atcrad ler) AW ola 4 .. Supply a solution of a dilute acid and alkali. Determine which is acidic and which is basic, giving two tests for each. 4. Use of pH in soil analysis, water analysis, medical field ~ simple identification with universal indicator. Internal Assessment of Practical Work Candidates will be asked to observe the effect of reagents and/or of heat on substances supplied to them. The exercises will be simple and may include the recognition and identification of certain gases and ions listed below. The examiners will not, however, be restricted in their choice to substances containing the listed ions. Gases : Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, Chlorine, Hydrogen chloride, Sulphur dioxide, Hydrogen sulphide, Ammonia, Water vapour, Nitrogen dioxide, Tons : Calcium, Copper, ron, Lead, Zine and Ammonium, Carbonate, Chloride, Nitrate, Sulphide, Sulphite and Sulphate. Knowledge of a formal scheme of analysis is not required. Semi-micro techniques are acceptable but candidates using such techniques may need to adapt the instructions given to suit the size of the apparatus being used. Candidates are expected to have completed the following minimum practical work. Make a solution of the unknown substance ; add sodium hydroxide solution or ammonium hydroxide solution, make ‘observations and give your deduction. Warming the mixture may be needed. Choose from substances containing Ca, (Cu?*, Fe, Fe, Pb, Zn, NH,*. ‘Add concentrated hydrochloric acid to each of the given substances, warm, make observations, identify any product and ‘make deductions : (@) copper oxide (b) manganese dioxide. 13.1 RECOGNITION AND IDENTIFICATION OF GASES Preparation of Gases Recognition and Identification of Gas 1, Hydrogen (2) The evolved gas is colourless, odourless and neutral Add dilute HCI or dilute HS0, 10 the reactive metals to litmus, {metals above hydrogen inthe activity series) like magnesium, Gi) cium toarogue bariacon gale ace Rams weer ine, iron, et a burning splint is brought near it Active metal + dil Acid -» Salt + Hydrogen (©) Hydrogen-air burns with a pop sound when a Mg + HySO, > MgSO, +H, ‘burning taper is brought near it Zn + 2HCL > ZnCl + Hy 2. Oxygen Heat higher metallic oxides or metal nitrates (a) The gas is colourless, odourless and nevtral to Heavy metal A 5 Metal oxide/ + oxygen Titus. aids Metal () Ie rekindtes a glowing splinter (©). The gas is absorbed in colourless alkaline solution SEO As SGPOO!: Fe Oe of pyrogallol and tums it dark brown, 2HgO ay Hg + Oy Metal nitrates A, Metal oxide + Nitrogen + Oxygen dioxide 2CuNO,); Ay 2Cu + 4ANO, + 0; 2Za(NO,). —A» 2200 + 4NO, + 0; 229Carbon dioxide Heat metallic carbonate (except sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate) or add dilute acid to any carbonate or hydrogen carbonate. Metallic carbonate 4} Metal oxide + carbon dioxide (a) The gas is colourless and odourless. (b) It tums moist blue litmus faint red. (©) When the gas is passed through the lime water, it tums milky due to the formation of white precipitate of calcium carbonate. ZnCO, ‘A 70+ CO CHOH, + CO, > CACO + — HO cuco, a Go + Co, The milkiness disappears on passing excess of CO Metal carbonate? + Acid —> Salt + Water + Carbon CACO, + CO; + HO > CalHCO,), Iydrogen carbonate (dil) dioxide pot (Golubie) CaCO, + 2HCL > CaCl, + HO + CO, | (a) The gas has no effect on filter paper dipped in NaHCO; + HCL > NaCl + 10 + COy acidified KxCr,0, or KMnO,, 4. Chlorine (a) The gas is greenish yellow having a sharp pungent Add conc. HCI 10 oxidising agents like Pb,Oy tablapiataue, PbOy MnO» ex, (©) Ietums a moist biue litmus paper red and finally Oxidising + Cone. >» Metal + Water + Chlorine leaches e., decolouriser i. agent’ == HCI_— chloride &% +80 + Ha + HOO Pb;0, + SHC! > 3PbCl, + 4H,0 + Cl, aes Bans eh 204 bh a Colouring + [0] > Colortess or MnO, + 4HCl > MnCh + 2H,0 + Ch che theched prodect (©) It tums moist starch iodide paper (KI + Starch solution) blue black. oo + m+ KC + Surch + > Bue black colour (@) Pass the gas through silver nitrate solution, a white ‘Ppt. is formed. 