DESIGN AND STATIC ANALYSIS OF EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT

STRUCTURE: POST AND PRE BASE ISOLATION COMPARATIVE

ANALYSIS

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

SUBMITTED BY

Shivam Srivastava 2003098

Aditya Kumar 2003058

Richa 2003028

Department of Civil Engineering

National Institute of Technology Patna

Ashok Rajpath Patna

Bihar – 800005

START OF TRAINING: 27/05/2023 END OF TRAINING: 08/07/2023

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to extend our heartfelt gratitude and appreciation to Managing Director Shivam
Kumar, as well as the dedicated team of professionals at ENGINEERED N INNOVATIVE
PVT LTD, including Tarannum Parveen, Zeeshan Ali, and Syed Ali Sir. We are immensely
grateful for the incredible six-week internship experience we had under their mentorship.

Throughout this internship, we had the privilege of working closely with Managing Director
Shivam Kumar, whose exceptional leadership, expertise, and passion for civil engineering and
structural design have left a profound impact on me. His visionary approach and unwavering
commitment to excellence has inspired us to push our boundaries and strive for greater heights in
this field.

We would also like to express our sincere appreciation to Tarannum Parveen, Zeeshan Ali and
Syed Ali for their continuous support, patience, and willingness to share their extensive
knowledge. Their guidance and expertise has broadened our understanding of the fundamentals
of civil engineering and structural design. They consistently went above and beyond to ensure
that we gained practical skills and a deeper understanding of the industry.

Moreover, we are immensely grateful for the opportunity to work with the STAAD Pro software
during the internship. The hands-on experience with this powerful tool has significantly
enhanced our proficiency in structural analysis and design. Under the guidance of the team, we
were able to explore the software's capabilities and apply theoretical concepts to real-world
scenarios. This exposure to industry-standard software will undoubtedly prove invaluable as we
embark on our professional journey.

We would be remiss not to mention the welcoming and collaborative work environment fostered
by the entire team at ENI Groups. The camaraderie and support I received from my fellow
colleagues have made this internship an even more enriching experience. I am grateful for the
friendships I formed and the professional connections I established during this period.

Lastly, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my family, friends, and professors for
their unwavering support and encouragement throughout this internship. Their belief in my
abilities and constant motivation have been instrumental in my growth and development.

The skills and knowledge I have acquired during this internship will undoubtedly have a positive
impact on my future endeavours in the field of civil engineering and structural design. I am
immensely grateful for the invaluable experience and the lasting impact it has had on my
personal and professional growth. Thank you sincerely for this remarkable opportunity.

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 ABOUT THE COMPANY

Engineered N Innovative Private Limited is an infrastructural consultancy firm providing

services pan India. The company's expertise includes Bridge Engineering, Road and Highway
Engineering, Building Projects and Irrigation structures..

The organisation aims to deliver environment dedicated and economical solutions ensuring client
satisfaction and to edge ahead by creating innovative solutions using advanced software.

The Managing Director, Mr. Shivam Kumar is at the forefront of this vision. He is an N.I.T Patna
alumnus of the 2019 batch. It is his knowledge, vision and hard work that has allowed the
company to achieve the standings that as part of the organisation we all take pride in.

The company has numerous ongoing projects and takes great pride in the quality of projects
delivered. The company has worked and collaborated with clients like the Road construction
department(Govt. Of Bihar), [Link].D, Airports Authority of India, Rail Vikas Nigam Limited,
Artcon, COMFED etc.

ENIPL also puts emphasis on the training of young engineers through Internships and Skill
development Initiatives to better shape the future of Indian Infrastructure.

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 ABSTRACT

This report presents a comprehensive study on the design and analysis of

earthquake-resistant structures, with a particular focus on the calculation of base shear and the
incorporation of spring supports. The objective is to enhance the structural performance of
buildings during seismic events, mitigating potential damage and ensuring the safety of
occupants.

The report begins by outlining the fundamental concepts and principles related to seismic
design, including the seismic hazard assessment, static analysis, and seismic design codes and
regulations. These provide a solid foundation for understanding the seismic forces acting on
structures and the measures required to resist them effectively.

Base Isolation has been implemented in [Link] structure to stimulate the usage of
Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators keeping in mind factors like allowable displacement and
design codes like IS 1893:2022 Part 6

The calculation of base shear is a crucial aspect of earthquake-resistant design. A detailed

methodology for estimating base shear is presented, taking into account factors such as building
mass, seismic zone, and importance category

To validate the proposed design strategies, a case study is presented where a

representative structure is subjected to seismic loads. Static analysis techniques, such as finite
element analysis, are employed to simulate the structural response and evaluate its performance
under different earthquake scenarios for fixed base and base isolated structures, based on the
provisions outlined in IS 1893.

The report concludes with a summary of the key findings derived from the static analysis
conducted in accordance with IS 1893. The results demonstrate the efficacy of incorporating
accurate base shear calculations and spring supports in achieving improved seismic performance.

