OBE-Based

Readings in \

Philippine
History
A Course Module for Students

Burauen Community College

For Internal Use Only

i
 Readings in
Philippine History
A Course Module for Students

Burauen Community College

Designed by
Burauen Community College
Burauen, Leyte
localcollegebcc@[Link]

Written by
Niñoval F. Pacaol
Burauen, Leyte
ninoval.pacaol05@[Link]

i
 BCC VISION
Burauen Community College shall emerge as the
premier local public educational institution in
Eastern Visayas which is responsive to the needs of
the community, and develops students to meet the
economic, social, and environmental challenges as
active participants in shaping the world of the
future.

BCC MISSION
Burauen Community College offers holistic, and
outcomes-based experiential learning to develop
the youth to be responsible individuals with
integrity and service as agents of equality. It will
serve as a venue for the development of individuals
in the areas of academics, research, community
extension, and innovative technology.

ii
Readings in Philippine History:
A Course Module for Students

Burauen Community College

© 2022

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a

retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior permission of the
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This module contains information obtained from highly regarded resources. A wide
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For students who want to purchase additional copies of this module, you may
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for an in-person request.

iii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Vision and Mission ii
Copyright Section iii
Table of Contents iv
Course Outline v

Preface vii

PRELIMINARY PERIOD

Module 2 Pigafetta’s Account of Magellan’s Expedition 15

Assessment 46

References 49

iv
 COURSE OUTLINE
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
PRELIMS
I. Meaning and Relevance of History
A. Relevance/Importance of History
B. Definitions of History
C. Nature of History
D. A concept on Historiography
E. Two (2) Broad Historical Periods
F. School of Thoughts in Studying History
G. Historical Sources
H. Types of Historical Criticisms
I. Auxiliary Sciences

II. Content and Contextual Analysis of Selected Primary Sources

A. Identification of the historical importance of the text; and
B. Examination of the author’s main argument and point of view
 Selected Primary Sources:
1. Antonio Pigafetta’s First Expedition around the World
2. Emilio Jacinto’s ―Kartilya ng Katipunan‖
3. 1898 Declaration of Philippine Independence

MIDTERMS

III. “One Past But Many Histories”: Controversies and Conflicting

Views in Philippine history
A. Site of the First Mass
B. Cavite Mutiny
C. Retraction of Rizal
D. Cry of Balintawak or Pugadlawin

IV. Social, Political, Economic, and Cultural Issues in Philippine

History
Mandated topics:
1. The Philippine Constitution (Evolution of Philippine Constitutions):
 1899 (Malolos
 Constitution)
 1935 Constitution
 1973 Constitution
 1987 Constitution

FINALS

v
 2. Peace Education:
 Local Communism
- New People’s Army Brief History and Ideology
 Local Terrorism
- Government peace treaties with the Muslim Filipinos such as Abu
Sayyaf Group (ASG), Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters
(BIFF), Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), and Moro National.
Liberation Front (MNLF), Maute Brothers, and other associated
groups.
- Establishment of BARMM (Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in
Muslim Mindanao)

3. Indigenous Peoples’ Education

(Selected indigenous communities to include Muslims)
- The Socio-Cultural Issues and Settings of the following
Indigenous Cultural Communities/ Indigenous Peoples
(ICC’s/IP’s):
a) Lumad Tribal Groupings
b) Mountain Tribal Groupings of Luzon and Visayas

V. Critical Evaluation and Promotion of Local and History and

Tradition

vi
 Preface

Hey, are you ready? We are heading back to the past!

Are you one of those many students who dreaded this course
because it had been labeled as boring and inessential today
mainly due to inappropriate introduction and the collective
preconceived notion and impression of it in elementary and
high school?

If we are going to compel you to appreciate history, it will be like

swallowing a nasty pill. In your mind, history is taught via memorization of
meaningless facts like people, dates, locations, and dates — and then there's
the dry, lifeless lecture format, which is like listening to lullabies or bedtime
stories read aloud. The value of going back in time has been questioned and
debated by many people. As others have said, there is no need to examine
history because the current situation is so different that the assumptions,
findings, and solutions may not be applicable.
The possibility exists that, at some point in the past, we, too, stood in
your shoes. Because we understand how you feel, we're going to do
something about it! Let's have some fun while we're learning! You never
know what you'll find out about Philippine history, but it's rather fascinating.
Our sense of national pride and our sense of Filipino identity will grow as a
result of being able to study and watch the origins and growth of our
country. Despite widespread skepticism about the value of studying history,
countries continue to do so because they lack any other method of
connecting with the lessons of the past. As well as providing perspective on
today's issues, studying our past shows us how well-endowed we are in
terms of knowledge and resources. In addition, we have learned how to
battle, defend, and safeguard our area against colonizers from all of history's
terrible times, revolutions, wars, and struggles for liberation. Every Filipino's
history serves as a guide for the present and future, helping us to perceive
the past in a fresh light. It also acts as a reminder of the country's distant
past, a mirror to evaluate the present, and an indicator of the future (Corpuz
and Tabotabo, 2018). This unifies and molds us to be responsible Philippine
citizens, not just in our own country, but also across the world.
Moreover, an introduction to the study of the Philippines' history and
culture is provided via the course "Readings in Philippine History." Using
original sources from a wide range of fields and genres, this course explores

vii
and evaluates several aspects of Philippine history, as laid forth in the
Commission on Higher Education's (2017) course curriculum. It is your job as
a BCC student to study the writers' background and primary arguments,
compare alternative points of view and recognize and analyze biases that
may be present within an article or document. As a result, you'll learn more
about the Philippines' political, economic, cultural, social, scientific, and
religious history, as well as other multidisciplinary areas. You will be provided
fundamental resources geared at improving your analytical and
conversational abilities. You'll also learn about the history and critical
thinking that will help you become more flexible, eloquent, broad-minded,
morally upright, and responsible citizens. In addition, obligatory subjects on
the Philippine Constitution, agricultural reform, and taxes will also be
included in the course syllabus.
As a Burawanon and a Filipino as well, your final project for this course is
to create a documentary film or artwork that reflects or expresses your
cultural and historical ideas. The justification for the usage of specific
materials or components in your documentary will be presented to the class.
Our country's national patrimony and cultural legacy are the focus of this
initiative, which aims to raise awareness about the need of maintaining and
developing it.
I know you are now ready! Let’s go!
Bon voyage!

viii
his voyage. So let us g

PART I: PRELIMINARY
History: Nature and
Historical Tools
 2 Pigafetta’s Account of
Magellan’s Expedition

CONTENTS
2.1 Portugal, Spain, and the
Proposal about the
Expedition
2.2 Antonio Pigefetta: The
Cronicler
2.2 The Account

OUTCOMES
LO2. Develop critical and
analytical skills in
assessing the context,
content, and
perspective of selected
primary sources.

LO3. Determine the

contribution of
selected primary
sources to
understanding the

T
history of the Filipino he age of exploration strengthened global
people. consciousness toward global integration
and globalization. Even though
exploratory navigations including Magellan-
OBJECTIVES
1. Analyze the content, Elcano’s voyage became the gateway model
context, and perspective for future geo-maritime and scientific
of the document. discoveries, the moral, political, and social
2. Discuss the Magellan- (MPS) arrangements should have been and
Elcano expedition and should always keynote standards without
experience based on the compromising one another. In this module,
journal.
3. Explain the importance of
you will have the opportunity to access the
Pigafetta’s account in first-hand narrative of Pigafetta about the
the study of Philippine global expedition of Magellan-Elcano. Part of
history. reading the whole content is the critical
contextual and content analysis, or even
through a hermeneutical interpretation, that
could help uncover and expose the varying
(hidden) assumptions that are embedded
within the text. This is only the start. So, let’s
get started!
 Pigafetta’s Account of Magellan’s Expedition Preliminary

ACTIVITY

Instructions: Make a taxonomy or pyramid of the three fundamental

reasons during the Age of Exploration/Discovery, namely:
God, Gold, and Glory, from the bottom (the least aimed)
to the top (the most prioritized). Afterward, provide a
brief explanation.

ANALYSIS

Instructions: Share before the class your thoughts about the following
proposition: ―Compromise and Sacrifices are Inherent
Elements toward Progress‖.

Readings in Philippine History ‖ Pacaol, N.F. 16

 Preliminary Pigafetta’s Account of Magellan’s Expedition

ABSTRACTION

Magellan-Elcano’s expedition was the greatest and

significant sea voyage.

It radically challenged and It shaped the inter- and

changed the then misbeliefs intranational relation of
in maritime and geographical Western and Eastern
exploration. countries.

The Age of Exploration became a transitory era

between the Medieval and Modern Periods for
diversified discoveries and achievements along with
socio-political consequences.

