MAGNETIC EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
Introduction
Magnet- Directive and attractive property
Magnetic field and field lines- properties
[I] Magnetic field around a bar magnet
[II] Magnetic field due to current carrying conductor
[III] Magnetic field due to current in a straight conductor
[IV] Magnetic field due to current in a circular loop
[V] Magnetic field due to current in a circular coil
[VI] Magnetic field due to current in a Solenoid
Force on a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field
Electric Motor-Principle, working, diagram
Electromagnetic induction
Electric Generator-Principle, working, diagram
Domestic electric circuit
Over loading and Short circuiting
INTRODUCTION
There are three effects of electric current
Chemical effect
Heating effect (Joule’s law)
Magnetic effect
Bar magnet, Horse shoe magnet and magnetic needle are used in this lesson
A magnet attracts ferro magnetic substances like iron, cobalt and Nickel.
A freely suspended magnet always stands in North-South direction
Like poles of a magnet repel and unlike poles of a magnet attract each other.
Magnetic field
Magnetic field: It is the space or region around the magnet where force of the magnet is felt
Magnetic field is a quantity that has both direction and magnitude.
Magnetic lines around a bar magnet
Magnetic lines are the lines (path) around a magnet where magnetic influence is felt
• Iron filings arrange in the above pattern as the magnet exerts its influence on them and
they experience a force. The force thus exerted makes iron filings to arrange in a pattern.
• The lines along which the iron filings align themselves represent magnetic field lines.
Magnetic lines around two magnets
Unlike poles Like poles
PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC LINES
Field lines are closed continuous curves
They are crowded near the poles
They run from North pole to south pole (Inside the magnet, South to North pole)
The direction of the magnetic field is given by drawing a tangent at that point.
No two field-lines are found to cross each other. If they did, it would mean that at the point
of intersection, the compass needle would point towards two directions, which is not
possible (Magnetic lines never intersect)
[A] Magnetic field due to current carrying conductor
[B] Magnetic field due to current in a straight conductor
RIGHT HAND THUMB RULE:
Imagining that if we hold a current-carrying straight conductor in our right hand such that the
thumb points towards the direction of current. Then our fingers will wrap (curled) around the
conductor in the direction of the field lines of the magnetic field. This is known as the right-hand
thumb rule.
[C] Magnetic field due to current in a circular loop
• Straight wire is bent in the form of a circular loop
• Current is passed through it.
• The magnetic field lines look like as in shown in the fig.
• Magnetic field depends inversely on the distance from it.
• At every point of a current-carrying circular loop, the concentric circles represents the
magnetic field.
• As we move away from the wire, concentric circles become larger and larger
• At the Centre of the circular loop, the arcs of these big circles would appear as straight lines.
[C] Magnetic field due to current in a circular loop
Note:
• Every point on the wire carrying current would give rise to the magnetic field
appearing as straight lines at the center of the loop.
• By applying the right hand thumb rule, it is easy to check that every section
of the wire contributes to the magnetic field lines in the same direction
[D] Magnetic field due to current in a circular coil
Factors on which magnetic field due to current carrying circular coil depends
1)The amount of current flowing through wire.
Strength of magnetic field is directly proportional to current. BαI
2)Radius of circular wire :
Strength of magnetic field is inversely proportional to radius of circular wire. The
deflection of needle of magnetic compass placed at the centre of circular wire of
smaller radius is more than that placed at centre of circular wire of larger radius. B α 1/ r
3)Number of turns in circular wire.
If number of turns in circular wire are increased, Magnetic field at the centre of loop/coil
increases. Bαn
[E] Magnetic field due to current in a Solenoid
Solenoid: A coil of many circular turns of insulated copper wire in the form of a cylinder
Solenoid acts a bar magnet. One end of the solenoid behaves as a magnetic north
pole, while the other behaves as the south pole.
The field lines inside the solenoid are in the form of parallel straight lines.
This indicates that the magnetic field is the same at all points inside the solenoid.
That is, the field is uniform inside the solenoid.
CLOCK RULE TO UNDERSTAND POLES Factors on which magnetic field of
current carrying solenoid depends
Strength of the current passed. (I)
Larger the current passes, greater will
be the magnetic field
No of turns (n)
Larger the number of turns,greater the
magnetism produced
Nature of ‘core material’ used.
The use of soft iron rod as a core
produces strong magnetic filed
ELECTROMAGNET
A strong magnetic field produced inside a solenoid can be used to
magnetise a piece of magnetic material, like soft iron, when placed
inside the coil . The magnet so formed is called an electromagnet.