5. Hydrogen chloride ‘Add cone. Ho$0, to metal chlorides like NaCl, KCl, ete. Metsl + Cone. sulphuric > Metal + Hydrogen chloride acid ‘sulphate chloride NaCl + HO, > NaHSO, + HCL KCl + 1,80, > KHSO, + HCL (@) The gas is colourless with a pungent choking odour. (b) The gas tums moist blue litmus paper red. (©) Ifa glass rod dipped in ammonia solution is brought near the gas dense white fumes of ammonium ‘chloride are formed. NHyaq) + HCL) NBC (@) Gas when passed through silver nitrate solution white precipitate is formed ‘AgNOx(aq) + HCl + AgCl + HNO; ‘The ppt dissolves in excess of NH,OH. AgCl + 2NH,OH — Ag(NH)Cl + 21,0 soluble compound 6 Sulphur dioxide Add dil, HCl or dil. H;S0, to metallic sulphites. Metal sulphite\ + dil Acid —> Salt’ + Water + Sulphur hydrogen sulphite dioxide NaySO, + 2HCL > 2NaCl + HO + SO, NaSO; + ~HSO, —> NaySO, + H,0 + SO; 2NaHSO; + _-HySOq > NaySO, + 2H,0 + 250) (@) The gas is colourless with a smell of burning sulphur ice, suffocating odour. (6) Ic tums moist blue litmus red and finally bleaches it (6) ‘The gas tums lime water turbid (milky) (Similar to carbon dioxide) CuOH), + $0: > CaS0;b + 1,0 (@) It decolourises pink potassium permanganate solution. 2KMnO, + 2H 0 + $80; > K:S04 + 2MnSO, + 24,80, (pinky (coloaress) (©) It changes orange/yellow solution of acidified potassium dichromate green. KsCh0, + H,80, + 380; > Cry{SO)y + K,S0, + 10 (orange) (Green) (0 Ithas no effect on lead acetate paperHydrogen sulphide ‘Add dil HCl or dit H»S0, to metallic sulphides lke ZnS, FeS. Metal + dil Acid > Salt + Hydrogen sulphide sulphide FeS + HyS0, + FeSO, + HS ZS + 2HCl + ZC + HS @ O) © (CHyCOO):Po + @ ‘The gas is colourless having a foul smell of rotten eegs. It turns moist blue litmus red. I turns lead acetate paper black. > post + 2CH,cooH (bisek) Italso turns lead nitrate solution black PHN) + HS > Past + HNO, HS 8. Ammonia Add alkali to ammonium salt like ammonium Chloride, ammonium sulphate. Ammonium salt + Alkali > Salt + Water + Ammonia 2NHCL + CUOH), > CaCl + 2Hj0 + 2NHy NHCl + NaOH > NaCl + HO + NF @ ) © @ ‘The gas is colourless with a sharp pungent characteristic smell. I turns moist red litmus blue. If a glass rod dipped in cone. HCl is brought near the gas, dense white fumes of ammonium chloride are formed. ‘The gas tums colourless Nesslers reagent i.e. (KHgl,) potassium mercuric iodide brown, 9. Water vapour Heat a crystalline substance like hydrated sodium carbonate or hydrated copper sulphate. Hydrated salt 4 5 Anhydrous salt. + Water vapour NaCOy10H,0 2, NaCO, + —10H,0 CuS0,5H,O As CuSO, + 5H,0 (blue) (white) @ o) © Colourless, odourless forms a clear liquid on the cooler parts of the test-tube. ‘The liquid is neutral to litmus. ‘This liquid turns anhydrous copper sulphate from white to blac. CuSO, + SH;O + CuS0,SH,0 (white) @ Cocl, (blue) It ums blue cobalt chloride paper pink. + 6H,O + CoCl,-6H,0 blue) (pink) 10. Nitrogen dioxide Heat heavy metal nitrate like copper nitrate, lead nitrate. Motal nitrato As Metal oxide + Oxygen + Nitrogen dioxide 2CYNO;» 25 20 + 0, + — ANOy 2PH(NO), Ay 2P0 + 0, + 4NO, Note : Sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate do not produce nitrogen dioxide on heating @ ) © @ ‘The gas is brown in colour having an irritating (pungent) odour and non-combustible. Ic tums moist blue litmus paper red. It tums stareh Iodide paper from colourless to blue black. 