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Evolution Questions and Explanations

1. The document provides a quiz on evolution concepts from the NCERT textbook. 2. It advises students to carefully read the explanations on pages 15-30 to understand the questions, answers, and interpretations before attempting the quiz. 3. The quiz contains 61 multiple choice and fill in the blank questions related to topics in evolution including natural selection, adaptation, fitness, speciation, extinction, fossils, and geological time.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
172 views51 pages

Evolution Questions and Explanations

1. The document provides a quiz on evolution concepts from the NCERT textbook. 2. It advises students to carefully read the explanations on pages 15-30 to understand the questions, answers, and interpretations before attempting the quiz. 3. The quiz contains 61 multiple choice and fill in the blank questions related to topics in evolution including natural selection, adaptation, fitness, speciation, extinction, fossils, and geological time.

Uploaded by

Nafees
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

GUWAHATI CENTRE

ZOOLOGY - EVOLUTION
NOTE :- 5.
1) This exercise should be assumed less as a
quiz but more like NCERT explanation or
notes in form of questions which are framed,
for long retention of concepts , as NCERT
plus its language appears really difficult to
analyze and understand ,to majority of
students !
6.
2) Attempt questions , give it a thought , must
read the explanations given in last portion ___, Methane , __ , Carbon di__from __mass
of exercise. Still if your concept is not clear, covered the surface of earth.
then , only approach a faculty . Don't rush
towards help without reading explanation,
otherwise the purpose of this effort gets
defeated.
3) Don't mug up or cram or try to remember
explanations line to line as there is no need
- understand the concept , consider them as
your faculty is teaching you NCERT through
7.
this exercise.
4) Don't panic after looking at the volume of
this text , just the concepts of NCERT and no
extra data is given. So, Chill !!!
1.

8.

2.

3.
9.

4.

10.

ZOOLOGY You must See the explanations from page - 15 to understand the questions, meanings, answers, 1
EVOLUTION interpretations in a better way ; which is actually the purpose behind this quiz exercise. REGARDS !
GUWAHATI CENTRE

11. 14. "Those characteristics which enable some to


survive better in natural conditions would
outbreed others that are less endowed to survive
under such conditions."

15.

12. "This version of a biogenesis, i.e. ,the first forms


of life arose slowly through evolutionary forces 16. "He(Darwin)called it Natural selection and
from non-living organic molecules is accepted implied it as mechanism of evolution."
by majority."

17.
13.

18. "Geological history of earth closely correlates


with biological history of earth ."

ZOOLOGY You must See the explanations from page - 15 to understand the questions, meanings, answers, 2
EVOLUTION interpretations in a better way ; which is actually the purpose behind this quiz exercise. REGARDS !
GUWAHATI CENTRE

19. "Study of fossils in different sedimentary layers 23.


indicates the geological period in which they
existed."

24.

20.

25.

21.

22. 26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

ZOOLOGY You must See the explanations from page - 15 to understand the questions, meanings, answers, 3
EVOLUTION interpretations in a better way ; which is actually the purpose behind this quiz exercise. REGARDS !
GUWAHATI CENTRE
31. 34. "One can say that it is similar habitat that has
resulted in selection of___a__ features in _b__
group of organisms but towards the __c__
function."

32.

35.

36.
"In the same line of argument, similarities in
proteins and genes performing a given function
among diverse organisms gives clues to__?__
'___stry' !"

33.

37. "This intensive breeding programme has created


breeds that differ from other breeds but still are
of same group."

38. "In a collection of Moths made in 1850s , i.e.,


before industrialisation set in, it was observed
that there were__?_white winged moths on
trees____ !"

ZOOLOGY You must See the explanations from page - 15 to understand the questions, meanings, answers, 4
EVOLUTION interpretations in a better way ; which is actually the purpose behind this quiz exercise. REGARDS !
GUWAHATI CENTRE
39. 44.

40.
45.

