Chapter Two

Atoms, molecules and Ions

 Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions

The Atomic Theory

• Dalton’s atomic theory has four assumptions:

1. Atoms are the building blocks of elements.
2. For the same element all atoms are identical. The atoms for one element
are different from the atoms of all other elements.
3. Atoms combine in definite ratio to makes compound.
4. A chemical reaction involves only the separation, combination and
rearrangement of atoms. It dos not result in their creation or destruction.
H2O  2H + O
What is atom?
Atom is the basic unit of an element that can enter into chemical
combination.
 Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions

Structure of atom

proton Neutron Electron

 Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions

Structure of atom

proton Neutron Electron

Nucleus
 Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions

Structure of atom

• Protons and neutrons are together in the nucleus of an atom, whereas electrons
are in motion in orbits around the central nucleus.
• Protons carry a positive electrical charge, electrons carry a negative charge, and
neutrons carry no charge.
• Most atoms are electrically neutral, meaning that they have an equal number of
protons and electrons

Particle Symbol Charge Mass

Electron e- -1 0.0005486 amu

Proton p+ +1 1.007276 amu

Neutron n0 0 1.008665 amu

 Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions

Structure of atom

• J.J. Thomson is the scientist who determine the ratio between electronic
charge to the mass of an electron using a cathode ray tube experiment
 Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions

Structure of atom

• What is amu?
amu is atomic mass unit
1 amu = 1.66053886 × 10-27 kilograms
 Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions

Atomic Number and Mass Number

• All atoms can be identified by the number of proton and neutrons they
contain.
• Atomic number is the number of proton in the nucleus.
• In neutral atom the number of proton is equal to the number of electron
thus the atomic number also refer to the number of electron.
• The chemical identity of an atom can be determined solely by the atomic
number.
• Example: the atomic number of Fluorine is 9 this means that each fluorine
atom have 9 protons and 9 electrons.
Any atom have 9 proton is Fluorine.
• Atomic Mass is the total number of neutrons and protons present in the
nucleus of an atom of an element.
 Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions

Structure of atom

• Thus, number of neutrons = atomic mass - atomic number

• Isotopes are atoms that have the same atomic number (proton number)
but different mass numbers.
• This mean the number of neutrons is the only difference between
isotopes. For example there are 3 isotopes for hydrogen

1H 2H 3H

Hydrogen Deuterium Tritium

 Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions

Structure of atom

Mass Number A
ZX
Element Symbol
Atomic Number

• Example: Carbon (atomic number 6) has three natural isotopes with

atomic weights of 12, 13 and 14.
isotope #p #n
====== == ==
C-12 6 6
C-13 6 7
C-14 6 8

• With exception of hydrogen, which has different names for each of its
Isotopes, isotopes of element are identified by their mass number. For
example carbon isotopes are called : carbon-12 , carbon 13 and carbon 14
 Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions

Structure of atom

• Important notice : as chemical properties of element determine by the

number of proton and electron. Thus isotopes of the same element have
similar chemistries, forming the same type of compound and displaying
similar reactivity.
• Do you understand Isotopes?
14
• How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in 6 C ?
6 protons, 8 (14 - 6) neutrons, 6 electrons
 Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions

Periodic Table

• Between 1800 and 1900 more than half the elements were discovered.
• Scientist tried to organize all the elements based on similarities which led
to the born of the periodic table.
• The periodic table is a chart in which elements having similar chemical and
physical properties are grouped together.
 Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions

Periodic Table
Alkali Earth Metal
Alkali Metal

Noble Gas
Halogen
Group
Period
 Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions

Periodic Table

Elements in the periodic table are divided into three categories:

Metal: (in green colour, Most elements) is a good conductor of heat and
electricity
Nonmetal: (in blue colour, 17 elements) is a poor conductor of heat and
electricity
Metalloid: (in brown colour, 8 elements) has properties that are intermediate
between those of metals and nonmetals
 Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions

Molecules

• Molecules : is an aggregate of at least two atoms or more in a definite

arrangement held together by chemical forces.
• What is the difference between molecule and compound?
Molecules may contain two atoms of the same element or atoms of different
elements.
Compound only contain two or more elements
Thus all compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds.
Molecules or compounds ?
H2O , I2 , NaCl , H2 , O2 , NaOH
compound
H2O , NaCl , NaOH
All molecules
 Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions

Molecules

Diatomic Molecules Polyatomic molecules

Molecules contain only two Molecules contain more than

atoms. Example : H2 , O2 N2 , two atoms. Example : H2O,
HCl , CO NH3, O3
 Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions

Ion is an atom or a group of atoms that

Ions has a net of positive or negative
charge.

Cation Anion
An ion with positive An ion with
charge negative charge
If a neutral atom loses one or more electrons it If a neutral atom gains one or more
becomes a cation. electrons it becomes an anion.