2Kl + 2NO, + 2KNO, + hy ‘Tums potassium iodide paper brown, It tums green acidified ferrous sulphate solution brown, 13.2 RECOGNITION OF SUBSTANCES BY COLOUR, ODOUR, PHYSICAL STATE AND ACTION OF HEAT A. Colour : Suspected ion 1. Blue or bluish green colour. cu 2. Light green colour. Fe 3. Yellow or yellowish brown. Fe 4. White colour (or colourless). Pb*, Zn**, Ca Na’, K*, or NH,* C. State: 1, Amorphous salt. coz 2. Hygroscopic or deliquescent nature. Cl or NO. 231 B. Odour : 1. Smell of ammonia gas. NH 2. Smell of hydrogen sulphide gas. S* 3. Smell of sulphur dioxide gas. SO,D. Action of Heat : 1, Ammonium salt when heated with alkali (except ammonium hydroxide) produces Ammonia gas. Ammonium nitrate (explosive) and Ammonium chloride leaves no residue behind on heating. Ammonium dichromate on heating leaves greenish grey mass. (NH,))Cr,0, 4, Cr,0, + N, + 44,0. (orange) greenish grey 2. PbO,, Pb,O,, HO, KNO,, NaNO, on heating produces oxygen gas. 3. Carbonate and bicarbonate on heating evolves carbon dioxide (except K,CO, and Na,CO,). |. Hydrated salts on heating produces water vapour. 5. Sulphites and some sulphates when heated produce sulphur dioxide gas. 6. Lead compounds decompose to give lead monoxide PbO (litharge). PDO is brown when hot, yellow when cold and sticks to the glass test tube, 7. Zine compounds decompose on heating to give zinc oxide. ZnCO,—> ZnO + CO, a ine oxide is yellow when hot, white when cold. ZnO — ZnO Coat white yellow 8. Copper compounds decompose to give black copper oxide. CuCO, 4, CuO + CO, (green) (black) Note : Dry test involves ~ colour, density, physical state, dry heating and flame test. ‘Wet test involves adding reagents to identify the substance. ‘Table of solubility of salts and bases in water (Roman numerals indicate the valency ofthe radical or metal) N 13.3 IDENTIFICATION OF IONS Identification of ions is usually done in solution state. Salt is dissolved in water to make solution. If the salts do not dissolve in water then Nitric acid is added to form nitrate. All nitrates are soluble in water. Cations are tested by the action of alkalies as they give characteristic coloured metallic hydroxide precipitates (see chapter 4). When adding the alkali, add it slowly at first (one drop at a time). If it is added too quickly, it is easy to miss a precipitate that redissolves in excess. Anions are tested by the reaction of acids or by specific reagents. 232,IDENTIFICATION OF CATIONS BY ACTION OF ALKALIES (SEE CHAPTER 4 ALSO) Sodium hydroxide solution ‘Ammonia solution ‘Metal Colour of With excess sodium | Metal Colour of With excess ammonium precipitate hydroxide solution precipitate hydroxide solution Calcium = — White curdy Insoluble Calcium - ~ No ppt. No hangs eae: sWhite chalky __~ Soluble Lead White chalky Insoluble Zine White gelatinous Soluble Zine White gelatinous Soluble Copper Pale blue Insoluble Gopee Pa lee Soluble - deep blue solution Iron (I) Pale green Insoluble Tron (M1) Palle green Insoluble turing brown turning brown Iron (MM) Reddish brown Insoluble Iron (III) Rust (brown) Insoluble ‘Test for NH,’ salt (i) When caustic alkali (NaOH or KOH) is added to any ammonium salt, ammonia gas is evolved. Gi) If Nessler’s reagent is added to any ammonium salt solution, it tums brown. IDENTIFICATION OF ANIONS (A) By adding dilute sulphuric acid Experiment Observation Inference 1.