Finally IS 13920:2016 has been used for seismic proof ductile detailing of structural
elements like beams which conform to the design and structural analysis performed

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 CONTENTS

❖ Acknowledgement
❖ Abstract
❖ Contents
1. Introduction
1.1. Design Philosophies
1.1.1. Limit State Of Strength/Collapse(Ultimate Limit State)
1.1.2. Limit State Of Serviceability
1.1.3. Assumptions Of Static Analysis For Seismic Design
1.2. Codes For Design
1.3. Objective Of Work
2. Planning
3. Design Using [Link]
3.1. [Link]
3.1.1. Features And Advantages Of [Link]
3.2. Structure Specifications
3.3. Design Steps([Link])
4. Base Isolation Using Lead Rubber Bearings
4.1. Base Isolator
4.2. Lead Rubber Bearing as Base Isolator
4.3. Incorporation of LRB in [Link]
5. Calculation Of Base Shear
5.1. Base Shear Calculation in Fixed Base Structure
5.1.1. Zone Factor
5.1.2. Importance Factor (I)
5.1.3. Response Reduction Factor (R)
5.1.4. Design Acceleration Coefficient (Sa/g)
5.2. Base Shear Calculations for Fixed Base Structure
5.3. Base Isolated Structure

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 5.3.1. Teff,min
5.4. Base Shear Calculations for Base Isolated Structure
6. Comparative Analysis Of Fixed Base And Base Isolated Structure
7. Ductile Detailing Of Beams
7.1. Longitudinal Reinforcement
7.2. Transverse Reinforcement
8. Conclusion

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

An earthquake is the shaking of the surface of the Earth resulting from a sudden release of
energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic [Link] tectonic plates are always slowly
moving, but they get stuck at their edges due to friction. When the stress on the edge overcomes
the friction, there is an earthquake that releases energy in the form of seismic waves, which
travel through the ground and can cause structures to shake and collapse. The severity of the
damage caused by an earthquake depends on a number of factors, including the strength of the
earthquake, the distance from the epicentre, the type of soil at the site, and the design of the
structure.

Fig 1.1: Depiction of Earthquake

Seismic resistant design is the process of designing structures to withstand the forces of an
earthquake. This involves considering the characteristics of the earthquake, the properties of the
structure, and the site [Link] complete protection against earthquakes of all sizes is not
economically feasible for structures. The seismic design should be such that it prevents loss of
life and minimises the damage to the property.

The concept of earthquake resistant design is that the building should be designed to resist the
forces which arise due to Design Basis Earthquakes, with only minor damages and the forces,

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which arise due to Maximum Considered Earthquake with some accepted structural damages
but no collapse.

● 1.1 Design Philosophies

The design methodology used for the project is Limit State method for design of structure
such that it safely withstands all loads liable to act on it throughout its life and such that it
shall also satisfy the serviceability requirements like limitations on deflections and
cracking. The aim of design is to achieve acceptable probabilities that the structure will
not become unfit for the use for which it is intended.
Equivalent static method has also been used for calculation of Base Shear and
distribution at various floor levels at the corresponding centre of masses. And, finally the
design seismic forces at each level shall be distributed to individual lateral load resisting
systems through structural analysis considering the floor diaphragm action.

● 1.1.1 Limit State of Strength/Collapse(Ultimate Limit State)

This limit state is associated with failure (or imminent failure) under the action of
the probable and the most unfavourable combination of loads on a structure which
may endanger the safety of life and property. The design values are derived from
the characteristic values through the use of partial safety factors, both for material
strengths and for loads. The reliability of design is ensured by satisfying the
requirement i.e Design action ≤ Design strength.
● 1.1.2 Limit State of Serviceability
This limit state is associated with the functioning of structure or its components
under service or working loads. It causes discomfort to the occupants or affects
the appearance of a structure and, on the whole, may reduce the functional
effectiveness of the structure. It includes
● Deformation/deflection,
● Vibration repairable damage or crack due to fatigue,
● Corrosion/durability; and fire.
● 1.1.3 Assumptions of Static Analysis for seismic design
The following assumptions shall be made in the earthquake-resistant design of
structures:

a) Earthquake ground motions are complex and irregular, consisting of several

frequencies and of varying amplitudes each lasting for a small duration.
Therefore, usually, resonance of the type as visualised under steady-state

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 sinusoidal excitations will not occur, as it would need time to build up such
amplitudes. But, there are exceptions where resonance-like conditions have been
seen to occur between long distance waves and tall structures found on deep soft
soils.

b) Earthquakes are not likely to occur simultaneously with high wind, maximum
flood or maximum sea waves.

c) The values of elastic modulus of materials, wherever required, will be taken as

for static analysis, unless more definite values are available for use in dynamic
conditions [see IS 456, IS 800, IS 1343, IS 1905 and IS 2974 (Parts 1 to 5)].