46.
41. "Similarly, excess use of herbicides , pesticides,
etc., has only resulted in selection of resistant
varieties in a much lesser time scale .This is also
true for microbes against which we employ
antibiotics or drugs against eukaryotic
organisms/cell. "
47.

42.

48.

43. "This also tells us that evolution is not a directed


process in the sense of determinism. It is a
stochastic process based on chance events in 49.
nature and chance mutation in organisms."
Galapagos islands

ZOOLOGY You must See the explanations from page - 15 to understand the questions, meanings, answers, 5
EVOLUTION interpretations in a better way ; which is actually the purpose behind this quiz exercise. REGARDS !
GUWAHATI CENTRE

50. 53.
a) Numbat, b) wolf,
c) bobcat, d) Tasmanian tiger cat,
e) Tasmanian wolf, f) lemur,
g) spotted cuscus, h) anteater

54. "Rate of appearance of new forms is linked to_"

51.

55. "(a) A colony of bacteria (say A) growing on a


given medium has built in variation in terms
of ability to utilize a feed component.
(b) A change in medium composition would
bring out only that part of population (say
B) that can survive under new conditions.
(c) In due course of time this variant population
outgrows the others and appears as new
species.
52.
This would happen within days. "

ZOOLOGY You must See the explanations from page - 15 to understand the questions, meanings, answers, 6
EVOLUTION interpretations in a better way ; which is actually the purpose behind this quiz exercise. REGARDS !
GUWAHATI CENTRE

56.
ability
to utilize feed component.

61.
a) Fitness is based on natural selection.
57. b) Natural selection is based on evolution.
c) Useful/adaptive variations(genetics) are
based on fitness.
d) Natural selection is based on Fitness.
e) Evolution is based on Natural selection.
58. "Is evolution a process or the result of a f) Fitness is based on Useful/adaptive
process? The world we see inanimate and variations(genetics).
animate, is only the success stories of evolution.
When we describe the story of this world we
describe evolution as a process. On the other
hand when we describe story of life on earth,
we treat evolution as consequence of a process
called natural selection. We are still not very d
Ea
.
a
&
,

clear whether to regard evolution and natural 62.


selection as processes or end result of unknown
processes."

59.
63. "Even though Mendel had talked about
inheritable factors influencing Phenotype,
Darwin either ignored these variations or kept
silence."
60. "The novelty and brilliant insight of Darwin was
this : he asserted that variations ,which are
heritable and which make resource utilisation
better for few (adapted to habitat better)will
enable only those to reproduce and leave more
progeny."

ZOOLOGY You must See the explanations from page - 15 to understand the questions, meanings, answers, 7
EVOLUTION interpretations in a better way ; which is actually the purpose behind this quiz exercise. REGARDS !
GUWAHATI CENTRE

64. "Evolution for Darwin was gradual while 67.


deVries believed mutation caused speciation
and hence, called it saltation."

68. "When frequency (of alleles ) measured ,differs


from expected values, the difference (direction)
indicates the extent of evolutionary change .
Disturbance in genetic equilibrium, or Hardy-
Weinberg equilibrium, i.e., change of frequency
65. of alleles in a population would then be
interpreted as resulting in evolution."

66.1. Frequency of AA individuals in a population is


simply square of 'p' if 'p' stands for frequency
of A . This can also be stated as

69.

66.2

70.

ZOOLOGY You must See the explanations from page - 15 to understand the questions, meanings, answers, 8
EVOLUTION interpretations in a better way ; which is actually the purpose behind this quiz exercise. REGARDS !
GUWAHATI CENTRE

71. "Microbial experiments show that pre-existing 74.


advantageous mutations when selected will
result in observation of new phenotypes. Over
few generations, this would result in speciation!"

75.

72.

73.

76.