(@)| Take a small quantity of salt in a test | Brisk effervescence and a colourless | ‘The gas evolved is carbon tube and add dilute H,S0,. Warm, if| and odourless gas evolved. It does | dioxide, go anion eal ‘not support combustion i.e., burning | ‘The salt contains Carbonate splinter get extinguished. It turns | ion (CO,*>, moist blue litmus faint red. és (b)), Pass the gas through lime water. Lime water tums milky. (©)| To the above precipitate, pass the gas | The white precipitate dissolves to in excess or add dilute nitric acid in | form colourless solution. excess, 2. (a)| Take a small quantity of salt in a test- | Rotten egg smelling gas evolved. It | The gas evolved is hydrogen tube and add dil. H,SO, acid ‘urns moist blue litmus paper red. | Sulphide. (b)| Bring a moist lead acetate paper near | Moist lead acetate paper turns | The salt contains Sulphide the gas. black. ion (S*). 3.(@)| Take a small quantity of salt in a test- | Gas evolved has suffocating odour | The gas evolved is Sulphur tube and add dilute H,SO, acid (warm | of burning sulphur. dioxide. if necessary) (b)| Bring a filter paper moistened with | Golden yellow or orange colour | The salt contains Sulphite acidified K,Cr,0, (Potassium | paper turns green, ion (S0,2). dichromate) near the gas. 233(B) By adding concentrated sulphuric acid Experiment Observation Inference L@ ‘Take a small amount of salt in a test-tube and add cone, H,SO,. Warm it gently. with pungent odour. Colourless gas (ACI) evolves | Chloride ion (Cr) may be present. sulphate solution, then cautiously pour a few drops of conc. H,SO, along the side of the test tube. (b) | Bring a glass rod carrying a drop of ammonia | Dense white fumesare produced. | Chloride ion (CI) solution near the gas evolved in (a). confirmed. (c) | Add a pinch of manganese dioxide to the salt | Greenish yellow gas evolves with | Chloride ion (CI-) followed by conc. H,SO, and heat. pungent odour, and turns moist | confirmed. starch iodide paper blue black. (@ | Add silver nitrate (AgNO) solution White precipitate of AgCl is | Chloride ion (CI) formed which dissolves in excess | confirmed. of NH,OH. 2. (a) | Take a small amount of salt in a test-tube and add | Reddish brown fumes evolve. The gas evolved is conc. H,SO, and warm gently. The fumes becomes thick on | nitrogen dioxide and salt adding copper turnings. contains. Nitrate (NO,) (b)| To the salt solution, add freshly prepared ferrous | A brown ring appears at the | Nitrate ion (NO,-) junction of the two liquid layers. | confirmed. ‘The brown ring disappears on ‘This test is known as brown ring-test. shaking. (©) Test for sulphate ion ‘ aa Observation Inference To the salt solution, add littlenitrieacid | White precipitate is obtained, and then add barium chloride solution. | _ which is insoluble in mineral acid. Sulphate ion (SO) is confirmed. acetate solution. whic! ‘To the solution, add aceticacidandlead | White precipitate is obtained, ammonium acetate solution, th is soluble in excess of Sulphate ion (SO,-) confirmed. General Identification of Anions ‘Add to the salt or salt solution Observation [Anion Present 1. | dilHCl or dil H,$0, and heat (@) Carbon dioxide gas is evolved. coe Gi) Sulphur dioxide gas is evolved. s0,> iii) Hydrogen Sulphide gas is evolved. s- 2. | Conc. H,SO, and heat (i) Hydrogen chloride gas is evolved. cr (ii) Nitrogen dioxide gas is evolved. No, 3. | Silver Nitrate solution ‘Curdy white ppt, is insoluble in dil. HNO, cr but dissolves in NH,OH 4. | Lead acetate solution ‘White ppt insoluble in dil. HCI, dil. HNO, ” So,> 5. | Barium nitrate solution or Barium | (i) White precipitate soluble in dil, HCI co, chloride solution or dil. HNO,. or SO,> (ii) White precipitate insoluble in dil. HCI so or dil. HNO,. Ba13.4 DISTINCTION BETWEEN COLOURLESS SOLUTIONS OF DILUTE