17 Pacaol, N.F. ‖ Readings in Philippine History

 Pigafetta’s Account of Magellan’s Expedition Preliminary

A. Portugal, Spain, and the The then economic advantage by

Proposal about the Portugal compelled other monarchs
Expedition enviously endeavored to search
The Crusades by Western European also for new trade routes in Asia.
Christians starting in the late The age of exploration led to the
eleventh century provided an discovery of many land territories
opportunity to discover some that were previously hidden and
products that were not present or unknown to the rest of Europe.
available in their states like the In Spain, the neighboring
porcelain, silk, and spices of the country of Portugal, the marriage
Orient region. Famously, it was of Queen Isabella of Castile and
spice(s) that emerge to be the King Ferdinand II of Aragon in
most expensive and highly in- 1469 and with the victory of the
demand among Europeans because Catholic monarchs against the
of its significant in food processing Moors in the Battle of Granda in
and medicine that is made 1492 resulted in the strong rise of
available and accessible through the country [Spain] as a world
the Silk Road or the Arabian-Italian power. It started exploring its
trade route (Torres, 2018). These economic options outside the
courses were frequently disrupted Iberian Peninsula. In relation to the
by factors including wars and success of Portugal, the country
natural calamities. The 1453 sought to have a fair share in the
conquest of the Ottoman Empire of spice trade. Among the financed
Constantinople (present-day voyages by Spain, the trans-
Turkey), the capital of the Atlantic expeditions of Christopher
Byzantine Empire, caused the lost Columbus (from 1492 to 1502)
of the principal land routes for discovered the so-called New
spices into the European continent. World. And with the refusal of
Consequently, European kingdoms Portugal, Spain financed instead
were forced to search for the plan of Ferdinand Magellan to
alternative routes to continue go to the East by sailing westward
purchasing spices from Asia. (Torres, 2018).
Among others, maritime trade The Magellan expedition
routes had become a key departed from the port of Sanlucar
consideration. de Barrameda in Seville on
In Portugal, Prince Henry the September 20, 1519, and
Navigator founded a maritime comprised 237 men of different
school that trained sailors would nationalities [based on Pigafetta’s
later discover an eastern sea route account]. The search for a new
going to the Spice Island (also maritime route to the Spice Islands
known as Moluccas Islands in was one of its major objectives
modern times) and other islands in while ensuring that it would not
Southeast Asia through the Atlantic violate the Tordesillas Treaty.
and Indian oceans (Torres, 2018).

Readings in Philippine History ‖ Pacaol, N.F. 18

 Preliminary Pigafetta’s Account of Magellan’s Expedition

The expedition met natural and around 1490. He received an

man-made challenges and only education in astronomy,
three ships were able to reach the geography, and cartography and
Philippines. The encounter between spent his younger years working in
the Spanish and local inhabitants the ships owned by the Knights of
was pictured with hospitality and Rhodes. His biographers
exchanges of goods. Equally, Rajah collectively describe him as a
Humabon, his wife, and his person with high education and
constituents converted to imbued with an avid curiosity
Christianity. However, Lapu-Lapu, about the world around him. In
the chieftain of Mactan, refused to 1519, when Monsignor Francesco
exchange goods or trade with the Chieregati was assigned as Papel
Spaniards. From this, Magellan Nuncio to Spain, Pigafetta joined
waged war against the former. the former’s [monsignor]
Notwithstanding the Spaniards’ delegation. During these times, he
superiority with regard to arms and became engaged and acquainted
training, they lost the battle where with the lucrative spice trade and
Magellan died. Unfortunately, when received the news about Magellan’s
the Spaniards’ survivors returned proposed expedition. When he got
to Cebu, the native allies also the approval from the Spanish
deceitfully attacked them. The sovereign, he left Barcelona and
event prompted them to leave the went to Seville where he
place. Considering their number presented/showcased his
and the situation, only the Victoria credentials to Magellan and the
(now under the command of Juan Casa de la Contratacion (the office
Sebastian Elcano) and the Trinidad in charge of the voyages to the
were manned. By continuing their New World). Pigafetta was then
expedition, the Spaniards finally admitted and among the people
reached Spice Island and who came from prominent families
purchased a large number of who joined the trip ―for the love of
spices. However, Trinidad and its adventure and for the
crew were captured by the advancement of military service‖
Portuguese on their way back. On which is commonly known as
exactly September 6, 1522, Elcano sobresalientes (supernumeraries)
and seventeen survivors including (Torres, 2018). With the several
Antonio Pegafetta arrived in Spain challenges faced by the expedition
aboard the ship Victoria. including the Battle in Mactan,
Pigafetta and the other 17
B. Antonio Pigafetta: The survivors were able to return to
Cronicler Spain on September 6, 1522,
Antonio Pigafetta was born in the aboard the Victoria ship with Juan
town of Vicenza, Venice, Italy Sebastian Elcano.

19 Pacaol, N.F. ‖ Readings in Philippine History

 Pigafetta’s Account of Magellan’s Expedition Preliminary

Figure 3. Antonio Pegafetta Figure 4. The Title Page of

Magellan's Voyage Around the
World by Pigafetta

From Seville, Pigafetta reported to Knights of Rhodes, and Louise of

his Majesty King Carlos V. He gave Savoy (mother of King Francis I of
to the latter his written account France). Unfortunately, no
concerning their experiences financier pay the deposit required
during the expedition. Afterward, by the printer since the version of
he returned to his native Italy, the accounts of Maximilianus
however, there is little reference Transylvanus and Peter Martyr was
to the latter part of his life. It was already out and the interest in the
said that he joined the Knights of Magellan expedition had died.
St. John of Jerusalem in fighting Within the year 1536, a condensed
the Turks. He died sometime in version of Pigafetta’s account was
1534. published in Venice by Jacques
Fabre. The original journal of
C. The Account Pigafetta did not survive time.
In his return to Italy, many of What we have are only the version
Pigafetta’s associates requested copies are copies of his
him to write a formal account of manuscripts that were never
the journey and have it published. printed in his lifetime. Three of
To finance its publication, he them were in French and the two
presented his draft to Pope are in the Bibliotheque Nationale in
Clement VII, Philippe de Villiers Paris. More so, British collector Sir
L’Isle-Adam (grandmaster of the Thomas Philipps owned the third

Readings in Philippine History ‖ Pacaol, N.F. 20

 Preliminary Pigafetta’s Account of Magellan’s Expedition

one until Beinecke Rare Book

bought it and now kept it in the
Manuscript Library of Yale
University in New Haven. The
fourth copy could be found in the
Ambrosian Library in Milan and was
written in mixed Italian, Spanish,
and Venetian languages. In 1800,
Carlo Amoretti published an Italian
version. Likewise, French was
published in the following year. In
1819, English this time was
published. James Alexander
Robertson made his own English
version based on the Ambrosian
copy and appeared in The
Philippine Islands opus (Volume
33) and also in a separate edition.
Among the four known
primary sources about Magellan’s
expedition, Pigafetta’s account is Figure 5. Ferdinand Magellan
considered the longest and most
comprehensive. Studying Philippine Philippine History, only excerpts
historiography is immensely regarding the narration of Pigaffeta
enriched by Pigafetta’s travelogue. of what happened to the expedition
The sixteenth-century political, as they reached the Philippines
economic, and social conditions of (from Homonhon to Mactan).
the islands in the Visayan region
were exposed through the glimpse *******
and overview of Pigafetta’s
writings. Also, he lucidly described Excerpts from Pigafetta’s
the physical appearance, social life, Account of Magellan’s
religious beliefs and practices of Expedition
the people, and economic activities (Cachey, 2007)
of the local folks they encountered
from the islands of Samar, Leyte, At dawn on Saturday, 16
and Cebu. These things became March 1521, we came upon a high
possible through the help of land at a distance of three hundred
Magellan’s slave/interpreter – leagues from the Islands of
Enrique de Malacca. Thieves, an island named Samar.
Considering the available The following day, the captain-
space, the length of Pigafetta’s, general desired to land on another
and the academic island, which was uninhabited and
timeframe/schedule of students in lay to the right of the above

21 Pacaol, N.F. ‖ Readings in Philippine History

 Pigafetta’s Account of Magellan’s Expedition Preliminary

mentioned island, in order to be top called palmito, from which

more secure, and to get water and distils a liquor that resembles white
have some rest. He had two tents must; it is sweet but somewhat
set up on the shore for the sick and tart, and [is gathered] in canes [of
had a sow slaughtered for them. bamboo] as thick as the leg and
On Monday afternoon, 18 thicker. They fasten the bamboo to
March, after eating, we saw a boat the tree at evening for the
coming toward us with nine men in morning, and in the morning for
it; therefore, the captain-general the evening. That palm bears a
ordered that no one should move fruit, namely, the coconut; this
or say a word without his coconut is as large as a man’s head
permission. When those men or thereabouts. Its outside husk is
reached the shore, their chief went green and thicker than two fingers,
immediately to the captain- and certain filaments are found in
general, giving signs of joy that husk, whence is made cord for
because of our arrival. Five of the binding together their boat. Under
most ornately adorned of them that husk there is a hard shell,
remained with us, while the rest much thicker than the shell of the
went to get some others who were walnut, which they burn and from
fishing, and so they all came. The which they derive a powder that is
captain-general, seeing that they useful to them. Under that shell
were reasonable men, ordered food there is a white marrowy substance
to be set before them, and gave one finger in thickness, which they
them red caps, mirrors, combs, eat fresh with meat and fish as we
bells, ivory, bocasine, and other do bread; and it has a taste
things. When they saw the resembling the almond, and it
captain’s courtesy, they presented could be dried and made into
fish, a jar of palm wine, which they bread. There is a clear, sweet
call uraca, figs more than one span water in the middle of that marrow
long, and others that were smaller substance that is very refreshing,
and more delicate, and two and when that water stands for a
coconuts. They had nothing else while after having been collected, it
then, but made us signs with their congeals and becomes like an
hands that they would bring umay apple. When the natives wish to
or rice, and coconuts and many make oil, they take that coconut,
other articles of food within four and allow the marrowy substance
days. and the water to putrefy; then they
Coconuts are the fruit of the boil it and it becomes oil like
palm tree. Just as we have butter. When they wish to make
bread, wine, oil, and milk, so these vinegar, they allow only the water
people get everything from those to putrefy, and then place it in the
trees. They obtain wine in the sun, and a vinegar results like
following manner: they make a [that made from] white wine. Milk
hole in the heart of the tree at the can also be made from it, for we