[ When soft iron is placed in a solenoid, it acts as an electromagnet]
Force on a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field
We know that current flowing through a conductor produces a magnetic field.
The field so produced exerts a force on a magnet placed near the conductor.
Andre Marie Ampere suggested that the magnet must also exert an equal and opposite
force on the current-carrying conductor.
Activity on “The force due to a magnetic field acting on a current-carrying conductor”
Rule to find the direction of the force on the conductor.
Fleming’s left-hand rule [Motor rule]
According to this rule, when we stretch the thumb, forefinger and central finger of
our left hand such that they are mutually perpendicular.
If the fore finger (first finger) points in the direction of magnetic field and the
Central finger(second finger) in the direction of current, then the thumb will point in
the direction of motion or the force acting on the conductor.
• Forefinger magnetic Field
• Central finger electric Current
• thuMb Motion of the conductor
Positions
Forefinger Upward (N S) (direction of magnetic field)
Central finger Towards us ( direction of current)
Thumb Left side (direction of motion of conductor/wire)
Activity on “The force due to a magnetic field acting on a current-carrying conductor”
OBSERVATION:
The displacement of the rod in the activity suggests that a force is exerted on the
current-carrying conductor when it is placed in a magnetic field.
It also suggests that the direction of force is also reversed when the direction of current
through the conductor is reversed.
By interchanging the two poles of the magnet its observed that the direction of force
acting on the current-carrying rod gets reversed.
It indicates that the direction of the force on the conductor depends upon
the direction of current
the direction of the magnetic field.
Displacement of the rod is largest /magnitude of the force is the highest when the
direction of current is at right angles to the direction of the magnetic field.
Devices that use current-carrying conductors and magnetic fields. include electric
motor, electric generator, loudspeakers, microphones and measuring instruments.
Electric motor Electric generator
Microphones loudspeakers
D.C MOTOR
DIAGRAM FROM NCERT TEST BOOK
D.C. MOTOR
Principle: Current carrying conductor kept in a magnetic field experiences a force.
Rule used: Fleming’s left hand rule:
Def: when we stretch the thumb, forefinger and central finger of our left hand such that they
are mutually perpendicular. If the fore finger (first finger) points in the direction of magnetic
field and the Central finger(second finger) in the direction of current, then the thumb will
point in the direction of motion or the force acting on the conductor.
Energy Conversion: Electrical energy to Mechanical energy
Commutator: Split rings ( Reverses the direction of current)
Carbon brushes: Collect current from source and pass to coil (armature)
Armature Coil: Rectangular
WORKING OF D.C MOTOR
• Initially current is along ABCD and coil is horizontal.
• Current in arms AB and CD are in opposite direction Anticlockwise
• Applying Fleming’s left hand rule, it is found that force
acting on AB pushes it downwards and CD moves up.
• Hence armature coil turns ‘Anticlockwise’
WORKING OF D.C MOTOR [CONTD]
• After half rotation, R1 comes in contact with B2 and
R2 in contact with B1
• Hence current in the coil gets reversed and flow C B
along DCBA
• Split rings act as commutator which reverses the
direction of current
D A
• Now AB moves up and CD pushed down. (Rule)
• So coil continues to move in the same direction due R2 R1
to inertia of motion
• The reversing of current is repeated for every half
rotation
• It makes the coil to move continuously
The commercial motors use
(i) An electromagnet in place of permanent magnet
(ii) Large number of turns of the conducting wire in the
current- carrying coil
(iii) A soft iron core on which the coil is wound. The soft iron
core, on which the coil is wound, plus the coils, is called an
armature.
This enhances the power of the Motor.
Electromagnetic
induction
(EMI)
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
• We know that when a current-carrying conductor is placed in
a magnetic field experiences a force.
• This force causes the conductor to move.
• Connect two ends of Copper wire to a Galvanometer.
• Move the magnet towards the coil.
• Galvanometer shows deflection confirming induced current.
• Move the magnet away from the coil, Galvanometer deflects
in the opposite direction.
• If the magnet is kept stationary, Galvanometer shows no
deflection.
FARADAY OBSERVED THAT CURRENT FLOWS IN THE COIL, ONLY WHEN
THERE IS A RELATIVE MOTION BETWEEN THE COIL AND THE MAGNET
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
DEFINITION:
The process, by which a changing magnetic field in a conductor induces a current in
another conductor, is called electromagnetic induction.
