CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter contains the Review of Related Literature and Studies from both foreign and

local sources.

Related Literature

To build our national identity we should need to construct our own identity first, this

pertains to our Local History, and its contribution to the nation-building, thus it brings significant

role in the study and understanding of the Filipino identity, as mentioned by Dr, Funtecha (2008)

and Templanza (2012).

In the context of Philippine local governance, Republic Act 11376 designates May 3 as a

special working holiday in the Municipality of Sta. Cruz, Province of Marinduque, referred to as

'Sta. Cruz Day,' in honor of the municipality's founding anniversary. Furthermore, when

proclaimed by the President, May 3 becomes a special nonworking holiday in Sta. Cruz,

Marinduque, underscoring the significance of this date in the community's cultural and historical

heritage. Aside from the events that the community are conducting annually there should be a

stable source of the History and Cultural Heritage that the people in the community can look for

and visit anytime, and this was supported by a law. Cultural heritage is given importance through

the Republic Act 9470, ‘National Archives of the Philippines Act of 2007’ Art. I, Sec. 2, which

states that: “It is the policy of the State to conserve, promote and popularize the nation’s

historical and cultural heritage resources. The State shall pursue, conserve and promote the

Filipino cultural heritage and resources including the documentary records of Filipino culture,

history and governance (Official Gazette 2007). Through this law a government institution was
made, the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA), created through the passage

of Republic Act 7356, is the overall policy making, coordinating, and grants giving agency for

the preservation, development and promotion of Philippine arts and culture. NCCA is thus

responsible for culture and the arts in the Philippines (NCCA 2015) as stated in Agung, the

official Newsletter of NCCA (2015). This government institution made efforts to preserve the

cultures of the Philippines and this efforts and initiatives established by the Philippine

government further support the establishment, existence and management of local studies centers

in the Philippines, various centers dedicated to the enrichment and study of one locality’s history,

culture and related studies, have been established in the Philippines and they are called ‘‘local

studies centers”, (Templanza 2012). In Marinduque, there are also Local Studies center that

people of Marinduque can gain knowledge about the History and Cultural Heritage of

Marinduque such as the National Museum of the Philippines - Marinduque. The said museum is

housed at Barangay Malusak, Boac, Marinduque. It showcases a rich collection of Filipino

antiques, morion masks and artifacts dating back to the Chinese, Spanish, Japanese and

American Era. These collections offer a Historical glimpse of Marinduque`s past and provide

students and researchers with ample study materials. Museums used to be the highlights of every

Educational tour with all of its art and historical materials telling us of stories of long ago.

Museums are not only meant for recreation but also place for learning, (Mangalus 2014, Manila

Bulletin). Preston (1969) as stated by Aktekin (2010) argued that by including local history,

“History need no longer be dry chalk and talk” He added that studying and analyzing the local

documents, maps, reading and map-making, visit to local libraries, museums, manor houses and

elderly inhabitants make history a practical, lively and active subject and those activities free

history from the chains of the classroom and endless note-taking. It means that the local
museums can be a source for knowledge about history this can be a great source and can be used

to make the teaching of Social Studies more interesting that will boost or improve the knowledge

acquisition of students about history.

On 2007, local historian Eli Obligacion, unveiled his concept of ”history website”

featuring old and faded photos, cultural and historical heritage of Marinduque, where Baluarte

and Holy Cross Parish Church can be found. This activity also helped the people of Santa Cruz

and all Marinduqueños to gain knowledge about its History through technology. Aside from

those that are presented as a source of knowledge about history, statues and monuments can also

be a source of information, (Field 2006). These provide enduring legacies of the

accomplishments of those that societies remember, revere and honor.

But aside from these sources, local museums and libraries and other annual activities,

other factors are affecting the knowledge acquisition of history. As stated in the knowledge gap

theory, the Level of Educational Attainment and economic status affects the Knowledge

acquisition, (Tichenor, et. al. 1970). Pupils in the higher grade can gather information using the

library, while pupils in the lower grade can gather information through observation. Social

Studies teachers may present History depending on the capacity of the pupils, (Songco 2002).

“The American heritage traveler is older, better Educated and more affluent (than other tourists)”

(Hangrove 2002). Disregarding the comparison to other tourists on what Hangrove said, it will

only emphasize that the level of educational attainment and the nature of work/job can affect the

knowledge acquisition of the History and Cultural heritage. Why? Because she said that the

American heritage traveler is better educated meaning, that tourist attained a higher educational

degree or level that maybe because of that he acquired a knowledge about the importance of the

heritage, culture and history that’s why that tourist visit some. Another is being in the higher
socioeconomic status gives an opportunity to travel, visit and acquire knowledge about History

and Cultural Heritage of a Particular place because s/he can avail the travel cost.

There are many possible sources for the acquisition of knowledge about history and

possible causes of the low level of knowledge that was presented.