ZOOLOGY You must See the explanations from page - 15 to understand the questions, meanings, answers, 9
EVOLUTION interpretations in a better way ; which is actually the purpose behind this quiz exercise. REGARDS !
GUWAHATI CENTRE

77. 81. "The mechanism of how non-cellular


aggregates of giant macromolecules could
evolve into cells with membranous envelope is
not known. Some of these cells had the ability
to release O2".

78. Chintu, Pappu and Riya are best friends. They


purchase 3 type of plant forms from a nursery: 82.
One- Dwarf , one-medium height and other is A) Jawless fishes a)500 mya
very long ! B) Sea weeds existed probably b)320mya
Chintu observes in case A that only dwarf plant C) Stout, strong finned fishes c)350 mya
grows at his home. Pappu observes in case B moving on land and back to
that he can grow only medium height plants.
waters
While they observe long plants only in case C
at their friend Riya's home. D) Invertebrates active d)350 mya

83. I am the ancestor of first amphibians caught in


_ from _ .I am called as -

79.

84.

85.
80.

ZOOLOGY You must See the explanations from page - 15 to understand the questions, meanings, answers, 10
EVOLUTION interpretations in a better way ; which is actually the purpose behind this quiz exercise. REGARDS !
GUWAHATI CENTRE

86. 90.

87.

88.

91.

92. Tyrannosaurus rex

89. 93.

ZOOLOGY You must See the explanations from page - 15 to understand the questions, meanings, answers, 11
EVOLUTION interpretations in a better way ; which is actually the purpose behind this quiz exercise. REGARDS !
GUWAHATI CENTRE

100.

94.

Evolution of man
101.
95. Small sized reptiles of
that era still exist today.

102.

96.

103. "Few fossils of Man like Bones have been


discovered in Ethiopia and Tanzania. These
97. revealed Hominid features ,leading to the belief
that about 3-4 mya___" .

104. I am the connecting link between Man and Apes!


I lived in East African Grasslands -
98. Due to same __a___drift , Pouched mammals
of Australia survived because of lack of __b_
from any other mammal.

105.

99.

ZOOLOGY You must See the explanations from page - 15 to understand the questions, meanings, answers, 12
EVOLUTION interpretations in a better way ; which is actually the purpose behind this quiz exercise. REGARDS !
GUWAHATI CENTRE

106. 113.

107.

108.

109.

114.

110. My fossil was discovered in Java in 1891. My


brain around 900 cc.
Recognise me !
115.

111.

116.
112.

ZOOLOGY You must See the explanations from page - 15 to understand the questions, meanings, answers, 13
EVOLUTION interpretations in a better way ; which is actually the purpose behind this quiz exercise. REGARDS !
GUWAHATI CENTRE

117. 123.

124.
118.

125.

119.

126.

120.

127.
121. a) Neanderthal is direct ancestor of modern
man.
b) But our maximum resemblance is with Cro
Magnon Man.

122. 128.

ZOOLOGY You must See the explanations from page - 15 to understand the questions, meanings, answers, 14
EVOLUTION interpretations in a better way ; which is actually the purpose behind this quiz exercise. REGARDS !
GUWAHATI CENTRE

EXPLANATIONS AND ANSWERS

1.

2.
3.

4.

5.

ZOOLOGY You must See the explanations from page - 15 to understand the questions, meanings, answers, 15
EVOLUTION interpretations in a better way ; which is actually the purpose behind this quiz exercise. REGARDS !
GUWAHATI CENTRE

6.

7.

ZOOLOGY You must See the explanations from page - 15 to understand the questions, meanings, answers, 16
EVOLUTION interpretations in a better way ; which is actually the purpose behind this quiz exercise. REGARDS !
GUWAHATI CENTRE

8.

9.

10.

ZOOLOGY You must See the explanations from page - 15 to understand the questions, meanings, answers, 17
EVOLUTION interpretations in a better way ; which is actually the purpose behind this quiz exercise. REGARDS !
GUWAHATI CENTRE

11.

12.

13.