Readings in Philippine History ‖ Pacaol, N.F. 22

 Preliminary Pigafetta’s Account of Magellan’s Expedition

made some: we scraped that good signs,’ for there were the first
marrowy substance and then signs of gold, which we found in
mixed the scrapings with its own those districts. We found a great
water, which we strained through a quantity of white coral there, and
cloth, and so obtained milk like large trees with fruit a trifle smaller
goat’s milk. Those palms resemble than the almond and resembling
date palms, and although not pine seeds, and also many palms,
smooth they are less knotty than some of them good and others
date palms. A family of ten persons bad. There are many islands in that
can support itself on two trees, by district, and therefore we called
utilizing one for eight days and them ‘the Archipelago of San
then the other for eight days for Lazaro,’ as they were discovered
the wine, for if they did otherwise, on the Sunday of St Lazurus; they
the trees would dry up; and they lie in ten degrees of latitude toward
last one hundred years. the Arctic Pole, and in a longitude
Those people became very of 161 degrees from the line of
familiar with us; they told us many demarcation.
things, their names and those of At noon on Friday, 22 March,
some of the islands that could be those men came as they had
seen from that place. Their island promised us in two boats with
was called Suluan and it is not very coconuts, sweet oranges, a jar of
large. We took great pleasure with palm wine, and a cock, in order to
them, for they were very pleasant show us that there were fowls in
and conversable. In order to show that district. They exhibited great
them greater honour, the captain- signs of pleasure at seeing us; we
general took them to his ship and purchased all those articles from
showed them all his merchandise: them. Their lord was an old man
cloves, cinnamon, pepper, ginger, who was tattooed, and he wore
nutmeg, mace, gold, and all the two gold earrings in his ears, and
things in the ship. He had some the others many gold armlets on
mortars fired for them, which their arms and kerchiefs about
greatly frightened them, and they their heads. We stayed there eight
tried to jump out of the ship. They days, and during that time our
made signs to us that the articles captain went ashore daily to visit
just mentioned grew in that place the sick, and every morning gave
where we were going. When they them coconut water from his own
were about to retire they took their hand, which comforted them
leave very gracefully and neatly, greatly. There are people living
saying that they would return near that island who have holes in
according to their promise. The their ears so large that they can
island where we were is called carry their arms in them. Those
Homonhon; but since we found two people are Kaffirs, that is to say,
springs there of the clearest water, heathen; they go naked, with a
we called it ‘the watering-place of cloth woven from the bark of a tree

23 Pacaol, N.F. ‖ Readings in Philippine History

 Pigafetta’s Account of Magellan’s Expedition Preliminary

about their private parts, except anchored near it. We saw a small
some of the chiefs who wear cotton boat that the natives call boloto
cloth embroidered with silk at the with eight men in it, approaching
ends by means of a needle. They the flagship. A slave belonging to
are olive skinned, fat, and the captain-general who was a
tattooed, and they anoint native of Sumatra, which was
themselves with coconut and with formerly called Taprobane, spoke
beneseed oil as a protection to them, and they immediately
against sun and wind; they have understood him. They came
very black hair that falls to the alongside the ship, but were
waist, and they use daggers, unwilling to come aboard, taking a
knives, and spears ornamented position at some little distance.
with gold, large shields, focine, When the captain saw that they
javelins, and fishing nets that would not trust us, he threw them
resemble rizali. Their boats are like a red cap and other things tied to a
ours. bit of wood. They received them
On the afternoon of Holy very gladly, and went away quickly
Monday, the day of our Lady, 25 to advise their king. About two
March [Feast of the Annunciation], hours later we saw two balanghai
while we were on the point of coming (which are large boats and
weighing anchor, I went to the side are so called by those people), full
of the ship to fish, and, putting my of men. Their king was in the
feet upon a yard leading down into larger of them, being seated under
the storeroom, they slipped, for it an awning of mats. When the king
was rainy, and consequently I fell came near the flagship, the slave
into the sea, so that no one saw spoke to him. The king understood
me, and when I was all but under, him, for in those districts the kings
my left hand happened to catch know more languages than the
hold of the clew garnet of the other people; he ordered some of
mainsail, which was dangling in the his men to enter the ships. But he
water. I held on tightly, and began always remained in his balanghai,
to cry out so lustily that the small at some little distance from the
boat came to rescue me. I was ship, until his own men returned;
aided, not, I believe, indeed, and as soon as they returned he
through my merits, but through departed. The captain-general
the mercy of that font of charity showed great honour to the men
[the Virgin]. That same day we who entered the ship, and gave
shaped our course toward the them some presents, and for this
west-south-west between four reason the king wished before his
small islands, namely, Cenalo, departure to give the captain a
Hiunanghan, Ibusson, and Abarien. large bar of gold and a basketful of
On Thursday morning, 28 ginger; however, the latter
March, as we had seen a fire on an thanked the king heartily but would
island the night before, we not accept it. In the afternoon we

Readings in Philippine History ‖ Pacaol, N.F. 24

 Preliminary Pigafetta’s Account of Magellan’s Expedition

went in the ships [and anchored] which the king was almost beside
near the dwellings of the king. himself with wonder. The king told
The next day, Good Friday, him through the slave that one of
the captain-general sent his slave, those armed men was worth one
who acted as our interpreter, hundred of his own men. The
ashore in a small boat to say to the captain-general answered that that
king that if he had any food that he was a fact, and that he brought
should have it carried to the ships, with him two hundred men in each
for they would be well ship that were armed in that
compensated by us, and that we manner. He showed the king
had come to the island as friends cuirasses, swords, and bucklers,
and not as enemies. and had an assault made on a
The king came with six or man. Then he led the king to the
eight men in the same boat and deck of the ship, which is located
entered the ship and he embraced above at the stern, and had his sea
the captain-general, to whom he chart and compass brought, and he
gave three porcelain jars covered told the king through the
with leaves and full of raw rice, two interpreter how he had found the
very large giltheads, and other strait in order to come there to
things. The captain-general, gave him, and how many moons had
the king a garment of red and passed without seeing land, at
yellow cloth made in the Turkish which the king was astonished.
fashion, and a fine red cap; and to Lastly, he told the king that he
the king’s men he gave to some would like, if it were pleasing to
knives and to others mirrors. Then him, to send two of his men with
the captain-general had them him so that he might show them
served a meal, and had the king some of his things. The king
told through the slave that he replied that he was agreeable; I
desired to be casi casi with him, went with one other.
that is to say, brother. The king When I reached shore, the
replied that he wished to be the king raised his hands toward the
same to him. Then the captain sky and then turned toward the
showed him cloth of various two of us; we did the same toward
colours, linen, coral [ornaments], him as did all the others. The king
and many other articles of took me by the hand; one of his
merchandise, and all the artillery, more notable men took my
which he had discharged for him, companion: and thus they led us
and which greatly frightened some under a bamboo covering, where
of the natives. Then the captain- there was a balanghai, as long as
general had a man armed as a eighty of my palm lengths, and
man of arms, and placed him in resembling a fusta. We sat down
the midst of three men armed with upon the stern of that balanghai,
swords and daggers, who struck constantly conversing with signs.
him on all parts of the body, at The king’s men stood about us in a

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 Pigafetta’s Account of Magellan’s Expedition Preliminary

circle with swords, daggers, ground on huge posts of wood so

spears, and bucklers. The king had that it was necessary to enter it by
a plate of pork brought in and a means of ladders. The king had us
large jar filled with wine. At every sit down there on a bamboo mat
mouthful, we drank a cup of wine. with our feet drawn up like tailors.
The wine that was left [in the cup] After a half-hour a platter of roast
at any time, although that fish cut in pieces was brought in,
happened but rarely, was put into with freshly gathered ginger, and
a jar by itself. The king’s cup was wine. The king’s eldest son, who
always kept covered and no one was the prince, came over to us,
else drank from it but the king and whereupon the king told him to sit
I. Before the king took the cup to down near us, so he did so. Then
drink, he raised his clasped hands two platters were brought in (one
toward the sky, and then toward with fish and its sauce, and the
us; and when he was about to other with rice), so that we might
drink, he extended the fist of his eat with the prince. My companion
left hand toward me (at first I became intoxicated as a
thought that he was about to consequence of so much drinking
punch me) and then drank, and I and eating. They used the gum of
did the same toward the king. They a tree called anime wrapped in
all make those gestures one palm or fig leaves for lights. The
toward another when they drink. king made us a sign that he was
We ate with such ceremonies and going to go to sleep; he left the
with other gestures of friendship. I prince with us, and we slept with
ate meat on Good Friday, for I the latter on a bamboo mat with
could not do otherwise. pillows made of leaves. When day
Before the supper hour I dawned the king came and took
gave the king many things I had me by the hand, and in that
brought. I wrote down the names manner we went to where we had
of many things in their language. had supper, in order to have
When the king and the others saw breakfast, but the boat came to get
me writing, and when I told them us. Before we left, the king kissed
their words, they were all our hands with great joy, and we
astonished. While engaged in that, his. One of his brothers, the king of
it came time to eat: two large another island, and three men
porcelain dishes were brought in, came with us. The captain-general
one full of rice and the other of kept him to dine with us, and gave
pork with its gravy. We ate with him many things.
the same gestures and Pieces of gold of the size of
ceremonies; afterward, we went to walnuts and eggs are found by
the palace of the king that was sifting the earth in the island of
built like a hayloft and was that king who came to our ships.
thatched with fig and palm leaves. All the dishes of that king are of
It was built up high from the gold and also some portion of his