● 1.2 CODES FOR DESIGN

The following Indian codes and standards have been used for design of structural work.
All applicable Indian Standards (IS) Codes shall be used. In all cases, the latest revision
with amendments, if any shall be followed:

Table 1.1 Codes for design

IS 456 : 2000 Plain and Reinforced concrete

IS 875 Part 1 :1987 Dead Loads-Unit weights

IS 875 Part 2 : 1987 Imposed Load

IS 1893 Part 1 : 2016 Seismic Resistant Design Criteria

IS 1893 Part 6 : 2022 Criteria for Earthquake Resistant

Design of Structures for Base Isolated
Buildings

IS 13920 : 2016 Ductile Design and Detailing of Reinforced

Concrete Structure

● 1.3 OBJECTIVE OF WORK

The aim of the report is to show the steps of structural design and analysis along with the
calculation of base shear and implementation of base isolation of G+6 residential

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building(Staff Quarters) being constructed in Danapur, Bihar by Rail Vikas Nigam
Limited.
The primary objective of this endeavour is to accurately estimate and evaluate the seismic
response of buildings, subsequently utilising the data obtained to design and analyse them
using the STAAD-Pro software. The scope of the project entails the meticulous design
and seismic analysis of a G+6 building, employing the capabilities of the STAAD-Pro
software. This includes proficiently modelling the building structure, implementing
various load scenarios, calculating load combinations, and performing thorough analysis
and design processes utilising the STAAD-Pro platform.
Additionally, the investigation will involve studying critical factors such as reactions,
shear forces, bending moments, seismic forces, and node displacement throughout the
assignment process, while employing suitable property and material adjustments to
effectively restrain these forces.
Finally, a crucial aspect of the analysis will involve a comparative assessment of the steel
area in the columns of initially designed seismic resistant building and then columns of a
base isolated structure in which spring supports have been used, thereby depicting how
implementation and usage of this technology can make the structure seismic proof and
simultaneously reduce the required reinforcement along with comparative analysis of
various other crucial factors such as base shear, time period, spectral acceleration etc.
The project also incorporates the utilisation of Indian codes to ensure the appropriate
detailing of beams within the structure. This adherence to Indian codes is crucial for
ensuring compliance with the specific design and construction regulations prevalent in
the Indian context.
By incorporating these codes, the project aims to ensure that the beams are appropriately
designed, reinforced, and detailed in accordance with the relevant Indian standards,
thereby enhancing the structural integrity and overall safety of the building.
The utilisation of Indian codes adds an additional layer of precision and adherence to
local construction practices, further reinforcing the reliability and suitability of the design
solutions proposed through the STAAD-Pro software.

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 CHAPTER 2

PLANNING

Fig 2.1 : Plinth Beam and Floor plan(Floor 1-6)

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Fig 2.2 : Elevation
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Fig 2.3 : Section X-X

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Fig 2.4 : Section Y-Y

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 CHAPTER 3

Design using [Link]

● 3.1 [Link]
STAAD is the abbreviation for Structural Analysis and Design. [Link] is one of the
popular software that is used for analysing & designing structures like – buildings,
towers, bridges, industrial, transportation and utility structures. Designs may include any
building structures like tunnels, culverts, bridges, piles, petrochemical plants; and
building materials like timber, concrete, steel, cold-formed steel, and aluminium.

STAAD or [Link] was developed by Research Engineers International at Yorba

Linda, CA in 1997 to get rid of the boring & time-consuming manual procedures for
Structural Engineers. Our paper involves analysis and design of G+6 building using a
worldwide most commonly used designing software [Link] Connect V22.
● 3.1.1 FEATURES AND ADVANTAGES OF [Link]
● Comprehensive Analysis: [Link] can analyse different structures and
handle various types of loads.
● Advanced Design: The software offers advanced design features for
different structural components, ensuring accurate calculations and
detailing.
● BIM Integration: [Link] seamlessly works with BIM workflows,
improving collaboration and data exchange.
● 3D Modelling: The software allows for detailed and realistic 3D
modelling, making it easier to visualise structures.
● Efficient Workflow: [Link] automates complex tasks, saving time
and effort in handling large-scale projects.
● Parametric Modeling: Engineers can explore design alternatives by
quickly adjusting parameters.
● Confirmation with Indian Standard Codes

The following section presents a formalised and structured outline of the design
steps executed during the utilisation of [Link] software for the
seismic-resistant design of a G+6 structure.

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3.2 STRUCTURE SPECIFICATIONS

A G+6 building is taken for analysis. The salient features of the building are:

[Link] of structure = G+6 Frame.