ZOOLOGY You must See the explanations from page - 15 to understand the questions, meanings, answers, 18
EVOLUTION interpretations in a better way ; which is actually the purpose behind this quiz exercise. REGARDS !
GUWAHATI CENTRE

14.

15.

ZOOLOGY You must See the explanations from page - 15 to understand the questions, meanings, answers, 19
EVOLUTION interpretations in a better way ; which is actually the purpose behind this quiz exercise. REGARDS !
GUWAHATI CENTRE

16.

17.

18.



19.

JURASSIC

ZOOLOGY You must See the explanations from page - 15 to understand the questions, meanings, answers, 20
EVOLUTION interpretations in a better way ; which is actually the purpose behind this quiz exercise. REGARDS !
GUWAHATI CENTRE

20.

21.
22.

ZOOLOGY You must See the explanations from page - 15 to understand the questions, meanings, answers, 21
EVOLUTION interpretations in a better way ; which is actually the purpose behind this quiz exercise. REGARDS !
GUWAHATI CENTRE

23.

24.

ZOOLOGY You must See the explanations from page - 15 to understand the questions, meanings, answers, 22
EVOLUTION interpretations in a better way ; which is actually the purpose behind this quiz exercise. REGARDS !
GUWAHATI CENTRE

ZOOLOGY You must See the explanations from page - 15 to understand the questions, meanings, answers, 23
EVOLUTION interpretations in a better way ; which is actually the purpose behind this quiz exercise. REGARDS !
GUWAHATI CENTRE

25.
Organism Heart Brain

26.
27.
28.

ZOOLOGY You must See the explanations from page - 15 to understand the questions, meanings, answers, 24
EVOLUTION interpretations in a better way ; which is actually the purpose behind this quiz exercise. REGARDS !
GUWAHATI CENTRE

29.

ZOOLOGY You must See the explanations from page - 15 to understand the questions, meanings, answers, 25
EVOLUTION interpretations in a better way ; which is actually the purpose behind this quiz exercise. REGARDS !
GUWAHATI CENTRE

30.

31.

ZOOLOGY You must See the explanations from page - 15 to understand the questions, meanings, answers, 26
EVOLUTION interpretations in a better way ; which is actually the purpose behind this quiz exercise. REGARDS !
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32.

Option no. (from question ) Explanation

33.

ZOOLOGY You must See the explanations from page - 15 to understand the questions, meanings, answers, 27
EVOLUTION interpretations in a better way ; which is actually the purpose behind this quiz exercise. REGARDS !
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A case of convergent evolution

ZOOLOGY You must See the explanations from page - 15 to understand the questions, meanings, answers, 28
EVOLUTION interpretations in a better way ; which is actually the purpose behind this quiz exercise. REGARDS !
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parallel evolution

34.

35.

36.

37.

ZOOLOGY You must See the explanations from page - 15 to understand the questions, meanings, answers, 29
EVOLUTION interpretations in a better way ; which is actually the purpose behind this quiz exercise. REGARDS !
GUWAHATI CENTRE

38.

39.

40.

ZOOLOGY You must See the explanations from page - 15 to understand the questions, meanings, answers, 30
EVOLUTION interpretations in a better way ; which is actually the purpose behind this quiz exercise. REGARDS !
GUWAHATI CENTRE

41.

ZOOLOGY You must See the explanations from page - 15 to understand the questions, meanings, answers, 31
EVOLUTION interpretations in a better way ; which is actually the purpose behind this quiz exercise. REGARDS !
GUWAHATI CENTRE

42.

ZOOLOGY You must See the explanations from page - 15 to understand the questions, meanings, answers, 32
EVOLUTION interpretations in a better way ; which is actually the purpose behind this quiz exercise. REGARDS !
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43.

44.
# Stochastic -

45.

ZOOLOGY You must See the explanations from page - 15 to understand the questions, meanings, answers, 33
EVOLUTION interpretations in a better way ; which is actually the purpose behind this quiz exercise. REGARDS !
GUWAHATI CENTRE

46.