Whenever the magnetic lines of force passing through a closed circuit change, voltage
and hence current is induced in it. This phenomenon is called Electro Magnetic
Induction.
In practice we can induce current in a coil either by moving it in a magnetic field or by
changing the magnetic field around it.
It is convenient in most situations to move the coil in a magnetic field
The induced current is found to be the highest when the direction of motion of the
coil is at right angles to the magnetic field.
Rule to know the direction of the induced current
FLEMING’S RIGHT HAND RULE
When we stretch the thumb, forefinger and middle finger of our right
hand perpendicular to each other, if the forefinger indicates the
direction of the magnetic field and the thumb shows the direction of
John Ambrose Fleming
motion of conductor, then the middle finger will show the direction of
induced current. This simple rule is called Fleming’s right-hand rule.
• Forefinger magnetic Field
• thuMb Motion of the conductor
• Central finger Induced Current
FACTORS ON WHICH INDUCED CURRENT DEPENDS
Number of turns of the coil (n)
Strength of the magnet
Speed of the magnet
MAGNETIC FLUX: Total number of field lines due to magnet passing
through the coil is called magnetic flux linked with the coil.
MUTUAL INDUCTION
• Take two different coils of copper wire inserted over a non-conducting
cylindrical roll
• Connect the coil-1, having larger number of turns, in series with a
battery and a plug key.
• Connect coil-2 with a galvanometer.
• Plug in the key and observe the galvanometer.
• It is observed that the needle of the galvanometer instantly deflects to
one side and just as quickly returns to zero, indicating a momentary
current in coil-2.
• Disconnect coil-1 from the battery.
• Now the needle momentarily moves, but to the opposite side.
• It means that now the current flows in the opposite direction in coil-2
• As the current in the coil-1 changes Current is passed in Coil-1
• Magnetic field around coil-1 changes Current is induced in Coil-2
• Magnetic field around coil-2 also changes It is EMI
• Current is induced in coil-2
A.C GENERATOR
[Deleted portion]
A.C. GENERATOR
Principle: When there is a relative motion between a conductor and a magnetic field, an
electric current or emf is induced in the coil.
Rule used: Fleming’s RIGHT hand rule:
Def: When we stretch the thumb, forefinger and middle finger of our right hand
perpendicular to each other, if the forefinger indicates the direction of the magnetic field
and the thumb shows the direction of motion of conductor, then the middle finger will show
the direction of induced current.
Energy Conversion: Mechanical energy to Electrical energy
Slip rings are used
Carbon brushes: Collect the current from source
Armature Coil: Rectangular coil of insulated copper wire wound on a soft iron core
WORKING OF A.C GENERATOR
As in figure, initially ABCD is in the horizontal position
Coil is made to rotate clockwise
Clockwise
As it cuts the magnetic lines of force, AB moves up and CD comes down
Applying Fleming’s Right hand rule, the direction of induced current is C
along ABCD
B
In the circuit current moves from B2 to B1
After half rotation CD moves up and AB goes down
A D
B1
Now induced current moves in the reverse direction along DCBA B2
Now in circuit induced current moves from B1 to B2
Thus after every half rotation, induced current changes its direction
This current is called Alternate current or A.C
FREQUENCY OF ALTERNATE CURRENT
“ The frequency of household supply of A.C in India is 50Hz”.
It means A.C completes 50 cycles/second
A.C changes its direction 100 times in 1 second
A.C changes its direction after every (1/ 100)th of a second.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A.C AND D.C
A.C D.C
Polarity changes periodically Polarity doesn't change
Used in domestic supply Used in batteries and electrochemical cells
Electric domestic circuit
OVERLOADING AND SHORTCIRCUITING
OVERLOADING: If the current drawn from the mains exceeds the safety
limit ( 5Amp for domestic and 15 Amp for power line), then this is known as
overloading.
Precaution: Should not connect too many appliances to the same socket
or should avoid live and neutral wire contact by using proper insulation.
SHORTCIRCUITING
When live wire and the neutral wire come in direct contact due to either defective or
damaged wiring, the resistance of the wire becomes almost zero and large current
flows through the circuit and is called short circuiting.
Earthing/function of earth wire
When the metal body of any electrical appliances is connected to a metal wire which is
connected to a metal plate kept deep inside the earth it is said to be earthed. It is
necessary to earth all electrical appliances to avoid electric shock.