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 Preliminary Pigafetta’s Account of Magellan’s Expedition

house, as the king himself told us. Caraga. When those kings wished
According to their customs he was to see one another, they both
very grandly decked out, and the came to hunt in that island where
most handsome man that we saw we were. The name of the first king
among those people. His hair was is Rajah Colambu, and the second
exceedingly black, and hung to his Rajah Siaiu.
shoulders, with a silk veil on his Early on the morning of
head and two large golden earrings Sunday, the last of March, and
fastened in his ears; he wore a Easter Day, the captain-general
cotton cloth all embroidered with sent the priest with many men to
silk, which covered him from the prepare for saying mass, and the
waist to the knees; at his side interpreter went to tell the king
hung a dagger, the handle of which that we were not going to land in
was very long and all gold, and its order to dine with him, but to say
scabbard of carved wood; he had mass; therefore the king sent us
three spots of gold on every tooth, two slaughtered swine. When the
and his teeth appeared as if bound hour for mass arrived, we landed
with gold; he was perfumed with with about fifty men, without our
storax and benzoin; he was olive- body armour, but carrying our
skinned and tattooed all over. That other arms, and dressed in our
island of his was called Butuan and best clothes.

Figure 6. The First Mass in the Philippines

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Before we reached the shore with set free immediately on that sign
our boats, six pieces were being shown; and it was necessary
discharged as a sign of peace. We to set that cross on the summit of
landed; the two kings embraced the highest mountain, so that on
the captain-general and placed him seeing it every morning, they
between them. We went in might adore it, and if they did that,
marching order to the consecrated neither thunder, lightning, nor
place, which was not far from the storms would harm them in the
shore. Before the mass began, the least.
captain sprinkled the entire bodies They thanked him heartily
of the two kings with musk water. and [said] that they would do
At the time of the offertory, the everything willingly. The captain-
kings went forward to kiss the general also had them asked
cross as we did, but they did not whether they were Moors or
make any offering. When the body heathen, or what was their belief,
of Our Lord was elevated, they and they replied that they
remained on their knees and worshipped nothing, but that they
worshipped Him with clasped raised their clasped hands and
hands. The ships fired all their their face to the sky, and that they
artillery at once when the body of called their god Abba, for which the
Christ was elevated, the signal captain was very glad. Seeing that,
having been given from the shore the first king raised his hands to
with muskets. the sky, and said that he wished
After the conclusion of mass, many that it were possible for him to
of our men took Communion. The make the captain see his love for
captain-general arranged a fencing him. The interpreter asked the king
tournament, at which the kings why there was so little to eat
were greatly pleased. Then he had there, and the latter replied that he
a cross brought and the nails and a did not live in that place except
crown, to which immediate when he went hunting and to see
reverence was made. He told the his brother, but that he lived in
kings through the interpreter that another island where all his family
they were the standards given to was. The captain-general had him
him by the emperor his sovereign, asked to declare whether he had
so that wherever he might go he any enemies, so that he might go
might set up those signs of his, with his ships to destroy them and
and that he wished to set it up in to render them obedient to him.
that place for their benefit, for The king thanked him and said that
whenever any of our ships came, there were indeed two islands
they would know that we had been hostile to him, but that it was not
there by that cross and would do the season to go there. The captain
nothing to displease them or harm told him that if God would allow
their property, and if any of their him to return to those districts
men were captured, they would be again, he would bring so many

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 Preliminary Pigafetta’s Account of Magellan’s Expedition

men that he would make the king’s kings for the pilots since he
enemies subject to him by force, intended to depart the following
and that he wanted to go to morning, and [said] that he would
dinner, and that he would return treat them as if they were the
afterward to have the cross set up kings themselves, and would leave
on the summit of the mountain; one of us as hostage. The kings
they replied that they were content replied that the pilots were at his
with this. Having formed into a command whenever he wished, but
battalion, and firing the muskets, the first king changed his mind
and after the captain had during the night. In the morning
embraced the two kings, we took when we were about to depart, he
our leave. sent word to the captain-general,
After dinner we all returned asking him for love of him to wait
clad in our doublets, and went two days until he should have his
together with the two kings to the rice harvested and other trifles
summit of the highest mountain attended to, asking the captain-
there. When we reached the general to send him some men to
summit, the captain-general told help him, so that it might be done
them that he was pleased to have sooner, and saying that he
sweated for them, for it could not intended to act as our pilot himself.
but be of great use to them to The captain sent him some men,
have the cross there, and he asked but the kings ate and drank so
them which was the best port in much that they slept the entire
which to get provisions. They day; some said to excuse them
replied that there were three, that they were slightly sick. Our
namely, Ceylon, Cebu, and Caraga, men did nothing on that day, but
but that Cebu was the largest and they worked the next two days.
the one with most trade, and they One of those people brought
offered of their own accord to give us a bowlful of rice and also eight
us pilots to show us the way. The or ten figs fastened together to
captain-general thanked them, and barter them for a knife that at the
determined to go there for his most was worth three quattrini.
unhappy destiny willed it thus. The captain, seeing that that native
After the cross was placed in cared for nothing but a knife,
position, each of us repeated a called him to look at other things,
Pater Noster and an Ave Maria, and and he put his hand in his purse
adored the cross; and the kings did and wished to give him one real for
the same. those things, but the native
Then we descended through refused it. The captain showed him
their cultivated fields, and went to a ducat but he would not accept
the place where the balanghai was. that either. Finally the captain tried
The kings had so me coconuts to give him a doubloon worth two
brought in so that we might refresh ducats, but he would take nothing
ourselves. The captain asked the but a knife; and accordingly, the

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captain had one given to him. is twenty-five leagues from ‘the

When one of our men went ashore watering-place of good signs’ and
for water, one of them wanted to is called Mazaua [Limasawa].
give him a pointed crown made of We remained there seven
massy gold and large as a necklace days, after which we laid our
for six strings of glass beads, but course toward the northwest,
the captain refused to let him passing among five islands,
barter, so that the natives should namely, Ceylon, Bohol, Canigao,
learn at the very beginning that we Baybay, and Gatighan. In the last-
prized our merchandise more than named island of Gatighan there are
their gold. bats as large as eagles. As it was
Those people are heathens; late we killed only one of them,
they go naked and painted; they which resembled chicken in taste.
wear a piece of cloth woven from a There are doves, turtledoves,
tree about their private parts; they parrots, and certain black birds as
are very heavy drinkers. Their large as domestic chickens that
women are clad in tree cloth from have a long tail. The latter birds lay
their waist down, and their hair is eggs as large as those of a goose,
black and reaches to the ground; which they bury a cubit beneath
they have holes pierced in their the sand for the great heat it
ears that are filled with gold. Those generates. When the chicks are
people are constantly chewing a hatched, they push up the sand,
fruit (which they call areca and and come out. Those eggs are
resembles a pear): they cut that good to eat. There is a distance of
fruit into four parts, then wrap it in twenty leagues from Mazaua to
the leaves of a tree of theirs (which Gatighan. We set out westward
they call betre and which resemble from Gatighan, but the king of
the leaves of the mulberry), and Mazaua could not keep up with us,
mix it with a little lime, and when and, consequently, we awaited him
they have chewed it thoroughly, near three islands, namely, Polo,
they spit it out; it makes the Ticobon, and Ponson. When he
mouth exceedingly red. All the caught up with us he was greatly
people in those parts of the world astonished at the rapidity with
use it, for it is very cooling to the which we sailed. The captain-
heart, and if they ceased to use it general had him come into his ship
they would die. There are dogs, with several of his chiefs, at which
cats, swine, fowls, goats, rice, they were pleased; thus did we go
ginger, coconuts, figs, oranges, to Cebu. From Gatighan to Cebu
lemons, millet, panicum, sorghum, the distance is fifteen leagues.
wax, and much gold in that island. At noon on Sunday, 7 April,
It lies in a latitude of nine and we entered the port of Cebu.
twothirds degrees toward the Arctic Passing by many villages, we saw
Pole, and in a longitude of degrees many houses built upon logs. On
from the line of demarcation, and it approaching the city, the captain-