ACIDS AND ALKALIS. above filtrate. TEST ACID SOLUTION ALKALIS 1. (@) | Moist litmus paper Blue turns red Red turns blue (©) | Methyl orange ‘Orange turns pink Orange tums yellow © | Phenolphthalein Colourless remains colourless Colourless tums pink 2: Chemical tests (@ | On adding sodium Carbon dioxide is evolved Carbon dioxide is not carbonate {test with lime water] evolved () | Onadding ammonium ‘No ammonia gas evolved ‘Ammonia gas evolved carbonate [test with red litmus and bring glass rod dipped in HCI in contact with the gas] 13.5 DISTINGUISH BETWEEN BLACK COPPER OXIDE AND BLACK MANGANESE DIOXIDE Experiment ‘Manganese dioxide Copper oxide (@) | Addconc. HClto black powder and heat. | Greenish yellow gas chlorine is | Chlorine gas is not evolved. evolved. (®) | Filter the above solution. Filtrate is brownish in colour. _ | Filtrate is bluish in colour. (©) | On adding ammonium hydroxide to the | No precipitate is formed. The pale blue precipitate is formed, which is soluble in excess of ammonium hydroxide, giving an azure blue colour (deep blue) to the solution. 13.6 FLAME TEST Procedure : Concentrated HCI is added to the salt to form a paste and to convert the salt into its chloride, since chlorides of metals generally volatize and ionize when heated giving a characteristic colour in the non luminous flame of a bunsen burmer. A thin platinum wire is first cleaned thoroughly by dipping it into the concentrated hydrochloric acid. It is then heated in the non-luminous flame of the burner. When the wire imparts no colour to the flame, it is ready for use. Now, a little paste of the substance is taken on the wire. It is then introduced into the non-luminous part of the flame and colour imparted to the flame is observed. Table 13.1: Colour imparted to the flame by salts of different metals Colour imparted to the flame Colour seen through the blue | Name of metal (Colour observed with naked eye) glass. (@) | Golden yellow (persistent) Yellow colour vanishes. Sodium ion (Na*) (b) | Violet (Lilac) ‘Violet or pink. Potassium ion (K*) © | Brick red Light green. Calcium ion (Ca’*) (@)_| Peacock bluish green Bluish green. Copper ion (Cu°*) 235iret 0 RO TONY EAU] (enna i ORS UNE niears the acidic and basic strengths of solutions are compared on the hydrogen ion scale or the DH scale, and gives a value called pH value. A solution of pH 7 is neutral (water), less than acidic and more than 7 is basic. Pte Ret} a (ONKOL ESO yaa ee nad Universal indicator It gives different colours with solutions of different pH values. iy Thus, one universal indicator y * produces a green colour in neutral 53] . solution, pH = 7. It changes in basic LE solution from blue to indigo and to g 5 violet when pH increases from eas cea a RUAN Sau diets: 7 to 14. The colour change in -§ acidic solution is from yellow to INCREASING | INCREASING pink and then to red as pH 3 Acinic = *#——|——> Basic decreases from 7 to 1 (Fig. 13.2). -} NATURE | NATURE cate a i Experiment : How to find §3_ é Eu the pH of different substances? °* Fig. 13.1 The pit sede Make solution of the substance to be tested and put a drop of it on pH paper. For example take Indicator Colour in | Colourin | Colourin | ydrochloric acid, distilled water, ae | eeeeleaees sodium hydroxide solution, and ammonium hydroxide on different Litmus Purple Red Blue strips of pH paper. You will Methyl orange | Orange | Pink Yellow Obsewve: different shades “On Phenolphthalein | Colo Colourless | Pink different strips. By comparing the _ Fig. 132. Colour Alkaline colours given by the manufacturer, ‘changes of universal phenolphthalein | Pink Colourless | Pink you can find the pH of different ‘dicator at diffrent solutions. pr pelea EXERCISE (a) Give only one suitable chemical test to identify the following gases. (Ammonia ii) Hydrogen chloride (v) Carbon dioxide (vii) Hydrogen Gi) Sulphur dioxide (iv) Chlorine (vi) Oxygen (b) Select a basic gas mentioned in Q.1 (a). How is the basic nature suspected ? (©) Select acidic gases from the gases mentioned in Q.i(a). How is the acidic nature suspected? (@) The wo gases A and B are bleaching agents. A is greenish yellow and bleaches due (o its oxidisingproperty while B a colourless gas bleaches due to reduction. Identify A and B. (©) Which gas turns blue cobalt chloride paper light pink Give one similarity in test between (i) Cl, and HCI (ii) SO, and CO, 2, Name the gases which (@) extinguishes burning wooden splinter ‘Ans. : NH, HCI, $03, HS, CO;, NO», Cl. (b) tums moist red litmus blue. (©) do no effect moist litmus. (4) affects the acidified K,Cr,0, paper and also turns lime water dirty milky. 3. Name (a) Two carbonates which do not produce carbon dioxide on heating, (b) A colourless gas which bleaches (6) Gases which have sour taste (a) Greenish yellow gas which also bleaches (©) Gas with rotten egg smell, 4. From the following list of substances choose those which ‘meet the description given in part (a) below. Ammonium chloride, ammonium nitrate, chlorine, dilute hydrochloric acid, iron, lead nitrate, manganese (IV) oxide, silver nitrate, sodium nitrate, sodium nitrite and sulphur. ‘Two compounds whose aqueous solutions give white precipitates with dilute hydrochloric acid, 5, Name the anion present in each of the following compounds : (a) Compound A when warmed with concentrated 8. Complete the following table and write your observations. sulphuric acid gives a gas which fumes in moist air and which gives dense white fumes with ammonia, (b) When barium chloride solution is added to a solution of compound B, a white precipitate insoluble in dilute hydrochloric acid is formed. (©) The action of heat on the insoluble compound C produces gas which turns lime water turbid (@) Compound D when warmed with dilute sulphuric acid gives a gas which turns acidified dichromate solution green A given white crystalline salt was tested as follows : (a) It dissolved in water and the resulting solution of the salt turned blue litmus red, (b) Addition of barium chloride solution into this solution gave a white precipitate (©) A flame test on the salt gave a persistent golden- yellow colourisation. What conclusions can be drawn for each observation ? @ Sodium hydroxide solution is added to solution A. ‘A white precipitate is formed which is insoluble in excess sodium hydroxide solution. Name the metal ion present in solution A. (b) When ammonium hydroxide is added to solution B, a pale blue precipitate is formed. This pale blue precipitate dissolves in excess ammonium hydroxide giving an inky blue solution, Name the cation present in solution B. (©) When an ammonium salt is warmed with sodium hydroxide solution, ammonia gas is evolved. State three ways in which you could identify this gas. a3 ‘Si ra ‘Hydrogen ‘ieee horde 9. Use the information given in (a) to (h) to identify the substances P to W selecting your answers from the given list. List: Calcium Oxygen Carbon Calcium hydroxide Lead (11) oxide Hydrogen chloride Lead (1) nitrate Calcium oxide Copper (I) oxide Copper (1) nitrate Chlorine ‘Ammonium chloride (a) Pisa white solid. When heated produces white fumes (sublime). (b) P and R on warming produce an alkaline gas. (©) On adding water to , heat is evolved and R is formed (@) Qbums brightly in air to form T. 237,10. u. 2 13. Copper (1) sulphate Zine nitrate