LEARNING OBJECTIVES

We are expected to:

• Locate the epicenter of an earthquake using
triangulation method

• Analyze the data from distance-time graph to

describe the location of an earthquake.
 SEISMOLOGY
Seismology is the study of
earthquakes, their effects,
and seismic waves.
An earthquake is a sudden and violent
shaking of the Earth's surface caused
by the movement of tectonic plates
beneath the Earth's crust.

It is a natural phenomenon resulting

from the release of accumulated stress
along fault lines.
SEISMIC WAVES
Seismic waves are waves
that travel through or over
Earth. They are usually
generated by movements
caused by earthquake.
P WAVES

S WAVES
 P WAVES S WAVES

Longitudinal waves The motion is

perpendicular to the
direction of the wave travel
It can travel through all
mediums
It can only travel to solid
First to arrive
Slower than P waves
HOW DO SEISMOLOGISTS
DETERMINE THE EPICENTER
OF AN EARTHQUAKE?
TRIANGULATION METHOD
It is the method used by
seismologists to locate the epicenter
of the earthquake.
STEP 1
Determine 3 seismic
stations near the
earthquake occurrence.
STEP 2
Determine the distance of the epicenter from each
of the stations.
STEP 3
•Choose one of the recording stations
and measure the computed distance on
the scale. Set your compass for that
computed distance. Center your
compass on the station you have
chosen. Draw a circle.
STEP 4
•Repeat steps 3 and 4 for the
rest of the stations. You should
get three circles that intersect
or nearly intersect at a point.
This intersection is the
epicenter.
 DISTANCE-TIME GRAPH
If the earthquake took place at a far
greater distance, seismologists use
the distance-time graph
• Also known as travel-time
curve.
• It is a graph of the time that it
takes for seismic waves to travel
from the epicenter of an
earthquake to seismograph
stations
The curves are the result of
analyzing seismic waves
from thousands of
earthquakes, received by
hundreds of seismic stations
around the world
STEP 1
Determine the time
interval of the P-wave
and the S-wave.
STEP 2
Calculate the
difference between
the arrival time of the
P-wave and the S-wave.
STEP 3
Determine the location on the graph where it indicates the
P and S waves interval. The x value at this location is the
distance to the epicenter of the earthquake.
WHAT TO DO
DURING AN
EARTHQUAKE?
 WHAT TO DO?
Be prepared for aftershocks and continue to follow the "Drop,
Cover, and Hold On" technique.

If you are indoors, stay there. Avoid running outside during the shaking,
as falling debris or broken glass may pose a risk.

Stay informed about the latest updates and information from local
authorities regarding the earthquake and potential aftershocks.

Keep away from potential hazards, such as tall furniture, bookshelves,

or cabinets that could topple over.