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 Preliminary Pigafetta’s Account of Magellan’s Expedition

general ordered the ships to put The interpreter told the king
out their flags; the sails were that, since his master was the
lowered and arranged as if for captain of so great a king, he did
battle, and all the artillery was not pay tribute to any lord in the
fired, which greatly frightened world, and that if the king wished
those people. The captain sent a peace he would have peace, but if
personal servant of his as war, he would have war.
ambassador to the king of Cebu Thereupon, the Moor merchant
with the interpreter. When they said to the king ‘Cata raia chita,’
reached the city, they found a vast that is to say, ‘Look well, sire,
crowd of people together with the these men are the same who have
king, all of whom had been conquered Calicut, Malacca, and all
frightened by the mortars. The India Major. If they are treated
interpreter told them that this was well, they will give good treatment,
our custom when arriving at such but if they are treated badly, they
places, as a sign of peace and will deliver bad treatment and
friendship, and we had discharged worse, as they have done to
all our mortars to honour the king Calicut and Malacca.’
of the village. The king and all of The interpreter understood it
his men were reassured, and the all and told the king that his
king had us asked by his governor master’s king was more powerful in
what we wanted. The interpreter men and ships than the king of
replied that his master was a Portugal, that he was the king of
captain of the greatest king and Spain and emperor of all the
prince in the world, and that he Christians, and that if the king did
was going to discover the not care to be his friend he would
Moluccas; nevertheless, he had next time send so many men that
come solely to visit the king and to they would destroy him [468]. The
buy food with his merchandise Moor related everything to the
because of the good report he had king, who said thereupon that he
had of him from the king of would confer with his men, and
Mazaua. The king told him that he would answer the captain on the
was welcome, but that it was their following day. Then he had served
custom for all ships entering their a meal of many dishes, all made
ports to pay tribute, and that it from meat and contained in
was but four days since a junk porcelain platters, as well as many
from Siam laden with gold and jars of wine. After our men had
slaves had paid him tribute; and as eaten, they returned and told us
proof of his statement, the king everything. The king of Mazaua,
pointed out to the interpreter a who was the most influential after
merchant from Siam, who had that king and the lord of a number
remained on the island to trade in of islands, went ashore to speak to
gold and slaves. the king about the great courtesy
of our captain-general.

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Monday morning, our notary, fought in that manner. The Moor

together with the interpreter, went was greatly frightened, but the
to Cebu. The king, accompanied by captain told him not to be
his chiefs, came to the open square frightened for our weapons were
where he had our men sit down soft toward our friends and harsh
near him; he asked the notary toward our enemies; and as
whether there were more than one handkerchiefs wipe off sweat so did
captain in that company, and if the our arms overthrow and destroy all
captain wished him to pay tribute our adversaries, and those who
to the emperor his master. The hate our faith. The captain did that
notary replied in the negative, but so that the Moor, who seemed
that the captain wished only to more intelligent than the others,
trade with him and with no others. might tell it to the king.
The king said that he was satisfied, After dinner the king’s
and that if the captain wished to nephew, who was the prince, came
become his friend, he should send to the ships with the king of
him a drop of blood from his right Mazaua, the Moor, the governor,
arm, and he himself would do the the chief constable, and eight
same [to him] as a sign of the chiefs, to make peace with us. The
most sincere friendship. captain-general was seated in a
The notary answered that red velvet chair, the principal men
the captain would do it. Thereupon, on leather chairs, and the others
the king told him that all the on mats upon the floor, and he
captains who came to that place asked them through the interpreter
were used to giving presents to whether it was their custom to
one another, and he asked whether speak in secret or in public, and
our captain or he ought to begin. whether that prince and the king of
The interpreter told the king that Mazaua had authority to make
since he desired to maintain the peace. They answered that they
custom, he should begin. And so spoke in public, and that they were
he began. empowered to make peace. The
Tuesday morning the king of captain said many things
Mazaua came to the ships with the concerning peace, and that he
Moor; he saluted the captain- prayed God to confirm the peace in
general on behalf of the king [of heaven. They said that they had
Cebu], and said that the king of never heard anyone speak such
Cebu was collecting as much food words, but that they took great
as possible to give to him, and that pleasure in hearing them. The
after dinner he would send one of captain, seeing that they listened
his nephews and two others of his and answered willingly, began to
chief men to make peace. The advance arguments to induce them
captain-general had one of his men to accept the faith.
armed with his own equipment, He asked them who would
and had the Moor told that we all succeed to power after the death of

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 Preliminary Pigafetta’s Account of Magellan’s Expedition

the king. He was answered that the regarded and treated than the
king had no sons but only others. All cried out with one voice
daughters, the eldest of whom was that they were not becoming
the wife of that nephew of his, who Christians through fear or to please
therefore was the prince, and that us, but of their own free will. Then
when the fathers and mothers the captain told them that if they
grew old, they received no further became Christians, he would leave
honour, but their children them a suit of armour, for so had
commanded them. The captain told his king commanded him, and that
them how God made the heaven, they could not have intercourse
the earth, the sea, and everything with their women without
else; how he had commanded us to committing a very great sin, since
honour our fathers and our they were heathen; and that he
mothers, and that whoever did assured them that if they became
otherwise was condemned to Christians, the devil would no
eternal fire; how we are all longer appear to them except in
descended from Adam and Eve, the last moment at their death.
our first parents; how we possess They said that they did not know
an immortal soul; and many other how to respond to the beautiful
things pertaining to the faith. words of the captain, but that they
All joyfully entreated the placed themselves in his hands,
captain to leave them two men, or and that he should treat them as
at least one, to instruct them in the his most faithful servants. The
faith, and [said] that they would captain embraced them weeping,
show them great honour. The and clasping one of the prince’s
captain replied to them that he hands and one of the king’s
could not leave them any men between his own, said to them
then, but that if they wished to that, by his faith in God and to his
become Christians, our priest sovereign, the emperor, and by the
would baptize them, and that he habit that he wore, he promised
would next time bring priests and them that he would give them
friars who would instruct them in perpetual peace with the king of
our faith. They answered that they Spain; they answered that they
would first speak to their king, and promised the same.
that then they would become After the conclusion of the
Christians. We all wept with great peace, the captain had a meal
joy. The captain-general told them served to them; then the prince
that they should not become and the king [of Mazaua]
Christians for fear or to please us, presented some baskets of rice,
but of their own free wills; and that swine, goats, and fowls to the
nothing would be done against captain-general on behalf of their
those who wished to live according king, and asked him to pardon
to their own law, but that the them, for such things were but
Christians would be better little [to give] to one such as he.

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The captain gave the prince sent this present not in return for
a white cloth of the finest linen, a his present but for the intrinsic
red cap, some strings of glass love that he bore him. We dressed
beads, and a gilded drinking cup him in the robe, placed the cap on
made of glass (glass objects are his head, and gave him the other
greatly appreciated in those things; then kissing the beads and
districts). He did not give any putting them upon his head, I
present to the king of Mazaua, for presented them to him, and he
he had already given him a robe of doing the same [kissing them]
Cambay, besides other articles, accepted them. Then the king had
and to the others he gave now one us eat some of those eggs and
thing and now another. Then he drink through those reeds. The
sent to the king of Cebu through others, his men, told him in that
me and one other a yellow and place the words of the captain
violet silk robe, made in Turkish concerning peace and his
style, a fine red cap, some strings exhortation to them to become
of glass beads (having placed Christians. The king wished to have
everything in a silver dish), and us stay to supper with him, but we
two cups gilded by hand. told him that we could not stay
When we reached the city we then.
found the king in his palace Having taken our leave of
surrounded by many people, him, the prince took us with him to
seated on a palm mat on the his house, where four young girls
ground, with only a cotton cloth were playing [instruments]: one,
covering his private parts, and an on a drum like ours, but resting on
embroidered scarf on his head, a the ground; the second was
necklace of great value hanging striking two suspended metal discs
from his neck, and two large gold alternately with a stick made thick
earrings fastened in his ears set at the end with palm cloth wrapped
round with precious gems. He was around it; the third, one large
fat and short, and tattooed with metal disc in the same manner;
fire in various designs; from and the last, two small metal discs
another mat on the ground he was held in her hand, by striking one
eating turtle eggs that were in two against the other, which gave forth
porcelain dishes, and he had four a sweet sound. They played so
jars full of palm wine in front of harmoniously that it appeared they
him covered with sweet-smelling had great knowledge of music.
herbs and arranged with four small Those girls were very beautiful and
reeds in each jar, by means of almost as white as our girls and as
which he drank. Having duly made large; they were naked except for
reverence to him, the interpreter tree cloth hanging from the waist
told the king that his master and reaching to the knees, and
[Magellan] thanked him very some were quite naked and had
warmly for his present, and that he large holes in their ears with a

