SELF DESIGNED
TRANSFORMER
[Link]
XII-B
EXAM NO:12206
index
[Link] COnTenT PAGe
nO
1 inTROdUCTiOn 1
2 AiM 3
3 THeORY 4
4 APPARATUS ReQUiRed 8
5 PRinCiPLe 9
6 PROCedURe 12
7 TABULATiOn 14
8 ReSULT 15
9 APPLiCATiOnS 16
10 BiBiLiOGRAPHY 17
inTROdUCTiOn
The transformer is a device used for converting
a low alternating voltage to a high alternating
voltage or vice versa.
A Transformer based on the principle of mutual
induction according to this principle. The amount
of magnetic flux linked with a coil changing, an
E.M.F is induced in the neighbouring coil.
A transformer is an electrical device which is
used for changing the A.C voltages. A
transformer is most widely used device in both
low and high current circuit.
As such transformer are built in an amazing
strength of sizes. In electronic, measurement
and control circuits, transformer size may be so
small that it weight only a few tones of gram
where as in high voltage power circuits, it may
weight hundred of tones.
In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer
from one circuit to another circuit takes place
without the use of moving parts.
A transformer which increases the voltage is
called a step-up transformer.A transformer
which decreases the A.C. voltages is step-down
[Link] is therefore, an
essential piece of apparatus both for high and
low current circuits
AiM
To investigate the relation between the ratio
of:-
[Link] and output voltage.
2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and
primary coil of a self made transformer
THeORY
When an alternating e.m.f. is supplied to the
primary coil P1 P2 , an alternating current starts
falling in it. The alternating current in the primary
produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces
alternating voltage in the primary as well as in the
secondary.
In a good-transformer, whole of the magnetic flux
linked with primary is also linked with the secondary
is equal to that induced in each turn of the primary.
Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values f the
e.m.f’s Induced in the primary secondary coils of
the transformer and
dϕ/dt= rate of change of flux in each turnoff the
coil at this instant, we have
Ep= -Np dϕ/dt………………. (1)
And
Es = -Nsdϕ/dt………………….(2)
Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by
diving 2 by 1 , we get
Es/Ep = -Ns/Np……………….(3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the
primary coil P1 ,so the instantaneous current in primary coil
is due to the difference (E – Ep) in the instantaneous value of
the applied and back e.m.f. further if Rp is the
resistance o, P1 P2 coil is given by
Ip = E-Ep /Rp
E-Ep= Ip Rp
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f Hence equation 3 can be written
as Es/Ep = Es/E= output e.m.f = input e.m.f
= Ns/Np = K
Where K is constant turn or transformation ratio
in A STeP-dOwn TRAnSfORMeR
Es˂E so K ˂ 1, Hence NS ˂NP
If
Ip = value of secondary primary current at same
instant
And
Is = value of secondary current at this instant , then
Input power at the instant = EpIp
And
Output power at the same instant = EsIs
If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then
input power = output power
Or
Ep Ip=Es Is
Or
E s/Ep=Ip/Is=K
in A STeP-UP TRAnSfORMeR
Es˃E so K˃1, hence Ns ˃Np As , K ˃1, so Ip ˃Is is or
Is > Ip
i.e. current in secondary is weaker when secondary voltage is
higher.
Hence, what ever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in
the same ratio.
Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down transformer,
whatever we lose in voltage, we gain in current in the same
ratio.
Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the current
& a step down transformer steps up the current
APPARATUS ReQUiRed
1 ) Iron rod
2)Copper wire
3)voltmeter
4)Ammeter
PRinCiPLe
Transformer works on Faraday's law of mutual
induction.
Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction states
that, when a change takes place in the magnetic
flux which is linked with a circuit, an electromotive
force current will induce in the circuit.
The transformer consists of two separate winding
placed over the laminated silicon steel core.
The winding to which AC supply is connected is
called primary winding and to which load is
connected is called secondary winding.
It works on the alternating current only because
an alternating flux is required for mutual induction
between the two winding.
When the AC supply is given to the primary winding
with a certain voltage, an alternating flux sets up
in the core of the transformer, which links with the
secondary winding and as a result of it, an emf is
induced in it called Mutually Induced emf.
The direction of this induced emf is opposite to the
applied voltage.
eneRGY LOSSeS
1. Copper Loss is the energy loss in the form of heat
in the copper coils of a transformer. This is due to
joule heating of conducting wires.
2. Iron Losses is the energy loss in the form of heat in
the iron core of the transformer. This is due to
formation of eddy currents in iron core. It is minimized
by taking laminated cores.
3. Leakage of magnetic flux: occurs in spite of best
[Link],rate of change of magnetic flux
linked with each turn of S1 S2 is less than the rate of
change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of
P1 P2 .
4. Hysteresis Loss: is the loss of energy due to
repeated magnetization and demagnetization of the
iron core when A.C. is fed to it.
5. Magneto striation: i.e. humming noise of a
transformer.
PROCedURe
1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper
and wind a large number of turns of thin Cu wire on
thick paper(say 60) . This constitutes primary coil
of transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and
wound relatively smaller number of turns ( say 20)
of thick copper wire on it. This constitutes the
secondary coil. It is a step down transformer.
3. Connect P1,P2to A.C main and measure the input
voltage and current using A.C voltmeter and
ammeter respectively.
4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and
current through S1 and S2.
5. Now connect S1 and S2to A.C main and again
measure voltage and current through primary and
secondary coil of step up transformer.
6. Repeat all steps for other self made transformer
by changing
number of turns in primary and secondary coil.
TABULATiOn
[Link] Input Output Output n=v2xI2x100% %vr=e2-v2
w1 E2x100%
power voltage Current
(w1) (v2) (I2)
1 420 222 1.6 84.57 3.47
2 640 220 2.6 89.37 4.34
3 840 216 3.5 90.00 6.08
4 1040 214 4.4 90.53 6.95
ReSULT
1. The output voltage of the transformer across
the secondary coil depends upon the ratio
(Ns/ Np) with respect to the input voltage.
2. There is a loss of power between input and
output coil of a transformer .
APPLiCATiOn
1. In voltage regulator for T.V. , refrigerator,
computer, air conditioner, etc.
2. A step down transformer in used for welding
purposes.
3. A step down transformer is used for obtaining
large current.
4. A step up transformer is used for the production
of X –Rays and NEON advertisement.
5. Transformer are used in voltage regulators and
stabilized power supplies.
6. Transformer are used in the transmission of a.c.
over long distances.
7. Small transformer are used in radio sets,
telephones ,loud speakers and electric bells etc
BiBiLiOGRAPHY
1. Ncert textbook class 12
[Link] physics lab manual
3. Internet
4. [Link] .com
5. [Link]
6. [Link]
[Link] arora physics