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Sampling Distribution
Dr Suchita Gupta 07-10-2023 1
Statistical estimation
Every member of the
population has the
same chance of being
selected in the sample
Population
Parameters
Random sample
estimation
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Sampling Distribution
Many samples of the same size are randomly drawn from a
population and a statistic (mean or s.d )is calculated for
each samples. The set of the statistic obtained for each
of the samples is called the sampling distribution of the
statistic.
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Sampling Distribution of the Mean
The means of all possible samples of a fixed size n
from some population will form a distribution that we
call the sampling distribution of the mean
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Standard error of the mean,
The standard deviation of the
sampling distribution of the mean,
called the standard error of the
mean
where s is the standard deviation of the
population from which the individual
observations are drawn and n is the
sample size
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Sampling
distribution
Normal Non Normal
Population Population
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Sampling distribution for Normal Population
The sample distribution has a mean equal to the
population mean
The sampling distribution has a standard
deviation(standard error) equal to the population standard
deviation divided by the square root of the sample size
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Sampling distribution for Non Normal
Population
The population distribution is not normal, but the
sample size n is large (n ≥ 30), then the sampling
distribution of mean
and
standard deviation
is very close to the normal distribution
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A continuous manufacturing process produces
items whose weights are normally distributed
with a mean weight of 800 gms and a
standard deviation of 300 gms. A random
sample of 16 items is to be drawn from the
process. Find the standard error
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A continuous manufacturing process produces
items whose weights are normally distributed
with a mean weight of 800 gms and a
standard deviation of 300 gms. A random
sample of 16 items is to be drawn from the
process. Find the standard error
µ = 800
σ = 300
Standard error of the mean =
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problem
How is the standard error of the mean affected by
increasing the sample size from 25 to 100 boxes for a
normal population with SD 15.
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Sampling distribution example
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Problem 1
The diameter of a brand of tennis balls is approximately normally
distributed with mean of 2.63 inches and SD of .03 inches .If you
select a random sample of nine tennis balls .
What is the sampling distribution of mean ?
What is the probability that the sample mean is less than 2.61
inches?
What is the probability that the sample mean is between 2.62 and
2.64 inches ?
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Problem 2
For a certain aptitude test, it is known from past
experience that the average score is 1000 and the
standard deviation is 125. If the test is administered to
100 randomly selected individuals, what is the probability
that the value of the average score for this sample will lie
in the interval 970 and 1030? Assume that the population
distribution is normal
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Standard error for finite population
If the population is finite with N elements whose mean is µ
and variance is σ2and the samples of fixed size n are drawn
without replacement, then the standard deviation (also
called standard error) is
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Population Standard Deviation σ is Not
Known
The standard error of the sampling distribution of mean x
If Population Standard Deviation σ is Not Known becomes
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Central limit theorem
It states that the sampling distribution of the
mean from the samples for any population will be
approximately normal for large values of n and
the approximation will get better if the sample
size increases.
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CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM (CLT)
In simple terms, central limit theorem states that for a
large sample drawn from a population with mean m and
standard deviation s, the sampling distribution of mean,
X, follows an approximate normal distribution with mean
m and standard deviation (standard error) s/ n
irrespective of the distribution of the population
(Thomas, 1984).
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Application
Central limit theorem is the basis for hypothesis tests such
as Z-test and t-test. In many cases, we will have access
to only a sample and the inference about the population
has to be made based on sample statistic.
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Problem
The mean height of college students is 70 inches with a
standard deviation of 5 inches. If a random sample of 60
college students is taken, what is the probability that
the sample average height for this sample will be more
than 71 inches?
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Problem :Central Limit Theorem
It is believed that college students in Bangalore spend on
average 80 minutes daily on texting using their mobile
phones and the corresponding standard deviation is 25
minutes. Data from a sample of 100 students were
collected for calculating the amount of time spent in
texting. Calculate the probability that the average time
spent by this sample of students will exceed 84 minutes
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