Lead nitrate (Calcium chloride Iron (II) sulphate (e) When S is heated, it gives off brown fumes and leaves a black residue of U. (8) A solution of S is formed by warming U with dilute nitric acid. (g) Visa gaseous non metalic element that reacts with hydrogen to form W. (h) A solution of W will neutralise the solution of R. Copy and complete the following table which refers to the action of heat on some carbonates Colour of residue on cooling Carbonate Zinc carbonate Lead carbonate: ‘Copper carbonate Distinguish by a chemical test, (a) Sodium carbonate and sodium sulphite (b) Sodium chloride and sodium sulphide (©) Sodium hydroxide solution and ammonium hydroxide solution. (4) Ammonium sulphate and sodium sulphate. (©) Sulphuric acid from nitric acid and hydrochloric acid. Sodium hydroxide solution i added first in a small quantity, then in excess to the aqueous salt solutions of copper (ID) sulphate, zinc nitrate, lead nitrate, calcium chloride and {ron (IL) sulphate. Copy the following table and write the colour ofthe precipitate in (to (v) and the nature of the precipitate (soluble or insoluble) in (vi) to (x). State your observations when (a) lead nitrate solution and sodium chloride solution are mixed. (b)_ zine chloride solution, zinc nitrate solution and zine sulphate solutions are added individually to barium chloride solution, (i) lead nitrate solution. (©) Decomposition of bicarbonates by dil. H3SO, 2NaHCOs + H,S0, -> NazSO, + 2H,0 + 2CO, ‘2KHCO; + H,S0, -+ K,S0, + 2H,0 + 2CO 14, The questions (i) to (v) refer to the following salt solutions listed A to F. A. Copper nitrate B. Iron (Il) sulphate C. Iron (IID chloride. Lead nitrate E, Magnesium sulphate F, Zine chloride (i) Which two solutions will give a white precipitate when treated with dilute hydrochloric acid followed by barium chloride solution? Gi) Which two solutions will give a white precipitate when treated with dilute nitric acid followed by silver nitrate solution? Gii) Which solution will give a white precipitate, when either dilute hydrochloric acid or dilute sulphuric acid is added to it? (iv) Which solution becomes a deep/inky blue colour when excess of ammonium hydroxide is added t0 it? (¥) Which solution gives a white precipitate with excess ammonium hydroxide solution? 15. Mention the colour changes observed when the following indicators are added : Solution (a) Alkaline phenoiphthalein solution, (b) Methyl orange solution, (©) Neutral litmus solution. ‘Acids | Alkalies 16. Salts A, B, C, D and E undergo reactions (i) to (v) respectively. Identify the anion present in these salts on the basis of these reactions. (a) When silver nitrate solution is added to a solution of A, a white precipitate, insoluble in dilute nitric acid, is formed. Addition of ditute hydrochloric acid to B produces ‘gas which turns lead acetate paper black ‘When a freshly prepared solution of ferrous sulphate is added toa solution of Cand concentrated sulphuric acid is gently poured from the side of the test-tube, «brown ring is formed. ‘When dilute sulphuric acid is added to D, a gas is produced which turns acidified potassium dichromate solution from orange to green. Addition of dilute hydrochloric acid to E produces an effervescence. The gas produced turns limewater milky but does not affect acidified potassium dichromate solution. @) © @ © 2008 (a) The salt which in solution gives a pale green precipitate with sodium hydroxide solution and a white precipitate with barium chloride solution is 238)(@ Tron (IID sulphate Gi) Tron (ID sulphate (iii) Iron (UD chloride (iv) ron (II) chloride (b) Identify the following substances (@ Amalkaline gas A which gives dense white fumes with hydrogen chloride. (ii) A dilute acid B which does not normally give hydrogen when reacted with metals but does give a gas when it reacts with copper. (iii) Gas C has an offensive smell like rotten eggs. (iv) Gas D is a colourless gas which can be used as a bleaching agent (v) Liquid E can be dehydrated to produce ethene. 