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 Preliminary Pigafetta’s Account of Magellan’s Expedition

small round piece of wood in the justice, and have weights and
hole, which keeps the hole round measures; they love peace, ease,
and large, and they have long and quiet.
black hair, and wear a short cloth They have wooden scales,
about the head, and are always the bar of which has a cord in the
barefoot. The prince made us middle by which it is held; at one
dance with three of them who were end is a bit of lead, and at the
completely naked. We took other marks as if for quarters,
refreshments and then went to the thirds, and pounds. When they
ships. Those metal discs are made wish to weigh they take the scales,
of brass and are manufactured in which have three wires like ours,
the regions about the Sinus and place them above the marks,
Magnus that is called China. They and so weigh accurately. They
are used in those regions as we have very large measures without
use bells and are called aghon. any bottom. The youth play on
On Wednesday morning, pipes made like ours that they call
since one of our men had died subin. Their houses are
during the previous night, the constructed of wood, and are built
interpreter and I went to ask the of planks and bamboo, raised high
king where we could bury him. We above the ground on large logs,
found the king surrounded by and one must enter them by
many men, of whom, after the due means of ladders, and they have
reverence was made, I asked rooms like ours. Under the house
where we could bury him. He they keep their swine, goats, and
replied, ‘If I and my vassals all fowls. Large sea snails, beautiful in
belong to your sovereign, how appearance, are found there that
much more ought the land.’ I told kill the whales that swallow them
the king that we would like to alive . When they are in the
consecrate the place, and to set up whale’s body, they come out of
a cross there. He replied that he their shells and eat the whale’s
was quite satisfied and that he heart. Those people afterward find
wished to worship the cross as we them alive near the dead whale’s
did. The deceased was buried in heart. Those creatures have black
the square with as much pomp as teeth and skin and a white shell;
possible, in order to furnish a good the flesh is good to eat, and they
example, and then we consecrated are called laghan.
the place. In the evening, we On Friday we showed those
buried another man. We carried a people a shop full of our
quantity of merchandise ashore, merchandise, at which they were
which we stored in a house that very much amazed. For metals,
king took under his care as well as iron, and other large merchandise
four men who were left to trade they gave us gold; for the other
the goods by wholesale. Those smaller articles they gave us rice,
people live in accordance with swine, goats, and other food.

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Those people gave us ten April, forty of us went ashore, two

pieces of gold for fourteen pounds of whom were completely armed,
of iron (one piece being worth and preceded the royal banner.
about one and one-half ducats). When we reached land all the
The captain-general did not wish to artillery was fired: those people
take too much gold, for there fled us here and there. The captain
would have been some sailors who and the king embraced; the
would have given all that they captain told the king that the royal
owned for a small amount of gold, banner was not taken ashore
and would have spoiled the trade except with fifty men armed as
forever. were those two, and with fifty
On Saturday, as the captain musketeers, but so great was his
had promised the king to make him love for him that he had thus
a Christian on Sunday, a platform brought the banner. Then we all
was built in the consecrated approached the platform joyfully.
square, which was adorned with The captain and the king sat in
hangings and palm branches for his chairs of red and violet velvet, the
baptism. The captain-general sent chiefs on cushions, and the others
men to tell the king not to be on mats. The captain told the king
afraid of the pieces that would be through the interpreter that he
discharged in the morning, for it thanked God for inspiring him to
was our custom to discharge them become a Christian, and that [now]
on major feast days without he would more easily conquer his
stones. On Sunday morning, 14 enemies than before.

Figure 7. The First Christian Baptism in Philippine History of Five

Hundred Natives Led by Rajah Humabon and His Wife
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 Preliminary Pigafetta’s Account of Magellan’s Expedition

The king replied that he wished to they ought to come hourly, at least
become a Christian, but that some in the morning, to that cross, and
of his chiefs did not wish to obey, adore it kneeling; the intention
because they said that they were that they had already declared,
as good men as he. Then our they were to confirm with good
captain had all the chiefs of the works. The king and all the others
king called, and told them that, wished to confirm all this. The
unless they obeyed the king as captain-general told the king that
their king, he would have them he was clad all in white to
killed and would give their demonstrate his sincere love
possessions to the king. They toward them; they replied that
replied that they would obey him. they knew not how to respond to
The captain told the king that he his sweet words. With these good
was going to Spain, but that he words, the captain led the king by
would return again with so many the hand to the platform in order
forces that he would make him the to baptize him; he told the king
greatest king of those regions, as that he would call him Don Carlo,
he had been the first to desire to after his sovereign the emperor;
become a Christian. The king, the prince, Don Fernando, after the
lifting his hands to the sky, emperor’s brother; the king of
thanked the captain, and requested Mazaua, John; a chief, Fernando,
him to let some of his men remain after our chief, that is to say, the
[with him], so that he and his captain; the Moor, Christopher;
people might be better instructed and then the others, now one
in the faith. The captain replied name, and now another.
that he would leave two men to Five hundred men were
satisfy him, but that he would like baptized before mass. After the
to take two of the children of the conclusion of mass, the captain
chiefs with him, so that they might invited the king and some of the
learn our language, who afterward other chiefs to dinner, but they
on their return would be able to tell refused. They accompanied us,
the others about Spain. however, to the shore; the ships
A large cross was set up in discharged all the mortars, and,
the middle of the square; the embracing, the king and chiefs and
captain told them that if they the captain took leave of one
wished to become Christians as another.
they had declared on the previous After dinner the priest and
days, they must burn all their idols some others of us went ashore to
and set up a cross in their place, baptize the queen, who came with
they were to adore that cross daily forty women. We conducted her to
with clasped hands, and every the platform, and she was made to
morning they were to make the sit down upon a cushion, and the
sign of the cross (which the captain other women near her. While the
showed them how to make); and priest was dressing, I showed her

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 Pigafetta’s Account of Magellan’s Expedition Preliminary

an image of Our Lady, a very people were heathens. Had they

beautiful child Jesus made of wood, been Moors, we would have
and a cross; thereupon, she was erected there a column as a sign of
seized with contrition, and, greater harshness, for the Moors
weeping, asked for baptism. We are much harder to convert than
named her Juana, after the the heathens.
emperor’s mother; we called her The captain-general went
daughter, the wife of the prince, ashore daily during those days to
Catherine, and the queen of hear mass, and told the king many
Mazaua, Elizabeth; and to the things regarding the faith. One
others, gave to each a different day, the queen came with great
name. Counting men, women, and pomp to hear mass. Three girls
children, we baptized eight preceded her, each with one of her
hundred souls. The queen was hats in their hands; she was
young and beautiful, and was dressed in black and white with a
entirely covered with a white and large silk scarf crossed with gold
black cloth; her mouth and nails stripes thrown over her head and
were very red, while on her head covering her shoulders; and she
she wore a large hat of palm had on her hat on top of that. A
leaves in the manner of a parasol, great number of women
with a crown about it of the same accompanied her who were all
leaves, like the tiara of the pope; naked and barefoot, except that
and she never goes any place they had a small covering of palm-
without one of these crowns. She tree cloth before their privies, and
asked us to give her the little child a small scarf upon the head, and
Jesus to keep in place of her idols; all with hair flowing free. The
and then she went away. When it queen, having made the due
was late, the king and queen, reverence to the altar, seated
accompanied by numerous herself on a silk embroidered
persons, came to the shore; cushion. Before the
thereupon, the captain had many commencement of the mass, the
trombs of fire and large mortars captain sprayed her and some of
discharged, by which they were her women with musk rosewater,
most highly delighted. The captain at which they very were much
and the king called one another delighted. The captain, knowing
brothers. That king’s name was that the queen was very much
Rajah Humabon. Before that week pleased with the child Jesus, gave
had gone, all the persons of that it to her, telling her to keep it in
island, and some from the other place of her idols, for it was in
islands, were baptized. We burned memory of the son of God.
one hamlet that was located in a Thanking him heartily she accepted
neighbouring island, because it it.
refused to obey the king or us. We Before mass one day, the
set up the cross there, for those captain-general had the king come

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 Preliminary Pigafetta’s Account of Magellan’s Expedition

clad in his silk robe, and the chief that hangs from the waist to the
men of the city. The king’s brother knees.
and prince’s father was named One day the captain-general
Bendara; another of the king’s asked the king and the other
brothers, Cadaio; and others were people why they did not burn their
named Simiut, Sibnaia, Sisacai, idols as they had promised when
Maghalibe, and many other names they became Christians, and why
that I leave aside to avoid going on they sacrificed so much flesh to
too long. The captain made them them. They replied that they were
all swear to be obedient to their not doing it for themselves, but for
king, and they kissed the captain’s a sick man who had not spoken
hand; then the captain had the now for four days, so that the idols
king declare that he would always might give him health. He was the
be obedient and faithful to the king prince’s brother, and the bravest
of Spain, and the king so swore. and wisest man in the island. The
Thereupon, the captain drew his captain told them to burn their
sword before the image of Our idols and to believe in Christ, and
Lady, and told the king that when that if the sick man were baptized,
anyone so swore, he should prefer he would immediately recover; and
to die rather than to break such an if that did not happen, they could
oath since he swore by that image behead him [the captain].
by the life of the emperor his Thereupon, the king replied that he
sovereign and by his habit to be would do it, for he truly believed in
ever faithful. After the conclusion Christ. We made a procession from
of that the captain gave the king a the square to the house of the sick
red velvet chair, telling him that man with as much pomp as
wherever he went he should possible, where we found him
always have it carried before him unable to speak or to move. We
by one of his nearest relatives; and baptized him and his two wives,
he showed him how it ought to be and ten maidens. Then the captain
carried. The king responded that had him asked how he felt. He
he would do that willingly for love spoke immediately and said that by
of him, and he told the captain that the grace of our Lord he felt very
he was making a jewel to give to well. That was a most manifest
him, namely, two large earrings of miracle [that happened] in our
gold to fasten in his ears, two times. When the captain heard him
armlets to put on his arms, above speak, he thanked God fervently;
the elbows, and two other rings for then he made the sick man drink
the feet above the ankles, besides some almond milk, which he had
other precious gems to adorn the already had made for him.
ears. Those are the most beautiful Afterward he sent him a mattress,
ornaments that the kings of those a pair of sheets, a coverlet of
districts can wear; they always go yellow cloth, and a pillow; and
barefoot, and wear a cloth garment each day until he recovered his