[Link] zone =V
[Link] of soil = Medium
[Link]. of stories = (G+6)
[Link] Load = Taken as per specifications and requirements of IS 875 Part 2: 1987
[Link] finishes = 1 kN/m2
[Link] of slab = 125 mm
[Link] = M25 concrete and Fe 500 steel
[Link] weight of RCC = 25 kN/m2
10. Beams = 500 × 250 mm
11. Secondary beams = 300 × 250 mm
12. Columns = 450 × 450 mm
13. Outer Wall thickness = 250 mm
14. Inner Wall thickness = 125 mm
15. Total height = 25 m
16. Floor height = 3.3 m
17. Mumty height = 2.4 m
18. Parapet height = 1.2 m
19. Water tank height = 1.2 m
20. Water tank load = 12kN/m2
[Link] weight of Masonary = 20 kN/m2

3.3 Design steps ([Link])

STEP 1) Modelling
-With respect to the consideration of type of structure modelling has been done using Geometry
and Structural Wizard Tool.

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STEP-2) Generation of Nodes and Geometry
As per the planning with respect to the positioning of columns in building, their respective nodal
point has been created on that model. Coordinates of all nodes wherever structural elements are
required are input into the software and connected appropriately including beams, columns and
plates.
Floor diaphragms are also added at appropriate floor levels.
Moments in secondary beams should also be released at the start and end.

Fig 3.1: Top view of Structure Geometry

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 Fig 3.2 Front view of Structure Geometry

Fig 3.3 Isometric view of Structure Geometry

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Step-3) Property Definition:
Using the General-Property command define the various properties as per size requirement to the
respective structural elements ie: beams, columns and plates. Define command has been used for
beams and columns and Thickness command has been used to define thickness of plates which
are representative of slabs.

Fig 3.4: Assignment of properties in [Link]

Step-4) Create and Assign Support

Supports have been assigned at all the columns as per given plan and the supports used in this
project are considered to be fixed support.

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 Fig 3.5: Creation and Assigning of fixed supports

Step-5) 3D Rendering:
After assigning the member property to structure the 3-D view of the structure can be shown
using 3- D Rendering command.

Fig 3.6: 3D Rendered model of G+6 Structure

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Step 6) Seismic Load Assignment:
The seismic load has been defined using parameters that have been mentioned in IS 1893:2016
Part 1 the input provisions for which have already been incorporated in [Link] software and
can be found in the load generation [Link] following factors have to be considered while
considering seismic loads as per aforementioned code:

​ Zone Factor (Z): It represents the zone in which a particular location falls in terms of
seismicity. The code divides India into several seismic zones, ranging from Zone II (least
seismic) to Zone V (most seismic). The zone factor Z is a numerical value assigned to
each zone and is used to determine the design seismic forces.
​ Importance Factor (I): It reflects the importance or significance of a structure based on
its function and consequences of failure. Different types of structures have different
importance factors assigned to them, such as residential buildings, industrial structures,
and critical facilities like hospitals or emergency services.
​ Response Reduction Factor (R): It accounts for the energy dissipation and ductility of
the structure during an earthquake. The response reduction factor is used to reduce the
elastic seismic forces calculated based on the design spectrum and is influenced by the
structural system, material properties, and detailing.
​ Soil Factor (S): It considers the characteristics of the site soil where the structure is
located. The code provides values for the soil factor, which accounts for the amplification
or de-amplification of seismic waves due to the soil conditions.
​ Seismic Weight (W): It represents the effective seismic weight of the structure. The
seismic weight includes the dead load and the portion of the live load that is likely to be
present during an earthquake.
​ Damping Ratio: The value of damping shall be taken as 5% irrespective of the material
of construction (namely steel, reinforced concrete, masonry or a combination of thereof
of these three basic materials).

Ground Level is considered to be at y= -0.45m in terms of [Link] geometrical

coordinates.

The figure below displays the various input parameters used for the design of the G+6
structure undertaken in this report.

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 Fig 3.7: Input of parameters for defining of seismic loads
After the loads have been successfully defined they will be assigned in the X, Y and Z directions
in the load cases details section of Loads and Definitions with a multiplication factor of 1.

Step 7) Assignment of Dead Loads

The dead load contains the weight of walls, partitions, floor finishes, false ceilings, floors and the
other permanent standing construction in the buildings. The dead load loads are estimated from
the dimensions of various members of the building and their unit weights. The unit weights of
plain concrete and reinforced concrete are taken as 25kN/m3. The unit weight of masonry taken
as 20kN/m3.

Fig 3.8 : Values of self weight, wall loads, parapet loads,finishing loads and water tank load

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Step 8) Assignment of Imposed/Live Loads
The imposed loads have been assigned as per provisions given in IS 875 Part 2: 1987. Floor
loads have been added as per requirement of geometry and magnitude. Different floor loads have
been used for rooms, offices, seating lounges, storeroom, lift area etc. Their values are input as
shown below :

Fig 3.9: Floor loads input parameters

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Fig 3.10 Different imposed loads applied throughout geometry of structure as per requirement