2009 (a) Carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide gas can be distinguished by using, (moist blue litmus paper (i) lime water (iii) acidified potassium dichromate paper (Gx) none of the above. (0) Idemity the substance ‘R’ based on the information given below ‘The pale green solid ‘R’ turns reddish brown on heating, Its aqueous solution gives a white precipitate with barium (©) Give one chemical test to distinguish between the following pairs of compounds. (Zine sulphate soln. and zinc chloride soln, (Gi) Iron (II) chloride soln, and iron (III) chlorde soln. ii) Calcium nitrate soln, and caleium chloride soln, 2010 (a) Sclect the correct answer from A. B, C, D and E. A. Nitroso iron (I) sulphate B, Iron (III) chloride . Chromium sulphate D. Lead (I) chloride E. Sodium chloride. ‘The compound which is responsible for the green colour formed when $O> is bubbled through acidified potassium dichromate sotation. (b) State your observation : (3) a piece of moist blue litmus paper. Gi) paper soaked in potassium permanganate solution ~ is introduced in each case into ajar of sulphur dioxide. (©) Write the equation forthe reaction of magnesium sulphate solution with barium chloride solution, 20 (a) Choose from the list of substances - Acetylene gas, aqua fortis, coke, brass, barium chloride, bronze, platinum. ‘An aqueous salt solution used for testing sulphate radical 2012 (a) Name — the gas which turns acidified potassium dichromate solution green. (b) Identify the anion present in the following compounds : @ Compound X on heating with copper mings and cone. sulphuric acid liberates a reddish brown gas. (Gi) When a solution of compound Y is treated with silver nitrate solution a white precipitate is obtained which is soluble in excess of ammonium hydroxide solution. Gil) Compound Z which on reacting with dilute sulphuric acid liberates a gas which turns lime water milky, but the gas has no effect on acidified potassium dichromate solution, (iv) Compound Lon reacting with barium chloride solution gives a white precipitate insoluble in dilute hydrochloric acid or dilute nitric acid (©) State one chemical test between cach of the following pairs (i) Sodium carbonate and sodium sulphite (Gi) Ferrous nitrate and lead nitrate ii) Manganese dioxide and copper (I) oxide. (@)_ State your observation : A zine granule is added to copper sulphate solution, (©) Give balanced equation for the reaction : Silver nitrate solution and sodium chloride solution. 2013 (a) Give a chemical test to distinguish between ) Sodium chloride soln, and sodium nitrate soln, (ii) Hydrogen chloride gas and hydrogen sulphide gas. Gili) Calcium nitrate soln, and zinc nitrate soln. Gv) Carbon dioxide gas and sulphur dioxide gas. (b). Which one of the following will not produce an acid when rade to react with water. (i) Carbon monoxide Nitrogen dioxide i) Carbon dioxide ‘ (Gv) Sulphur trioxide 2014 (a) Distinguish between : Sodium nitrate and sodium sulphite {using dilute sulphuric acid). (b) State your observation : When moist starch iodide paper is introduced into chlorine gas. (©) The flame test with a salt P gave a brick red flame. What is the cation in P. (4) A gas Q turns moist lead acetate paper silvery black. dentify the gas Q. (©) pH of liquid R is 10. What kind of substance is R ? 239