Related Studies

Based on the research study of Municipality of Santa Cruz, (2020) entitled “Santa Cruz,

Marinduque Cultural Mapping” they concluded that the culture and heritage of Santa Cruz are

primarily patronal and tied with the Roman Catholic practices in the same way that politics in the

municipality is also connected to its history and tradition. They also concluded that Landmarks

are evident in Santa Cruz but efforts for the conservation and preservation of those Landmarks is

not obvious or active.

Local Government of Santa Cruz is the first and foremost institution that will exert an

effort to preserve, enrich, cultivate and promote awareness about the History and Cultural

Heritage of it. Then if the government fails to do it the result will be people of Santa Cruz will

forget about their past, forgot the building of this municipality and its contribution to the region

and nation-building which could be a source of pride of being a Santacruzin.

As the Local government make an effort to support the promotion of History and Cultural

Heritage through various projects like the celebration of the “Santa Cruz Day” and the

“Moryonan” the government also supported the Local Studies like the Cultural Mapping where

people of Santa Cruz can gain knowledge about the History and Cultural Heritage of it as

concluded in the study entitled “Local Studies Centers: Transforming history, culture and
heritage in the Philippines” of Templanza (2012) that local studies centers in the Philippines,

since their first establishment in 1975, truly play an innovative, transformative and important

role in the field of history, culture and heritage in the Philippines.

Making a mock-up or models, miniature for old buildings or site can be a use to preserve

and teach about the history. B. Hervy (2012) conducted a study entitled “A generalized approach

for historical mock-up acquisition and data modeling: Towards historically enriched 3D city

models” and concluded that through the use of 3D City Model, a combination of primary and

secondary sources of historical information applied in virtual 3D object and a contextualized

knowledge fused together and create a 3D City Model, can help those who keep the historical

record and presented it in a very interesting and interactive ways. This can be used by the

Professionals and the public to deepen their knowledge about the history through this 3D City

Model that mock-up a particular Historical and Cultural Heritage. This study was further

enhanced by G. Schindler (2012). In his Study entitled “4D Cities: Analyzing, Visualizing, and

Interacting with Historical Urban Photo Collections” he concluded that making more realistic,

entertaining and interactive the 4D should be used in presenting and preserving the history of a

particular place. As he used the history of Atlanta from 1800 to 2008 through pictures he created

a 4D gallery that can be used by anyone who wants to revisit the history of Atlanta where people

who will try and visit the history will experience like in reality what was and is happening to a

particular date in Atlanta history. Also he added that 4D possibly can revealed other hidden

history that no one knows specifically the changes occurs in Atlanta because the 4D’s main

focused is to present the changes and development of Atlanta through time. The enhancement of

technology is a good sign. The History can be preserved and served to people well. Now it is not

only a mere Photo Gallery or Exhibit but a technologically dimensional one (3D and 4D) that is
more interesting. On the study entitled “Can computational technology improve students’

historical thinking: Experiences from the Virtual Historian” of Levesque (2008) investigated the

role and impact of Digital History Program (the Virtual Historian) Revolution. Through a virtual

Role Playing students make their own avatar or character and used it in making an animated

video and they are the one who speak. Through this the students understand further not only the

dates and particular scene in the history but also the point of view and the other side of history

and the people involved.

The study only indicates that the school also has a role in promoting the history and

cultural heritage that’s why Social Studies is part of the school’s curriculum, but in case of the

Santa Cruz’ History and Cultural Heritage it is not included on the curriculum of the social

studies in that division. So it is the role of schools to promote and propagate the History and

Cultural heritage of Santa Cruz. This can be done by conducting or providing activities that will

bring information to students about it, since the school is the local government institution where

most of our knowledge is came from.

But the effort of the government is not the only source of knowledge about the History

and Cultural Heritage of Santa Cruz. Level of Educational Attainment and the Nature of

Work/Job have something impact about it.

Le Heron (2005) concluded in his study entitled “Acquisition of Simple and Complex

Knowledge: A Knowledge Gap Perspective” that the Knowledge Gap among secondary and

tertiary level students really takes place. Secondary students have less knowledge that the tertiary

level. However study found that over seven months, although the tertiary educated kept ahead,

the secondary educated appeared able to match the very simple, complex and total knowledge

levels of the tertiary educated in the subsequent period. The study was conducted in two
semesters at Massey University to 100-300 participant of the Lecture Seminar Series of the new

Information Systems (IS) Learning composed of fresh graduate Secondary students and already

finished and under tertiary students. Several test was conducted on the two semester that show

the progress and the knowledge acquisition of the participants throughout the Lecture Series

Seminar.

It emphasized on the knowledge gap among the secondary and tertiary level that there is

difference on their knowledge and it can be used as a basis to determine that there is a significant

difference among the knowledge of elementary, secondary and tertiary level.