Fig 3.11 Visual depiction of applied imposed loads

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Step 9) Load combinations
The load combinations shall be considered as specified in respective standards due to all load
effects mentioned therein, In addition to those specified in IS1893:2016 Part 1, which include
Earthquake effects.
It should also be noted that IS 1893:2016 Part 1, cl [Link] states clearly that even when load
combinations that do not contain earthquake effects, indicate larger demands than combinations
including them, the provisions shall be adopted related to design, ductile detailing and
construction relevant for Earthquake conditions, which are given in IS 1893, IS 13920 and IS
800.
When responses from the three earthquake components are to be considered, the responses due
to each component may be combined using the assumption that when the maximum response
from one component occurs, the responses from the other two components are 30 percent each of
their maximum. All possible combinations of three components (ELx, ELy and ELz) including
variations in sign (plus or minus) shall be considered. This implies that sets of load combinations
involving Earthquake effects to be considered shall be given as below :
1) 1.2 [DL+IL±(ELx±0.3 ELy±0.3 ELz)] and
1.2 [DL+IL±(ELy ±0.3 ELx ±0.3 ELz)];
2) 1.5 [DL+(ELx ±0.3 ELy±0.3 ELz)] and
1.5 [DL (ELy±0.3 ELx ±0.3 ELz)];
3) 0.9 DL±1.5 (ELx±0.3 ELy±0.3 ELz) and
0.9 DL±1.5 (ELy±0.3 ELx±0.3 ELz).
where X and Y are two orthogonal directions and Z is the vertical direction.

Fig 3.12: Creation of Load Combinations

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Step 10) Reference Load Definitions

By adding mass load as reference loading and editing the command file as per IS 1983. Design
seismic force shall be estimated using full dead load plus percentage of live load.

Fig 3.13: IS 1893:2016 Part 1; Clause 7.3.1

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 Fig 3.14: Reference Live Load in Command File

The above process is done thrice so that all the loads including self weight, dead loads, live loads
etc that were initially acting in -Y direction are defined for +X, +Y, +Z directions in reference
load definitions.
It is also worth noting that for calculation of design seismic forces of buildings, imposed load on
roof need not be considered. But weights of equipment and other permanently fixed facilities
should be considered; in such a case, the reductions of imposed loads mentioned in fig 3.13 are
not applicable to that part of the load.

Step 11) Reduction of Moment of Inertia as per code specification:

Fig 3.15: IS 1893: 2016 Part 1, Clause [Link]

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Step 12) Structural analysis on [Link]:

After adding Analysis/Print, using Run Analysis Command, the structure is analysed and
detailed study of forces and bending moment is undertaken through the Post processing mode to
recognize their shear forces, bending moment diagrams to check if it is safe or not.

Step 13) Design of Structure on [Link]:

The design is undertaken as per IS 456:2000 for RCC. M25 concrete and Fe500 are used as
design parameters. Clear cover of beam and column are assigned as 30 mm and 40 mm
respectively. The clear cover for slab is taken to be 25 mm.

Fig 3.16: Assigning Design Parameters

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Step 14) Output Generation:
After having input all the design parameters, the software has designed all the structural elements
and provided the structural design of each individual beam and column member of the structure.
Here we have displayed the output of a typical beam and typical column taken from the
structure:

Fig 3.17: Design of a typical column (Beam No: 235)

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Fig 3.18 Design of a typical beam (Beam No: 1526)

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 CHAPTER 4

Base Isolation using Lead Rubber Bearings

Base isolation of structures is one of the most desired means to protect it against earthquake
forces. It is the fundamental concept for earthquake engineering which can be defined as
separating or decoupling the structure from its foundation. This causes the fundamental
frequency of a system to decrease to a value lower than the predominant frequencies containing
frequencies of Earthquake Ground Motion.

In addition, damping properties provided by the isolation system help dissipate the energy
imparted during seismic activities.

In this technique of base isolation, the building is detached or isolated from the ground in such a
way that only a very small portion of seismic ground motions is transmitted up through the
building. In other words, although the ground underneath it may vibrate violently, the building
itself would remain relatively stable. This results in significant reduction in floor accelerations
and inter-storey drifts, thereby providing protection to the building components and contents.
The system decouples the structure from horizontal components of the ground.

● 4.1 Base Isolator

A Base Isolator is a horizontally flexible, vertically stiff structural element, designed to

permit a specified value of Lateral Displacement at base level of building during
Earthquake loading and to dissipate energy during cyclic loading.

A practical Seismic Isolation System should meet the following requirements :

● Sufficient horizontal flexibility to increase structural periods and spectral

demands.

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 ● Sufficient Energy dissipation capacity to limit the displacements across
isolators to a practical level.
● Adequate rigidity to make isolated buildings not different from a fixed
base building under seismic loading.

● 4.2 Lead Rubber Bearing as Base Isolator

A lead-rubber bearing is formed of a lead plug force- fitted into a pre-formed hole in an
elastomeric bearing. The lead core provides rigidity under service loads and energy
dissipation under high lateral loads.

When subjected to low lateral loads such as minor earthquakes the lead-rubber bearing is
stiff both laterally and vertically. The lateral stiffness results from the high elastic
stiffness of the lead plug and the vertical rigidity.