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 Pigafetta’s Account of Magellan’s Expedition Preliminary

health, the captain sent him Cilapulapu. That city we burned

almond milk, rosewater, oil of was on that island and was called
roses, and some sweet preserves. Bulaia.
Within five days, the sick man In order that your most
began to walk. He had an idol that illustrious Lordship may know the
certain old women had concealed ceremonies that those people use
in his house burned in the in consecrating the swine, they
presence of the king and all the first sound those large metal discs;
people, and he had many shrines then three large dishes are brought
along the seashore destroyed, in in; two with roses and with cakes
which the consecrated meat was of rice and millet, baked and
eaten. The people themselves cried wrapped in leaves, and roast fish;
out ‘Castile! Castile!’ and destroyed the other with cloth of Cambay and
those shrines; they said that if God two palm flags. One Cambay cloth
would lend them life, they would is spread on the ground; then two
burn all the idols that they could very old women come, each with a
find, even if they were in the king’s bamboo trumpet in her hand.
house. Those idols are made of When they have stepped upon the
wood, and are hollow, and lack the cloth they make obeisance to the
back parts; their arms are open sun; then they wrap the cloths
and their feet turned up under about themselves. One of them
them with the legs open; they puts a kerchief with two horns on
have a large face with four huge her forehead, and takes another
tusks like those of the wild boar, kerchief in her hands, and dancing
and are painted all over. and blowing upon her trumpet, she
There are many villages in thereby calls out to the sun. The
that island and their names, those other takes one of the flags and
of their inhabitants, and of their dances and blows on her trumpet.
chiefs are as follows: Cinghapola, They dance and call out thus for a
and its chiefs, Cilaton, Ciguibucan, little space, saying many things
Cimaningha, Cimatichat, and between themselves to the sun.
Cicanbul; another Mandani, and its She with the kerchief takes the
chief, Apanoaan; another Lalan, other flag and lets the kerchief
and its chief, Theteu; another drop, and both, blowing on their
Lalutan, and its chief, Tapan; trumpets for a long time, dance
another Cilumai; and another, about the bound hog [620]. She
Lubucun. All those villages with the horns always speaks
rendered obedience to us, and covertly to the sun, and the other
gave us food and tribute. Near that answers her. A cup of wine is
island of Cebu was an island called presented to the one with the
Mactan, which formed the port horns, and she dancing and
where we were anchored; the repeating certain words, while the
name of its village was Mactan, other answers her, and making
and its chiefs were Cebu and pretense four or five times of

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 Preliminary Pigafetta’s Account of Magellan’s Expedition

drinking the wine, sprinkles it upon the head of a cart nail. I very often
the heart of the hog; then she asked many, both old and young,
immediately begins to dance again. to see their penis, because I could
A lance is given to the same not believe it. In the middle of the
woman; she, shaking it and bolt is a hole, through which they
repeating certain words, while both urinate. The bolt and the spurs
of them continue to dance, and always hold firm. They say that
making motions four or five times their women wish it so, and that if
of thrusting the lance through the they did otherwise they would not
heart of the hog, with a sudden have intercourse with them. When
and quick stroke, thrusts it through the men wish to have intercourse
from one side to the other. The with their women, the women
wound is quickly stopped with themselves take the penis, not in
grass. The one who has killed the the regular way, and commence
hog, taking in her mouth a lighted very gently to introduce it [into
torch, which has been lighted their vagina], with the spur on top
throughout that ceremony, first, and then the other part.
extinguishes it. The other one, When it is inside it takes its regular
after dipping the end of her position; and thus the penis always
trumpet in the blood of the hog, stays inside until it gets soft, for
goes around marking with her otherwise they could not pull it out.
finger with blood first the Those people make use of that
foreheads of their husbands, and device because they are of a weak
then the others; but they never nature. They have as many wives
came to us. Then they undress and as they wish, but one of them is
go to eat the contents of those the principal wife.
dishes, and they invite only women Whenever any of our men
[to eat with them]. The hair is went ashore, both by day and by
removed from the hog by means of night, they invited him to eat and
fire; thus, no one but old women to drink. Their viands are half
consecrate the flesh of the hog, cooked and very salty; they drink
and they do not eat it unless it is frequently and copiously from the
killed in this way. jars through those small reeds, and
Those people go naked, one of their meals lasts for five or
wearing but one piece of palm-tree six hours. The women loved us
cloth about their private parts. The very much more than their own
males, both young and old, have men. All of the women from the
their penis pierced from one side to age of six years and upward have
the other near the head, with a their vaginas gradually opened
gold or tin bolt as large as a goose because of the men’s penises.
quill, and in both ends of the same They practice the following
bolt, some have what resembles a ceremonies when one of their
spur, with points upon the ends, chiefs dies: first, all the principal
and others [have] what resembles women of the place go to the

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 Pigafetta’s Account of Magellan’s Expedition Preliminary

house of the deceased. The that all the dogs began to howl;
deceased is placed in the middle of and that screeching and howling
the house in a coffin. Ropes are would last for four or five hours.
placed about the box in the Those people would never tell us
manner of a palisade, to which the reason for it.
many tree branches are attached. On Friday, 26 April, Zula, a
In the middle of each branch hangs chief of the island of Mactan, sent
a cotton cloth like a curtained one of his sons to present two
canopy, and the most important goats to the captain-general, and
women sit under those hangings, to say that he would send him all
and are all covered with white that he had promised, but that he
cotton cloth; each one sits by a girl had not been able to send it to him
who fans her with a palm-leaf fan. because of the other chief,
The other women sit about the Cilapulapu, who refused to obey
room sadly. Then there is one the king of Spain; he requested the
woman who cuts off the hair of the captain to send him only one
deceased very slowly with a knife. boatload of men on the next night,
Another, who was the principal so that they might help him to
wife of the deceased, lies down fight against the other chief. The
upon him, and places her mouth, captain-general decided to go there
her hands, and her feet upon those with three boatloads. We begged
of the deceased: when the former him repeatedly not to go, but he,
is cutting off the hair, the latter like a good shepherd, refused to
weeps, and when the former abandon his flock. At midnight,
finishes the cutting, the latter sixty of our men set out armed
sings. There are many porcelain with corselets and helmets,
jars containing fire about the room, together with the Christian king,
and myrrh, storax, and bezoin, the prince, some of the chief men,
which make a strong scent through and twenty or thirty balanghai;
the house, are put on the fire. three hours before dawn, we
They keep the body in the house reached Mactan. The captain did
for five or six days during those not wish to fight then, but sent a
ceremonies; I believe that the message to the natives by the
body is anointed with camphor. Moor to the effect that if they
Then they bury the body within the would obey the king of Spain,
coffin, which is shut by means of recognize the Christian king as
wooden nails in a kind of box and their sovereign, and pay us our
covered and enclosed by logs of tribute, he would be their friend;
wood. but that if they wished otherwise,
Every night about midnight they should expect to see how our
in that city, a jet black bird as lances wounded. They replied that
large as a crow was wont to come, if we had lances, they had lances
and no sooner had it reached the of bamboo and stakes hardened
houses than it began to screech, so with fire; [they asked us] not to

Readings in Philippine History ‖ Pacaol, N.F. 42

 Preliminary Pigafetta’s Account of Magellan’s Expedition

Figure 8. The Battle of Mactan

proceed to attack them at once, other on our front. When the

but to wait until morning, so that captain saw that, he formed us into
they might have more men. They two divisions, and thus did we
said that in order to induce us to begin to fight. The musketeers and
go in search of them; for they had crossbowmen shot from a distance
dug certain pitfalls between the for about a half-hour, but
houses in order that we might fall uselessly; for they merely pierced
into them. their shields, which were made of
When morning came, forty- thin wood, and their arms. The
nine of us leaped into the water up captain cried to them, ‘Cease
to our thighs, and walked through firing, cease firing!’ but his order
water for more than two crossbow was not at all heeded. When the
flights before we could reach the natives saw that we were shooting
shore. The boats could not our muskets to no purpose, crying
approach nearer because of certain out, they determined to stand firm,
rocks in the water. The other and they redoubled their shouts
eleven men remained behind to when our muskets ran out of
guard the boats. When we reached ammunition. The natives would
land, those men had formed in never stand still, but leaped here
three divisions to the number of and there, covering themselves
more than fifteen hundred persons. with their shields. They shot very
As soon as they became aware of many arrows, bamboo spears
us, they charged down upon us (some of them tipped with iron); at
with exceedingly loud cries, two the captain-general they launched
divisions on our flanks and the pointed stakes hardened with fire,

