Example R2 – (Page 104 Handouts)

 Evaluate the stability of the cantilever wall against sliding

and overturning based on Australian Standard AS4678-
2002:
 Uncontrolled backfill soil 1.6m 0.4m 1.5m

K*a = tan2(45 – '*/2)

K*p = tan2(45 + '*/2)
Sand
4.4m
=35o
t=18kN/m3

0.2m
0.6m t=25kN/m3 0.4m
= 

T1-2023

Australian Standard
c* = uc  c * = tan-1( u  tan() )
'=35o

'* = tan-1(  tan(o))=27.7o

Strength reduction factor Fill class I Fill class II Uncontrolled Insitu soil
(98%) (95%) fill

Drained parameters, c, 

Strength u 0.95 0.90 0.75 0.85
uc 0.90 0.75 0.50 0.70
Serviceability u 1.0 0.95 0.90 1.00
uc 1.0 0.85 0.65 0.85
Undrained parameters, cu
Strength uc 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.5
Serviceability uc 0.9 0.8 0.5 0.75
T1-2023

1
 Example R2 – (Page 104 Handouts)
 Evaluate the stability of the cantilever wall against sliding
and overturning based on Australian Standard AS4678-
2002:
 Uncontrolled backfill soil 1.6m 0.4m 1.5m

K*a = tan2(45 – '*/2)=0.37

K*p = tan2(45 + '*/2)=2.74
Sand

h a  Ka v  2c Ka

4.4m
=35o
t=18kN/m3
h  p  Kp v  2c Kp
0.2m
h a  0.37v 0.6m t=25kN/m3 0.4m
= 
h  p  2.74v
T1-2023

Example R2 – (Page 104 Handouts)

 Evaluate the stability of the cantilever wall against sliding
and overturning based on Australian Standard AS4678-
2002:
 Uncontrolled backfill soil 1.6m 0.4m 1.5m

a=1.25×18=22.5kN/m3

p=0.8×18=14.4kN/m3
Sand
Stability analysis: 4.4m
=35o
c=0.8×25=20kN/m3 t=18kN/m3

LL on backfill:
0.2m
0.6m t=25kN/m3 0.4m
σLL=1.5×5=7.5kPa
= 

T1-2023

2
 Example R2 a=1.25×18=22.5kN/m3
p=0.8×18=14.4kN/m3
 Evaluate the stability of the wall
c=0.8×25=20kN/m3
AS4678-2002:
σ LL=1.5×5=7.5kPa
1.6m 0.4m 1.5m v
h a  0.37v 7.5kPa

h  p  2.74v
4.4m

v
0kPa
0.2m
0.4m
14.4 0.6  8.6kPa =  7.5  22.55  120kPa

T1-2023

Example R2 a=1.25×18=22.5kN/m3
p=0.8×18=14.4kN/m3
 Evaluate the stability of the wall
c=0.8×25=20kN/m3
AS4678-2002:
σ LL=1.5×5=7.5kPa
1.6m 0.4m 1.5m h a
h a  0.37v 2.8kPa

h  p  2.74v
4.4m

h  p
0kPa
0.2m
0.4m
23.6kPa =  44.4kPa

T1-2023

3
 Example R2 a=1.25×18=22.5kN/m3
p=0.8×18=14.4kN/m3
 Evaluate the stability of the wall
c=0.8×25=20kN/m3
AS4678-2002:
σ LL=1.5×5=7.5kPa
Force Lever Arm Moment
(KN pmr) (m) (KN.m pmr) 1.6m 0.4m 1.5m h a
Fa1 2.8×5=14 5/2=2.5 35
2.8kPa
Fa2 0.5x(41.6x5)=104 5/3=1.67 173

Fp 0.5x(23.6x0.6)=7 0.6/3=0.2 1.4

F4 0.4x4.6x20=36.8 1.8 66.2

F5 0.4x3.5x20=28 3.5/2=1.75 49 4.4m Fa1

F6 1.5x4.6x14.4=99.4 2+1.5/2=2.75 273

Fa2
h  p F4 F6
0kPa
Fp 0.2m
0.4m
23.6kPa =  44.4kPa
F5

T1-2023

Example R2

 Evaluate the stability of the wall

AS4678-2002:

1.6m 0.4m 1.5m

Check for overturning:

nR* = S*

S*=35+173=208 KN.m pmr

R*=1.4+66.2+49+273=390 KN.m pmr 4.4m Fa1

Assume failure results in moderate damage and

Fa2
loss of services: F4 F6

Fp 0.2m
n=1.0
0.4m
nR*=390 > S*=208 = 
(KN.m pmr) F5

T1-2023

4
 Example R2

 Evaluate the stability of the wall

AS4678-2002:

1.6m 0.4m 1.5m

Check for sliding:

nR* = S* n=1.0
S*=14+104=118 KN.m pmr

R*=Fp +Fs 4.4m Fa1

Fs=[Link]( '*=27.7o
Fa2
Fs=().tan( o F4 F6

Fp 0.2m
nR*=93.2 > S*=118 0.4m
(KN)
=  F5
Fs
T1-2023

Anchored Wall Example R4

K*a = tan2(45 – 26.1/2)=0.388 7.5kPa
K*p = tan2(45 + 26.1/2)=2.575
=22.5kN/m3
W 1.5m
Fa1=7.5x0.388x(4+D)=2.91(4+D)
Fa2=0.388x22.5x(4+D)2/2=4.365(4+D) 2 H=4m
7.5K a* Fa1
Fp =2.575x14.4x(D)2/2=18.5D 2

Fs Fa2
Passive =14.4kN/m3 Active
D
Fp

K *p *p D
K a* a*  H  D 
T1-2023

10

5
 Anchored Wall Example - AS4678-2002
Fa1=2.91(4+D) 7.5kPa
Fa2=4.365(4+D) 2
Fp=18.5D 2 =22.5kN/m3
W 1.5m
 4 D  D 
M a1  Fa1   1.5   2.91 4  D    0.5 
 2  2  H=4m
2  2  2D  7.5K a* Fa1
M a2  Fa 2   4  D   1.5   4.365  4  D    1.17 
 3   3 
Fa2
Passive =14.4kN/m3 Active
D
Fp
 2D   2D 
M p  Fp   2.5   18.5D 2   2.5  K *p *p D
 3   3  K a* a*  H  D 
T1-2023

11

Anchored Wall Example - AS4678-2002

D 
M a1  2.91 4  D    0.5  7.5kPa
2 
2  2D 
M a 2  4.365  4  D    1.17 
 3  =22.5kN/m3
W 1.5
 2 D 
M p  18.5D 2   2.5 
 3 
H=4m
nR* = S* 7.5K a* Fa1
87.3  94.5D  16.6 D 2  9.5 D3  0
Fa2
Passive =14.4kN/m3 Active
D
Fp

K *p *p D
K a* a*  H  D 
T1-2023

12

6
 Anchored Wall Example - AS4678-2002
nR* = S* 7.5kPa

87.3  94.5D  16.6 D 2  9.5D3  0

=22.5kN/m3
W 1.5
87.3  94.5D  16.6 D  9.5D  f
2 3

H=4m
Assumed 1 3 2 2.5 2.75 2.87 7.5K a* Fa1
D
f 155 -35 134 71 24 -2.8
Fa2
Passive =14.4kN/m3 Active
D
D  2.87m Fp

K *p *p D
K a* a*  H  D 
T1-2023

13

Anchored Wall Example - AS4678-2002

Calculate anchor force: 7.5kPa

F = 0
=22.5kN/m3
nR* = S*
W 1.5
T
Fp  = Fa1+Fa2 H=4m
7.5K a* Fa1
 = Fa1+Fa2- Fp
 = 73.6KN pmr Fa2
Passive =14.4kN/m3 Active
D  2.87m
D
Fp
e.g. if the anchors @
3m apart: T=221 kPa per anchor K *p *p D
K a* a*  H  D 
T1-2023

14