47.

48.

49.

50.

51.

ZOOLOGY You must See the explanations from page - 15 to understand the questions, meanings, answers, 34
EVOLUTION interpretations in a better way ; which is actually the purpose behind this quiz exercise. REGARDS !
GUWAHATI CENTRE

52.
53.

54.

55.

ZOOLOGY You must See the explanations from page - 15 to understand the questions, meanings, answers, 35
EVOLUTION interpretations in a better way ; which is actually the purpose behind this quiz exercise. REGARDS !
GUWAHATI CENTRE

56.

ZOOLOGY You must See the explanations from page - 15 to understand the questions, meanings, answers, 36
EVOLUTION interpretations in a better way ; which is actually the purpose behind this quiz exercise. REGARDS !
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Interpretation of this text from NCERT -


ZOOLOGY You must See the explanations from page - 15 to understand the questions, meanings, answers, 37
EVOLUTION interpretations in a better way ; which is actually the purpose behind this quiz exercise. REGARDS !
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57.
58.

59.
60.


ZOOLOGY You must See the explanations from page - 15 to understand the questions, meanings, answers, 38
EVOLUTION interpretations in a better way ; which is actually the purpose behind this quiz exercise. REGARDS !
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Interpretation of this text from NCERT -

61.

Or


ZOOLOGY You must See the explanations from page - 15 to understand the questions, meanings, answers, 39
EVOLUTION interpretations in a better way ; which is actually the purpose behind this quiz exercise. REGARDS !
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62.
63.
64.

65.
66.1

66.2
67.
68.

69.

70.

Interpretation of this text from NCERT -

ZOOLOGY You must See the explanations from page - 15 to understand the questions, meanings, answers, 40
EVOLUTION interpretations in a better way ; which is actually the purpose behind this quiz exercise. REGARDS !
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71.

Interpretation of this text from NCERT -



ZOOLOGY You must See the explanations from page - 15 to understand the questions, meanings, answers, 41
EVOLUTION interpretations in a better way ; which is actually the purpose behind this quiz exercise. REGARDS !
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72.

73.
74.
75.
76.

77.


78.


79.

ZOOLOGY You must See the explanations from page - 15 to understand the questions, meanings, answers, 42
EVOLUTION interpretations in a better way ; which is actually the purpose behind this quiz exercise. REGARDS !
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80.
81.



82.

ZOOLOGY You must See the explanations from page - 15 to understand the questions, meanings, answers, 43
EVOLUTION interpretations in a better way ; which is actually the purpose behind this quiz exercise. REGARDS !
GUWAHATI CENTRE

83.
"Fishes with stout fins could move on land and could go back to
waters. This was about 350 mya. In 1938, a fish caught in South Africa happened to be a Coelacanth
which was thought to be extinct
. These animals called lobefins evolved into first
amphibians that lived on both land and water."

84.

85.
86.
87.

ZOOLOGY You must See the explanations from page - 15 to understand the questions, meanings, answers, 44
EVOLUTION interpretations in a better way ; which is actually the purpose behind this quiz exercise. REGARDS !
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88.

89.

90.
91.

ZOOLOGY You must See the explanations from page - 15 to understand the questions, meanings, answers, 45
EVOLUTION interpretations in a better way ; which is actually the purpose behind this quiz exercise. REGARDS !
GUWAHATI CENTRE

92.
93.
94.
95.
96.

97.

98.
99.
100.

ZOOLOGY You must See the explanations from page - 15 to understand the questions, meanings, answers, 46
EVOLUTION interpretations in a better way ; which is actually the purpose behind this quiz exercise. REGARDS !
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101.

102.
103.
104 .

105.
106.
107.
108.

