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Lumped Vs Distributed

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ETC 5386 Pritam Biswal
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54 views16 pages

Lumped Vs Distributed

Uploaded by

ETC 5386 Pritam Biswal
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
ECE 391 supplemental notes - #1 Lumped vs. Distributed Circuits Lumped-Element Circuits: + Physical dimensions of circuit are such that voltage across and current through conductors connecting elements does not vary. + Current in two-terminal lumped circuit element does not vary (phase change or transit time are neglected) same current Lumped vs. Distributed Circuits Distributed Circuits: + Current varies along conductors and elements; + Voltage across points along conductor or within element varies > phase change or transit time cannot be neglected Example: Rs eg 25cm f= 300MHzs(?) axle =F S0056 it t,/t, <2.5 Example + CMOS Buffer with t, = t; = 0.5 ns + FR-4 PCB (velocity ~ 0.45 c) “Noe: c/Je, EEEES BEE ee ond Determine maximum distance d_ so that t/ty> 6 titg= tl(dv,)>6 =D d transmission line?) = off chip = PCB, packages — cables (coax, twisted pair, ...) = ate. = Applications of transmission lines = interconnections * signal transmission + power transmission = circuit elementsifunctional components (at high frequencies) * Mites (¢.g. coupled tines, stubs, ..) Interconnect Technologies inter | Line | Line | Max. connection |Width | Thickness | Length Type | tum) | (um) |_ (em) On-chip: onchio |os2] o52 | 0345 Package x LZ. ThinFim |1025] 58 | 20-45 e pes <— come 75] 1625 | 200 : PCB pore 8-70 40-70 cables, ete. Transmission Line — Characteristic Dimensions Cross-sectional Dimensions re << wavelength ae D<«xa D L D L L>a Lengths vary from fractions of a wavelength to many wavelengths Model for Transmission Line Note: here R,L,G,C represent total values per section generic equivalent circuit model Trans: n Line Parameters Cross-sectional view of typical uniform interconnects: — - Oo = Capacitance between conductors, C (F/m) = Inductance of conductor loop, L (H/m) = Resistance of conductors (conductor loss), R (Q/m) = Shunt conductance (dielectric loss), G (S/m) ump [R,L,G,C are specified as per-unit-length parameters Derivation of Trans + a: = e+ Az,1)-e.0)] |= Laz AZ) ~lile+ Ae, t)—ile,o)]= Cae PET) ai(z,t) ot a Note: here LC are per-ut =[o(e + Ae,1)—v(e,t)]= 1 ae) Zpjcaap aves Act) -lie tas.) GEE after taking Az > 0 Telegrapher’ s Equations length parameters jon Line Equations Transmission Line Equations Lossless transmission line —i 19 _ Ov@,0) _ L di(z,4)||_ a, c av(z,t) oz or oz ot Wave Equations _Ov@.1) _ , AH(2.t) _ dit) _ .aVE.1) oz “ar oz or Wave Equations civ yt vz, ov(z,t) 2 OED po SED _ NED az* or ve Of O7i(z,t) _ Lc 2G) i O7i(z,t) ar ve or az? General Wave Solutions ay ay 1 ay a y ¥ General Solution for Voltage V(z,1) =v (z-v,t)+v (Z+v,t) =v'@-z/v,)+vt+z2/v,)| [SS +2 direction ~z direction 1 Velocity of Propagation |v, =—— (mis y pag ’e Tre ‘ ) Illustration of Space-Time Variation of Single Traveling Wave WZ.) =v (Vv, D+ E+y,.) =v'(t—z/v,)+v ¢+z/v,)| time distance Wave Solutions for Current i(z,1) =i* @—2/v,) +7 @4+2/¥,) a 2) eet) OF Lpecenp reren pees arerzny| Eb uenp-rusrciglec ens yer eel) Characteristic Impedance Summary of Transmission Line Parameters Capacitance per-unit-length C (F/m) Inductance per-unit-tength L (Him) Characteristic impedance Z, (2) Velocity of propagation v,, (m/s) Per-unit-ength delay time /,, =1/v,, (s/m) Delay time (TD) ¢, =//v, 2s Properties of Ideal Transmission Lines === © = C from 2D electro-static solution « L from 2D magneto-static solution * Velocity of propagation 1 6 VHolt.£0€, t VE, T {neglecting magnetic materials) ¢, =30cm/nsec Typical Dielectrics Disteeivic Rel. Dielectric Constant] Propagation | Delay tine speed | perunitiength & (cminsec) (pslem) Paige 25-55 78 Se Silcon ionida 33 5 Epoxy glass (PCB) 30 73 75 ‘Alumina (ceramic 35: 0 105, Fa Examples (cont’ d) Examples (cont’ d) stripline microstrip Ww. & a ) Suite Ww €, e SS, pb * h d=0,536w+0.67t Egy ~ 0.AT5€, +0.67 (very approximate!) 15 Alternative Formulas fo SS & h zZ ZA sa) f 58h ) FIAT (OB for wib <0.35 and th <0.25 for 0.1

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