A major advantage of the lead-rubber bearing is that it combines the functions of rigidity
at service load levels, flexibility at earthquake load levels and damping into a single
compact unit.

Fig 4.1 : Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolator

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 Fig 4.2 : Comparison of Fixed base building and Isolated base building

● 4.3 Incorporation of LRB in [Link]

There is no direct way of modelling base isolators. The closest way is to model these as
spring supports ( FIXED BUT supports). The stiffness properties of the Lead Rubber
Bearings are input inside the [Link] software by specifying the properties of
supports. KX, KY and KZ values are then input as per design specifications.
For purposes of analysis, the stiffness properties considered by us are taken directly from
another ongoing project ( Bihar Animal Sciences University (BASU), Patna, Bihar) and
the LRB`s are designed as per requirements of MCE or Maximum Considered
Earthquake.

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 Fig 4.3: Properties used for Lead Rubber Bearing Supports

As can be seen in the above figure, the properties used for LBR are :
KX = 832.000 kN/m (Effective Stiffness of Isolator)
KY = 289592.000 kN/m (Total Compression Stiffness of Bearing)
KZ = 832.000 kN/m

Table 4.1: Specifications of Lead Rubber Bearings used

Allowable Displacement 233 mm

Thickness of Rubber Layer 10 mm

No. of Rubber Layers 16

No. of Lead Cores 1

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Lead Core Diameter 50 mm

Total Height of Rubber 160 mm

Total Height of Bearing (Including steel 250 mm

plates)

Shape of Bearing for LRB Circular

Plan Dimension of Bearing for LRB 620 mm

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 CHAPTER 5

Calculation of Base Shear

Base shear is the estimation of maximum expected lateral force which will occur at the base of a
structure due ground motion during the earthquake. Due to seismic activities, the ground starts
moving. Due to the movement of ground, lateral force is developed in the opposite direction of
motion.
As per IS1893:2016, Part 1, Clause 7.2.1, Buildings shall be designed for the design lateral force
VB given by:

VB = AhW
Where ;
Ah = Design Horizontal Seismic coefficient
W = Seismic weight of structure

● 5.1 Base Shear Calculation in Fixed Base Structure

The Design Horizontal Seismic Coefficient (Ah) for a structure shall be determined by:

𝑍 𝑆𝑎
( )(
2 𝑔
)
𝐴ℎ = 𝑅
(𝐼)
Where
Z = Seismic zone factor given in table 4.1
I = Importance factor
R= Response reduction factor
𝑆𝑎
𝑔
= Design acceleration coefficient for different soil types, normalised with peak ground
acceleration, corresponding to the natural period T of structure.

● 5.1.1 Zone Factor

For the purpose of determining design seismic force, the country is classified into
4 different zones as shown in the Figure [Link] seismic zone will have a
seismic zone factor(Z) as shown in Table 4.1

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 Table 5.1 : Seismic Zone Factors (Z)

Seismic Zone II III IV V

Factor
Z 0.1 0.16 0.24 0.36

Fig 5.1 : Seismic Zones of India

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Fig 5.2 : Epicentres of past earthquake of India

38
● 5.1.2 Importance Factor (I)
The importance factor is a parameter used in seismic design to account for
the importance of a structure. It is a function of the building’s occupancy,
function, and use. Structures with higher importance factors are designed
to withstand higher seismic forces than those with lower importance
factors.

The values of Importance Factor in estimation of design lateral force shall

be taken as per provisions given in Clause 7.2.3 of IS 1893:2016 Part 1, as
shown below :

Fig 5.3: IS 1893:2016 Part 1, Clause 7.2.3(Table 8)

39
● 5.1.3 Response Reduction Factor(R)
Response reduction factor is the factor by which the actual base shear force
should be reduced, to obtain the design lateral force during design basic
earthquake (DBE) shaking. The response reduction factor (R) basically depends
on Over strength (Rs), Ductility (Rµ), Redundancy (RR).
For the purpose of design as per IS 1893:2016, response reduction factor for
different building systems shall be given as in Table 9 of IS 1893:2016 Part1.

Fig 5.4: R values as per IS 1893:2016 Part 1(Table 9)

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 𝑆𝑎
● 5.1.4 Design acceleration coefficient ( 𝑔
)
The net shaking of a building is a combined effect of the energy carried by the
earthquake at different frequencies and the natural periods of the building, which
is denoted by the structural flexibility factor (Sa/g). In this report, Static Analysis
has been performed on the structure and the respective Sa/g values can be
obtained from the graph shown below:

Fig 5.5: Design acceleration coefficient(Sa/g) corresponding to 5 percent damping

The natural period T can be calculated for the structure in consideration using IS 1893:2016, Part
1, Clause 7.6.2.c.