ZOOLOGY You must See the explanations from page - 15 to understand the questions, meanings, answers, 47
EVOLUTION interpretations in a better way ; which is actually the purpose behind this quiz exercise. REGARDS !
GUWAHATI CENTRE

109.

110.
111.
112.
113.
114.

115.
116.

ZOOLOGY You must See the explanations from page - 15 to understand the questions, meanings, answers, 48
EVOLUTION interpretations in a better way ; which is actually the purpose behind this quiz exercise. REGARDS !
GUWAHATI CENTRE
117.
118.
119.

120.

ZOOLOGY You must See the explanations from page - 15 to understand the questions, meanings, answers, 49
EVOLUTION interpretations in a better way ; which is actually the purpose behind this quiz exercise. REGARDS !
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121.
122.

123.

124.
125.
126.
127.

128.





ZOOLOGY You must See the explanations from page - 15 to understand the questions, meanings, answers, 50
EVOLUTION interpretations in a better way ; which is actually the purpose behind this quiz exercise. REGARDS !
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ZOOLOGY You must See the explanations from page - 15 to understand the questions, meanings, answers, 51
EVOLUTION interpretations in a better way ; which is actually the purpose behind this quiz exercise. REGARDS !

Common questions

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The rediscovery of the Coelacanth, previously thought extinct, has reshaped our conception of evolutionary history by revealing the survival of ancient lineages and the complexity of evolutionary paths. It underscores the idea that some species exhibit little change over vast timescales, a phenomenon known as evolutionary stasis, thereby offering invaluable insights into the mechanisms and pace of evolutionary processes .

Convergent evolution is supported by observations where different groups of organisms develop similar features due to living in similar habitats, despite having distinct evolutionary ancestries. The selection of analogous traits that serve similar functions in these environments provides evidence for how habitat conditions can shape evolutionary paths independently leading to similar adaptations .

The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is a principle that describes a stable genetic state in a population where allele frequencies remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of evolutionary forces. It serves as a null model to detect evolutionary change by highlighting deviations from equilibrium, which indicate factors like selection, mutation, or genetic drift are at play. This understanding helps in measuring evolutionary pressures on a population .

Fossil studies indicate that the geological history of Earth is closely linked with its biological history. Fossils found in different sedimentary layers reveal the geological periods in which certain organisms existed, highlighting a correlation between major geological changes and evolutionary events .

Evolution is described as a stochastic process because it is driven by random, chance events in nature and mutations in organisms rather than predetermined outcomes. This randomness implies that evolutionary changes are inherently unpredictable; they do not follow a specific direction or purpose but are shaped by environmental pressures and genetic variability present in populations .

Microbial experiments demonstrate that when pre-existing advantageous mutations are selected within a population, they result in the appearance of new phenotypes. Over several generations, this selection process can lead to the development of new species, essentially contributing to speciation .

DeVries introduced the concept of mutation as a source of significant evolutionary leaps, termed 'saltation,' contrasting Darwin's view of gradual evolution. While Darwin considered evolution to occur as a slow and continuous process via natural selection, deVries proposed that new species could arise suddenly through significant genetic mutations, offering a different perspective on the pace and nature of evolutionary changes .

Antibiotic resistance exemplifies natural selection, as it involves the survival and proliferation of microbial variants that can withstand drug treatments. Over time, these resistant strains dominate, showing how selective pressures from antibiotics favor those organisms with mutations conferring resistance. This illustrates evolution as a responsive process that adapts to environmental challenges, reinforcing the concept of survival of the fittest .

Darwin suggested that natural selection acts as a mechanism of evolution, where variations that are heritable and improve resource utilization lead to increased reproduction and survival. Consequently, these advantageous traits become more common in subsequent generations, driving evolutionary change .

Heritable variations that enhance an organism's ability to utilize resources or adapt to its environment result in a better chance of survival and reproduction. Organisms exhibiting these advantageous traits tend to leave more offspring, thereby increasing the frequency of those traits in subsequent generations, driving evolutionary adaptation .

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