11 protons
Na
11 protons Na+ 10 electrons
11 electrons

17 protons 17 protons
Cl 17 electrons Cl- 18 electrons
 Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions

Ions

Monatomic ions Polyatomic ions

Ions contain only one Ions contain more than

atom. Example : Na+ , one atom. Example : NH4+
Mg+2 , S-2 , , CN- , OH- ,
 Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions

Ions

Do You Understand Ions?

27 3 +
How many protons and electrons are in 13 Al ?
Proton = 13 , electron = 13-3 = 10
Neutron = 27 – 13 = 14

How many protons and electrons are in 78

34 Se 2- ?
Proton = 34 , electron = 34 +2 = 36
Neutron = 78 – 34 = 44
 Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions

Chemical Formula

Molecular Formula Empirical Formula

It’s a formula shows the exact shows the simplest whole-number ratio
number of atoms of each elements of the atoms in a substance
in the smallest unit of a substance

•C3H6O
•C6H12O2
•NH2
•N2H4
•O
•O3
•ClCH2
•Cl2C2H4
•C4H5N2O2
•C8H10N4O4
•Al2O3
•Al2O3
Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions
 Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions

Formula of Ionic Compounds

•Ionic compound consist of a cation and an anion

• the formula is always the same as the empirical formula
• the sum of the charges on the cation and anion in each formula unit must equal zero

The ionic compound NaCl

 Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions

Formula of Ionic Compounds

• The subscript of the cation is numerically equal to the charge on the anion, and
the subscript on the anion is numerically equal to the charge on the cation
Examples:

Al+3 O-2 k+ Br - Mg+2 N-3

Al2O3 KBr Mg3N2

Ca+2 O-2

Ca2O2 CaO
 Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions

+1
+2 +3 -3 -2 -1
 Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions

Naming compounds There are some compounds

containing carbon are also
considered as inorganic such as
CO2 , CO3- HCO3-, CS2, CO, CN-

Contain carbon usually in Compound

All other
combination with elements such as compounds
hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.

Organic Inorganic

Ionic Molecular Acid and hydrate

base
 Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions

Ionic Compounds

• Mostly metals cation + nonmetal anion

• Rule: Name the metal first, then the nonmetal as -ide.
Example :
NaCl Sodium chloride
ZnI2 Zinc iodide
Al2O3 Aluminum oxide

NH4+ is called ammonium

Na3N Sodium nitride

KBr Potassium bromide

CaO Calcium oxide

MgS Magnesium sulfide

 Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions

Ionic Compounds
-
+
 Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions

Ionic Compounds

• Metal cation can be devided into two catagrories :

1- metal form one type of cation. Example: Alkali group and alkali earth
group.
2- metal form more than one type of cation. Example: transient metals. (Fe+2,
Fe+3).
• Rule Exceptions:
If have a variable charged metal, then give its charge in the middle with a
Roman Numeral in parenthesis. This called stock system.
Example:
FeCl2= Iron (II) Chloride.
FeCl3= Iron (III) chloride
 Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions

Ionic Compounds

• Nonmetal anion can be divided into two groups:

1- monoatomic anion. Example : Cl- chloride , Br- bromide, O-2 Oxide.
2- Polyatomic anion. Example : OH- hydroxide , CN- cyanide.
• Common names for some anions:
CO3-2 Carbonate, PO4-3 Phosphate, SO4-2 Sulphate
HCO3- Bicarbonate, NO3- Nitrate, SO3-2 Sulphite
Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions

Ionic Compounds
Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions
 Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions

Ionic Compounds

• Example 1 :
Name the following compounds :
a) Cu(NO3)2 b) KH2PO4 C) NH4ClO3

a) Cu from transition metal then it have more than one form of cation, NO3-
has common name nitrate thus
copper (II) nitrate

b) Potassium from group 1A thus it form only one type of cation, H2PO4-1 has
common name dihydrogen phosphate thus
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate.

C) NH4+1 has common name ammonium, ClO3-1 has common name chlorate
thus
Ammonium chlorate
 Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions

Ionic Compounds

• Example 2:
Write the chemical formula of the following compounds :
a) Mercury(II) nitrite, b) cesium sulfide c) calcium phosphate.

a) Hg+2 NO2-1 ===== Hg(NO2)2

b) Cs+1 S-2 =======Cs2S

c) Ca+2 PO4-3 ========Ca3(PO4)2

 Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions

compound
Summery of naming

Ionic Molecular
Cation: metal or NH4+
Anion: monotomic or polytomic

Cation has only Cation has more than

one charge one charge
•Alkali metal Other metal
cations
•Alkaline earth metal
•Ag+, Al+3, Cd+2, Zn+2 •Name metal first
•Specify charge of metal cation
•Name metal first with roman numeral (STOCK
•If monoatomic anion, add SYSTEM)
ide to the anion •If monoatomic anion, add ide to
•If polyatomic anion use the anion
name of anion from •If polyatomic anion use name of
previous table anion from previous table
 Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions

Molecular Compounds

• Mostly nonmetal + nonmetal or

nonmetal + metalloid
Rule: Name the first element, then the second element as -ide.
Example:
HCl Hydrogen chloride
HBr Hydrogen bromide
SiC silicon carbide

• Its common that one pair of element can form different compounds.
Example:
CO SO2 NO2
CO2 SO3 N2O4
 Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions

Molecular Compounds

CO carbon oxide
CO2 carbon oxide
SO2 sulfur oxide
SO3 sulfur oxide
N2O4 nitorgen oxide
 Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions

Molecular Compounds

CO carbon monoxide
CO2 carbon dioxide
SO2 sulfur dioxide
SO3 sulfur trioxide
N2O4 dinitorgen tetraoxide

• Name as before and add the number of atom before each

elements.
• Note that for the first element the prefix mono can be
omitted.
• Compounds containing hydrogen are exception from this rule. Example:
B2H6 diborane, CH4 methane, NH3 ammonia , SiH4 silane, PH3 phosphine
H2O water, H2S hydrogen sulfide
 Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions

Molecular Compounds

• Example1:
Name the following compounds:
a) PCl3 b) CCl4 c) P2Cl5

a) Phosphorus chloride
 Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions

Molecular Compounds

• Example1:
Name the following compounds:
a) PCl3 b) CCl4 c) P2Cl5

a) Phosphorus trichloride

b) Carbon chloride
 Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions

Molecular Compounds

• Example1:
Name the following compounds:
a) PCl3 b) CCl4 c) P2Cl5

a) Phosphorus trichloride

b) Carbon tetrachloride

c) phosphorus chloride
 Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions

Molecular Compounds

• Example1:
Name the following compounds:
a) PCl3 b) CCl4 c) P2Cl5

a) Phosphorus trichloride

b) Carbon tetrachloride

c) phosphorus pentachloride
 Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions

Molecular Compounds

• Example1:
Name the following compounds:
a) PCl3 b) CCl4 c) P2Cl5

a) Phosphorus trichloride

b) Carbon tetrachloride

c) diphosphorus pentachloride
 Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions

Molecular Compounds

• Example2:
Write the chemical formula of the following compounds:
a) Carbon disulfide b) disilicon hexabromide c) sulfur tetrafluoride

a) CS2

b)Si2Br6

c) SF4
 Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions

compound
Summery of naming

Ionic Molecular
Cation: metal or NH4+ Nonmetal + nonmetal
Anion: monotomic or polytomic Nonmetal + metalloid

Cation has only Cation has more than Pair Form one type Pair Form more than
one charge one charge of compound one type
•Name first of compound
•Alkali metal Other metal
cations element
•Alkaline earth metal •Name first
• add ide to the element
•Ag+, Al+3, Cd+2, Zn+2 •Name metal first name of second
element • add ide to the
•Specify charge of metal cation
•Name metal first name of second
with roman numeral (STOCK
element
•If monoatomic anion, add SYSTEM)
ide to the anion •Add the prefix
•If monoatomic anion, add ide to
(prefix mono
•If polyatomic anion use the anion
usually omitted
name of anion from •If polyatomic anion use name of for the first
previous table anion from previous table element
 Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions

homework

• Name these compounds:

a) Na2CrO4 Sodium Chromate j) CdI2 Cadmium(II) Iodide
k) SrSO4 Strontium Sulfate
b) K2HPO4 Potassium Hydrogen Phosphate
l) Al(OH)3 Aluminum Hydroxide
c) HBr Hydrogen Bromide m) Na2CO3 Sodium Carbonate
d) Li2CO3 Lithium Carbonate n) FeCl2 Iron(II) Chloride
e) K2Cr2O7 Potassium Dichromate o) FeO Iron(II) Oxide
f) NH4NO2 Ammonium Nitrite p) Fe2O3 Iron(III) Oxide
g) PF3 Phosphorus Trifluoride
h) PF5 Phosphorus Pentafluoride
i) P4O6 Tetraphosphorus Hexoxide
 Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions

homework

• Write the chemical formula for the following compound:

a) Rubidium nitrite RbNO2
b) potassium sulphide K2S
c) magnesium phosphate Mg3(PO4)2
d) calcium hydrogen phosphate CaHPO4
e) potassium dihydrogen phosphate KH2PO4
f) iodine heptaflouride IF7
g) ammonium sulphate (NH4)2SO4
h) silver perchlorate AgClO4
i) boron trichloride BCl3
j) copper (I) cyanide CuCN
k) copper (II) cyanide Cu(CN)2
l) lead (II) carbonate PbCO3
m) lead (IV) carbonate Pb(CO3)2