Fig 5.6: Fundamental Translational Natural Period of Oscillation(IS 1893:2016 Part1)

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● 5.2 Base Shear Calculations for Fixed Base Structure

Table 5.2 : Seismic parameters as per IS 1893 : 2016 Part 1

Zone Factor 0.36

Length 28.41 m
Width 18.90 m
Height 25.95 m
Ta 0.8623
Sa/g 1.577
R 5(SMRF as per clause 7.2.6)
I 1

Fig 5.7 : Base Shear Calculation Summary in [Link] (Fixed Base)

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● 5.3 Base Isolated Structure
IS 1893:2022 Part 6 deals with Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures for
Base Isolated Buildings.

Fig 5.8 : IS 1893:2022 Part 6, cl 6.1.6.a

VS = Design Earthquake Base Shear Force

● 5.3.1 Teff,min
Clause 6.1.3 of IS 1893:2022 Part 6 clearly states that the maximum and
The Maximum Effective Natural Period The Maximum Effective Natural
Period Teff,max and Minimum Effective Natural Period Teff, min of the
base-isolated building at the design displacement along each of its
principal plan direction shall be determined using its effective minimum
stiffness Keff, min and effective maximum stiffness Keff, max , respectively, of
the entire set of the base isolators provided in the building, and shall be
estimated as :

𝑊𝑒
Teff, min = 2π 𝑔𝐾𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑚𝑎𝑥

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 There are a total of 35 columns in the structure, each having an isolator of
effective stiffness of 832 kN/m.

Therefore the final Keff of the whole system = 832*35

= 29120.

Using the formulae of Teff mentioned above and substituting the value of Keff, the
effective Time period of the structure comes out to be 2.4 seconds.

Tefff,min = 2.4 sec.

The corresponding Sa/g value of this Teff is found to be 0.567 using Fig 5.5.

Therefore using the new values of Sa/g and formulae for Vs mentioned above in fig 5.8, we can
successfully calculate the Base Shear of a Base Isolated Structure.

● 5.4 Base Shear Calculations for Base Isolated Structure :

Table 5.3 : Seismic parameters as per IS 1893 : 2022 Part 6

(For Base Isolated Structures)

Z 0.36
Length 28.41 m
Width 18.90 m
Height 25.95 m
Ta 2.4 sec
Sa/g 0.567
R 5(SMRF as per clause 7.2.6)
I 1

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Fig 5.9: Base Shear Calculation Summary in [Link] (Isolated Base)

45
 CHAPTER 6

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FIXED BASE AND BASE ISOLATED STRUCTURE

Careful Analysis has been performed of both the Fixed Base and Base Isolated Structures and the
following key observations have been made :

Table 6.1 : Seismic Comparison Parameters

FIXED BASE BASE ISOLATED

FREQUENCY 1.159689203 0.416666667

Time Period 0.8623 2.4

Spectral Acceleration 1.577 0.567

Ah 0.0568 0.0408

Base Shear 2368.16 1701

● Frequency and spectral acceleration of the structure is reduced by a factor of 2.78

● Time Period of the structure has decreased by a factor of 0.36
● Base Shear being applied on the structure has reduced by 28 %.

The usage of Lead Rubber Bearings has decreased the Base Shear, Frequency, design horizontal
seismic coefficient and increased time period of the structure, successfully achieving all the
intended results in a desirable manner.

Considerable reduction in the amount of reinforcement required in columns has also been
witnessed with reinforcements reducing as high as 49.5 % in a column and average
reinforcement reduction in columns being 37 %.

Thus Base Isolation has been successfully implemented and the data provides concrete evidence
conforming to the efficacy of this method.

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 Fig 6.1 : Reference column diagram for Table 6.2

Table 6.2 : Reduction in Required Reinforcement of Base Isolated Structure

COLUMN CASE 1(Fixed Base) CASE 2(Isolated Base) Difference %
NO in Ast DECREASE
(mm2) in Ast

COLUMN Ast(mm2) COLUMN Ast(mm2)

DIM(mm) DIM

5 450*450 3945 450*450 1992 1953 49.50570342

8 450*450 4030 450*450 2567 1463 36.30272953

16 450*450 4378 450*450 2992 1386 31.65829146

17 450*450 3935 450*450 2467 1468 37.30622618

29 450*450 4160 450*450 2815 1345 32.33173077

30 450*450 4197 450*450 2647 1550 36.93114129

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 CHAPTER 7

Ductile Detailing of Beams

IS 13920:2016 is a code of practice for ductile detailing of reinforced concrete structures

subjected to seismic forces. It provides requirements for the detailing of beams and columns to
ensure that they can deform in a ductile manner under seismic loading. Ductile deformation is
important for earthquake-resistant structures because it allows the structure to absorb energy
from the earthquake without collapsing.
The code covers a wide range of topics related to ductile detailing, including:
1. The size and spacing of reinforcement
2. The anchorage of reinforcement
3. The detailing of joints
4. The use of special detailing features, such as hoops and stirrups

IS 13920:2016 is an important reference document for engineers who are designing or inspecting
reinforced concrete structures that are located in seismically active areas. By following the
requirements of the code, engineers can help to ensure that these structures are ductile and can
withstand the forces of an earthquake.

