FORMULA LIST

Sample Measurements

1. Mean, x =
x or
f x
n n

 f 
 − f m −1

2. Median, x = L m +  2 C
 fm 
 
 

 1 
3. Mode, x̂ = L m o +    C
  1 +  2 


( x) 
2
1  
 x
1 
4. Standard Deviation, s = (x − x)  or2 2
−
n − 1   n −1 n 
 


( f x) 
2
1  
 f x
1 
s = f (x − x)  or
2 2
−
n − 1   n −1 n 
 

s
5. Coefficient of Variation, CV =  100
x
Mean − Mode 3 (Mean − Median )
6. Pearson’s Measure of Skewness = or
S tan dard Deviation S tan dard Deviation
where

n = total frequency
Lm = lower class boundary of a median class
L mo = lower class boundary of a modal class
f m −1 = cumulative frequencies for the classes before the median class
fm = frequency of median class
1 = (frequency of modal class) – (previous frequency of modal class)
2 = (frequency of modal class) – (next frequency of modal class)
C = class size
Correlation and Regression

1. Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Coefficient

 xy −  n
x y
n xy −  x y
r=
n  x 2 2

− ( x ) n  y 2 − ( y )
2
 or 
 x −
( x )   y − ( y ) 
2
2

 2
2



n  
 
n 


6 d 2
2. Spearman’s Rank correlation coefficient, rs = 1 −
n(n 2 − 1)

3. The least- squares regression line of Y against X, Y = a + bX

 x y
n xy −  x  y  xy − n
i. b= or b=
n x − ( x )
2 2
( x )2
 x2 − n

ii. a = y −b x or a=
y −b x
n n

Probability Distribution

1. Uniform
1
P( X = x ) = , for x = x 1, x 2 ,..., x k
k
k +1 k2 −1
Mean,  = Variance,  2 =
2 12

2. Binomial
P( X = x )= n C x p x qn− x , for x = 0,1,2,..., n
Mean,  = E( X) = np Variance ,  2 = V( X) = npq

3. Poisson
e − x
P( X = x ) = for x = 0,1,2,...
x!
Mean,  = E( X) =  Variance ,  2 = V( X) = 