43 Pacaol, N.F. ‖ Readings in Philippine History

 Pigafetta’s Account of Magellan’s Expedition Preliminary

stones, and mud. We could out only halfway, because he had

scarcely defend ourselves. Seeing been wounded in the arm with a
that, the captain-general sent bamboo spear. When the natives
some men to burn their houses in saw that, they all hurled
order to terrify them. When they themselves upon him. One of them
saw their houses burning, they wounded him on the left leg with a
were roused to greater fury. Two of large terciado, which resembles a
our men were killed near the scimitar, only being larger; that
houses, and we managed to burn caused the captain to fall face
twenty or thirty houses. So many downward. Immediately they
of them charged down upon us rushed upon him with iron and
that they shot the captain through bamboo spears and with their
the right leg with a poisoned cutlasses, until they killed our
arrow; on that account, he ordered mirror, our light, our comfort, and
us to retreat slowly, but the men our true guide. When they
took to flight, except six or eight of wounded him, he turned back
us who remained with the captain. many times to see whether we
The natives shot only at our legs were all in the boats. Thereupon,
because they were naked. So many beholding him dead, we, wounded,
were the spears and stones that retreated as best we could to the
they hurled at us, that we could boats, which were already pulling
offer no resistance. The mortars in off. The Christian king would have
the boats could not aid us since aided us, but the captain charged
they were too far away, so we him before we landed not to leave
continued to retreat for more than his balanghai, but to stay to see
a good crossbow flight from the how we fought. When the king
shore, still fighting in water up to learned that the captain was dead,
our knees. The natives continued he wept. Had it not been for that
to pursue us, and picking up the unfortunate captain, not a single
same spear four or six times, one of us would have been saved
hurled it at us again and again. in the boats; for while he was
Recognizing the captain, so fighting, the others retreated to
many turned upon him that they the boats.
knocked his helmet off his head I hope through the efforts of
twice, but he always stood firm like your most illustrious Lordship that
a good knight along with some the fame of so noble a captain will
others. We fought thus for more not become extinguished in our
than one hour, refusing to retreat times. Among the other virtues, he
farther; an Indian hurled a bamboo was more constant than anyone
spear into the captain’s face. The else in the greatest of storms; he
latter immediately killed him with endured hunger better than all
his lance, which he left in the others; and more accurately than
Indian’s body. Then, trying to lay any man in the world did he chart
hand on sword, he could draw it and navigate, and that this was the

Readings in Philippine History ‖ Pacaol, N.F. 44

 Preliminary Pigafetta’s Account of Magellan’s Expedition

truth was seen openly, for no killed, while many of us were

other had had so much natural wounded.
talent nor the boldness nor the After dinner, the Christian
knowledge to sail around the king sent a message with our
world, as he had almost already consent to the people of Mactan, to
accomplished. the effect that if they would give us
That battle was fought on the captain and the other men that
Saturday, 27 April 1521 (the had been killed, we would give
captain desired to fight on them as much merchandise as they
Saturday, because it was the day wished. They answered that they
especially holy to him), and eight would not give up such a man, as
of our men were killed with him in we had hoped they would, and that
that battle, and four Indians who they would not give him up for all
had become Christians and who the riches in the world, but that
had come afterward to aid us were they intended to keep him as a
killed by the mortars of the boats; memorial.
of the enemy, only fifteen were

Summary

The incorporation of Antonio Pigafetta’s journal on Magellan’s expedition is a

vital means for a comprehensive and deep historical search of the pre-colonial
Philippines. Despite the closed text nature (that is, one interpretation at first
glance) one can still examine and study the metaphorical writings and
sections of Pigafetta’s work. Such an aspect would allow someone to engage
in multidisciplinary and thematic approaches. For example, the willingness of
the natives to welcome and embrace Christianity without the presence of
force can be possibly integrated into historical and socio-psychological
dimensions. On top of this, it is irrefutable that Pigafetta’s account clearly
explains and sheds some light on some of the misconceptions about Filipinos.

Check For Understanding/Case Discussion

Watch the following recommended YouTube video that aims to provide a

visual and audio-illustrated discussion of Magellan’s expedition.
Name: The Greatest Expeditions of Mankind – Magellan and the Space Race
Link: [Link]

45 Pacaol, N.F. ‖ Readings in Philippine History

 Pigafetta’s Account of Magellan’s Expedition Preliminary

ASSESSMENT

Name: __________________________________ Score: ___________

Degree Program/Year/Section: ____________ Date: ____________

I. Face-to-Face/Online Assessment
A. Essay
Direction: Answer the following questions based on your analysis. Please
ensure that your answers are comprehensive and present
some citations, if necessary.

1. If Lapu-Lapu together with his men fought against the group of

Magellan, could it be considered a form of nationalism, an effort to
protect the entire country before the Westerners? By nationalism, it
refers primarily to its modern definition –―the love for country.‖
[Deadline: October 24, 2022].

Formats: Criteria:
Paper Size : A4 Content Clarity and Organization – 20 pts.
Font Style : Arial Relevance and Weight of Argument – 20 pts.
Font Size : 12 Grammar and Legibility – 10 pts.
Spacing : 1.0 50 pts.
Margin : 1 (all sides)
Orientation : Portrait

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Readings in Philippine History ‖ Pacaol, N.F. 46

 Preliminary Pigafetta’s Account of Magellan’s Expedition

B. Contextual Analysis
Direction: Write a contextual analysis of ―Pigafetta’s Account of
Magellan’s Expedition‖. Below are the guide questions and
rubric for the assessment. [Deadline: October 29, 2022].

Guide Questions (Behrendt, 2008)

1. What does the text reveal about itself as a text?
- Describe (or characterize) the language (the words, or vocabulary) and the rhetoric (how
the words are arranged in order to achieve some purpose). These are the primary
components of style.

2. What does the text tell us about its apparent intended audience(s)?
- What sort of reader does the author seem to have envisioned, as demonstrated by the
text’s language and rhetoric?
- What sort of qualifications does the text appear to require of its intended reader(s)? How
can we tell?
- What sort of readers appear to be excluded from the text’s intended audiences? How can
we tell?
- Is there, perhaps, more than one intended audience?

3. What seems to have been the author’s intention? Why did the author write this text? And
why did the author write this text in this particular way, as opposed to other ways in which
the text might have been written?
Remember that any text is the result of deliberate decisions by the author. The author has
chosen to write (or paint, or whatever) with these particular words and has therefore
chosen not to use other words that she or he might have used. So you need to consider:
- What the author said (the words that have been selected);
- What the author did not say (the words that were not selected); and
- How the author said it (as opposed to other ways it might or could have been said)?

4. What is the occasion for this text? That is, is it written in response to:
- Some particular, specific contemporary incident or event?
- Some more ―general‖ observations by the author about human affairs and/or
experiences?
- Some definable set of cultural circumstances?

5. Is the text intended as some sort of call to – or for – action?

- If so, by whom? And why?
- And also if so, what action(s) does the author want the reader(s) to take?

6. Is the text intended rather as some sort of call to – or for – reflection or consideration
rather than direct action?
- If so, what does the author seem to wish the reader to think about and to conclude or
decide?
- Why does the author wish the readers to do this? What is to be gained, and by whom?

7. Can we identify any non-textual circumstances that affected the creation and reception of
the text?
- Such circumstances include historical or political events, economic factors, cultural
practices, and intellectual or aesthetic issues, as well as the particular circumstances of
the author's own life.

47 Pacaol, N.F. ‖ Readings in Philippine History

 Pigafetta’s Account of Magellan’s Expedition Preliminary

C. Animated Movie Analysis

Direction: Write an animated movie analysis about ―Elcano & Magellan,
The First Voyage around the World‖. Below are the guide
questions and rubric for the assessment. [Deadline: October
29, 2022].

Guide Questions
1. Write a brief summary of the main plot, describing the event or events that are the focus of
the film, stating where and when they take place.

2. Name and describe the protagonist and the antagonist in this story.

3. What is the main conflict and how is it resolved?

4. Identify and describe two literary elements or devices that are evident in the movie other
than conflict, antagonist, protagonist, and imagery. Other literary elements or devices may
include a prologue, expository phase, voice, symbol, foreshadowing, flashback, irony, foil,
opposition, archetype, motif, characterization, climax, and denouement. For each literary
device that you identify, describe the role that it plays in presenting the story told by the
film.

5. Describe two images or scenes from the film that stand out in your mind. Discuss why they
impressed you and how they relate to themes explored in the story.

6. Describe two events or portrayals in the film that, on the whole, accurately reflect what
happened and two that do not. For any historical inaccuracies, describe what happened.

7. Pick one of the following factors that play an important role in the film. Choose among
political, economic, religious, social, and ideological. How does the film reflect the factor
you identified?

8. Describe a lesson from this film that viewers can apply to their own lives: (1) in deciding
what position to take on an issue of public concern or (2) in their relations with family and
friends. Detail the events that relate to this lesson.

9. It could be said that ―History is what the present chooses to remember about the past.‖
Given the fact that the audience will take away from the movie an impression of the
historical events or figures portrayed in the story, does the film improve the viewer’s
understanding of historical events? Justify your conclusion.

Readings in Philippine History ‖ Pacaol, N.F. 48

 Preliminary Pigafetta’s Account of Magellan’s Expedition

REFERENCES

Behrendt, S.C. (2018). Using Contextual Analysis to evaluate texts.

[Link]
tml

Cachey, T.J. (Ed.). (2007). The first voyage around the world (1519–1522):
An account of Magellan’s expedition. University of Toronto Press

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