Alanine aycine |F ° | sca GAA curanic | SGA Ja) GAG acid ic objective of Experiment 1 (A crosses) of Project 2is to determine the chromosome (X, 2" or 3") on ich a P(w+) transgene is located. The figure below (from your lab manual) shows the cross of F1 males with pigmented eyes, curly wings and stubble bristles to white-eyed tester females. Use the figure to answer the questions that follow. Recall that the transgene (star in the figure) will be on the X or the 2nd or the 3rd chromosome, not all three locations. A Complete the following predictions for the Fz progeny of this cross (male D. melanogaster do not have crossing over). [6] ifthe transgene i located on the X chromosome, white eyes wll never be associated with the Gemale trait and pigmented eyes will never be associated with oaale teat if the transgene is located on the 2nd chromosome, white eyes will never be associated with the Straralt (ow, 1 WG trait and pigmented eyes will never be associated with the —§taacly ting trait. 2Blol:1411 Foundations of Biology Exam 2 April 1, 2019 lil Ifthe transgene is located on the 3rd chromosome, white eyes will never be associated with the ae W a z fe : Eon trait and pigmented eyes will never be inherited along with the trait. F2 Progeny Phenotypes and Numbers for Experiment 1 (Mapping of a Transgene) _ Males | Fermates phonobype umber | phenotype umber Pigmented eyes, Cur wings, | Piet ees, Cut wings a stubile bristles Stubble brstes White eyes, Curly wings Stubble vig Whit yes. Cu wins, : bites : | stubble brates - Pigmented eyes, Saiht wings, | __Plmented ees, Stat oo | stubble bristles wings, Stubble bristles L | wie eyes, aight wings, oq White 7s, Saat wigs ae Stubble brstes Stubble bites Pigmented eyes, Cay wings 5 Pens evs, Cu wes, = Long isles | Long bstes | White eyes, Curly wings, Long a | White eyes, Curly wings, Long ‘ bristles ae EEE bristles | | Pigmented eyes, Straight wings, 9 Plamentes eyes, Straight fea Long bss _ wings, Long orstes | White eyes Sight wings, Long von White v6, Sraloh was i bases 7 Long bristles Total Number 500 _ Total Number | 500 B. The table above has data collected from a P[w+] mapping cross. Based on this data, which chromosome is the transgene located on? (1] C. single red-eyed F2 male was found among the offspring of the mapping cross. Students determined that this male had only a single X chromosome (karyotype XO). What meiotic phenomenon would best explain the XO male? [1] Nonds junction D. Which parent would this phenomenon most likely have occurred in (the F1 male or the Fi tester female)? Explain your reasoning. {2} F, tester F produced an £39 without a sex chromosome, KO % as X From her father and is KP oO, 7