Here are some of the key requirements of IS 13920:2016 for beams which must be fulfilled and
made use of while performing the ductile detailing of beams.
➢ Beams shall preferably have width-to-depth ratio of more than 0.3.
➢ Beams shall not have width less than 200 mm.
➢ Beams shall not have depth D more than 1/4th of clear span. This may not apply to the
floor beam of frame staging of elevated RC water tanks.

● 7.1 Longitudinal Reinforcement

● Beams shall have at least two 12 mm diameter bars each at the top and bottom
faces.
● Minimum longitudinal steel ratio ⍴min required on any face at any section is:
⍴min = 0.24√fck /fy (As per IS 13920: 2016 cl 6.2.1.b)
= 0.24* √25/500
= 0.0024
● Maximum longitudinal steel ratio ⍴max required on any face at any section is :
⍴max = 0.025 (As per IS 13920: 2016 cl 6.2.2)

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 ● Longitudinal steel on the bottom face of a beam framing into a column (at the
face of the column) shall be at least half the steel on its top face at the same
section. At exterior joints, the anchorage length calculation shall consider this
bottom steel to be tension steel.
● Longitudinal steel in beams at any section on top or bottom face shall be at least
1/4th of longitudinal steel provided at the top face of the beam at the face of the
column; when the top longitudinal steel in the beam at the two supporting column
faces is different, the larger of the two shall be considered.
● At an exterior joint, top and bottom bars of beams shall be provided with
anchorage length beyond the inner face of the column, equal to development
length of the bar in tension plus 10 times bar diameter minus the allowance for
90° bends

Fig 7.1 Anchorage of Longitudinal Beam Bars At Exterior Beam-Column Joint

● 7.2 Transverse Reinforcement

Shear reinforcement is essential to enhance the shear strength and ductility of beams.
The code provides guidelines for calculating the required amount of shear reinforcement
based on the design shear [Link] specifies the minimum spacing, diameter, and detailing
requirements for shear reinforcement, such as stirrups or shear links. IS 13920 provisions
used for detailing of transverse reinforcement are mentioned below:

● Minimum diameter of link shall be 8 mm.

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 ● Spacing of links over a length 2d at either end of a beam shall not exceed,
○ d/4
○ 8 times the dia of smallest longitudinal bar
○ 100 mm
● The first link shall be at a distance not exceeding 50 mm from the joint face.
○ Closely spaced links shall be provided over a length equal to 2d at either
side of a section where flexural yielding may occur under earthquake
effects. Over the remaining length of beam, vertical links shall be provided
at spacing not exceeding d/2.

Fig 7.2: Detailing of Transverse reinforcement of beam using IS 13920:2016

Upon analysing the data of reinforcement required for a continuous beam lying on a horizontal
grid in the structure and taking into account the various clauses of IS 13920:2016, the figure
below displays the implementation of these clauses in actual structural design which has been
performed by us, using the tools and functionalities of AutoCad software.

50
Fig 7.3 : Ductile detailing of continuous beam

51
 CHAPTER 8

Conclusion

● Structural Analysis of G+6 structure has been successfully modelled using

[Link] software.
● 1551 structural elements(Beams and Columns) were designed using seismic
design provisions given in Indian code IS 1893:2016 Part 1.
● Time required was considerably less and design was performed with higher
accuracy and efficiency than manual calculations, removing scope of human
error and saving hours of manpower.
● Base Shear values were calculated using various clauses and seismic
parameters of Indian Seismic mentioned in IS 1893:2016 (Part 1) and IS
1893:2022 (Part 6).
● Successful implementation of Base Isolation has been performed using data
of Lead Rubber Bearings during the addition of spring support in [Link]
software.
● 28% reduction in Base Shear was observed post base isolation.
● Spectral Acceleration has reduced by 63% in comparison to original value.
● The use of Base Isolation has significantly reduced the area of reinforcement
required.
● Max reduction in required reinforcement area of column observed is 49.5 %.
● Average reduction in area of reinforcement of columns is 37%.
● Ductile detailing of continuous beams over a span of multiple columns has
been performed for the required reinforcement using various provisions
given in Indian Design codes(IS 13920:2016).

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 REFERENCES

1. IS 456-2000 (Fourth Revision). “Plain and reinforced concrete

2. IS 1893 (Part 1) : 2016. “Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures, Part 1:
General Provisions and Buildings”
3. IS 1893 (Part 6) : 2022. “Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures Part 6:
Base Isolated Buildings”
4. IS 875 (Part 1): Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other Than Earthquake) For
Buildings and Structures. Part 1: Dead Loads--Unit Weights of Building Materials and
Stored Materials (Second Revision).
5. IS 875 (Part 2): Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other Than Earthquake) For
Buildings and Structures. Part 2: Imposed Loads (Second Revision).
6. IS 13920: 2016 [Ductile Design and detailing of reinforced concrete structures subjected
to seismic forces-Code of practice].
7. SP 34: Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement and Detailing.

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