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Handbook Neurofeedback

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364 views396 pages

Handbook Neurofeedback

Uploaded by

José Luis Psicoterapeuta
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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HANDBOOK OF wT JAMES R. EVANS, PhD James R. Evans Editor Handbook of Neurofeedback Dynamics and Clinical Applications 2 Pre-publication EVIEWS, COMMENTARIES, EVALUATIONS .... is sa gem! The book wil open ahd Braden the reader kr ‘ge base, whether yourve been doing ‘rundeesck for years ae at ak ing about using i It given the neue feck practioner window ins the tray sone of our mos Synchrony waning ar dacs At some length. The book includes chap- terson audio-visual stimulation and on the combination of ‘neuroteedback/ tetrainment. both From originators of these technologies The book has history, theory, fertile speculation, results of some group stud- fs, and plenty of clinical case studies and anecdotes Every chapter has along, land excellent reference section that a the interested reader o go further into depth. The authors of the various ers reveal the way they think about ‘conduct neurofeedback in ways | haven't seen in print before. I's more like siting down with the authors over inner and hearing what they way think is going on. Many ofthe chapters ket very specific about what the author ‘actually does in clinical practice, which [find very useful indeed. Whether the concepts challenge or reinforce the way you think about your own work with ‘heurofeedback, you'l be stimulated and more connected with the Fld afer ea ing this book” John K. Nash, PRD, BCIA-EEG comed Psychos ———_—_—_—SS[—]—_—_===_= ‘More pre-publication REVIEWS, COMMENTARIES, EVALUATIONS... . iatiadl a eat i hf ct cme pre cere paces Bereta neers Pearanute te r : ieee aera made tients as mae = ae ieee ore cee rer the tel of your leary. = fe rceemnerpercr ret ite ree cee Senn sms tamncomeeant iar coger meme Rober PRD, LPC, BCIA-EEG Exeelie Clinica Distr, SHIP “The Haworth Medical Press® ‘An Imprint of The Haworth Press, Inc. New York eS NOTES FOR PROFESSIONAL LIBRARIANS AND LIBRARY USERS ‘This is an original book title published by The Haworth Medical Press®, an imprint of The Haworth Press, Inc. Unless otherwise noted in specific chapters with attribution, materials in this book have not been previously published elsewhere in any format or language. CONSERVATION AND PRESERVATION NOTES All books published by The Haworth Press, Inc. and its imprints are Printed on certified pH neutral, acid-free book grade paper. This pa- per meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence of Paper for Printed Material, ANSI Z39.48-1984, DIGITAL OBJECT IDENTIFIER (DOL) LINKING ‘The Haworth Press is participating in reference linking for eleme ‘of our original books. (For more information on reference linking in tiatives, please consult the CrossRef Web site at [Link].) ‘When citing an element ofthis book such as a chapter, include the ele- ‘ment's Digital Object Identifier (DOI) as the last item of the refer- cence. A Digital Object Identifier is a persistent, authoritative, and unique identifier that a publisher assigns to each element of a book. Because of its persistence, DOIs will enable The Haworth Press and ‘other publishers to link to the element referenced, and the link will not break over time, This will be a great resource in scholarly research. Handbook of Neurofeedback Dynamics and Clinical Applications THE HAWORTH MEDICAL PRESS® Haworth Series in Neurotherapy David L. Trudeau Editor Handbook of Neurofeedback: Dynamics and Clinical Applications cedited by James R, Evans Titles of Related Interest: Forensic Applications of QEEG and Neurotherapy ‘edited by James R. Evans LENS: The Low Energy Neurofeedback System ‘edited by D. Corydon Hammond ‘New Developments in Blood Flow Hemoencephalography ‘edited by Tim Tinius Quantitative Electroencephalographic Analysis (QEEG) Databases ‘for Neurotherapy: Description, Validation, and Application edited by Joel F. Lubar Handbook of Neurofeedback Dynamics and Clinical Applications James R. Evans Editor The Haworth Mi An Imprint of The Hi or more nfrmate om ths bok 1 order. Inpro hewortprene comrpedact up ak= S889 ‘ral. 800.1A WORTH (900-429-6784) i he Unite Stes and Canada ‘1 (G7) 722-5857 esi the United States and Cana or cote aes Hawes com Pts by ‘Te Haworth Metcl Press®, a imprint of The Haworth Press, Inc 10 Alc Set, Binghanon. NY Hoot sao (©2007) Te Haworth Pres Ie: Alligas served No part of his wok maybe reread ied any form oe by any cane clcrome of mechanical. mcd plcpying mr. and ‘cording er by any formaon sage and eeval ste without fermion owning fon the ‘ubsher Pomed i the Une Stas of Amerie? PUBLISHER'S NOTE ‘The devehpment. preparation and pubicaton of his wor has bem undeken with great cae Mower the Pubiser employes. cian agents of The Haworth Pres ae nt espns ft a) cron conta heen or for comesqurmes fat may etait fm whe of materials eon ‘onaned in os work ‘The Hamceth Prem commie he denen of ea an fan ‘Srording © te highest andards of mila! odin and he fee encharge of ean Sue ‘mate and cpumons expressed ths pica do mot necessarily elect th ies he Paar Danco anager or safle The Hawerth Pes lnc cra endorcment ye “This bk has een published sles for eda ationalprpane and st inte Ye substi for the medical advice of erating pcan Msn an eer changing em, Ashen fence a slhmcal experience Woden ut knowie changes eaten ay be ered Whi mary peal Iweament spam we made been. smn cr all ofthe op may nt be appeal to 4 Particular Indsal Therefore te ator. er: and pabliher do nt accep fess the eves of tmquivecomequenesncred a result he fv pescado a bk, Weds ot cl ‘hs information is accessnly acute by the rp sckciic and replay standards apt for ‘neti Geary! Ne warrant. expressed or implied. furnished wth respect to the materia Cmtined i this bv. The reader ard cml with ihe pwn pyc ith rapt tothe treatment of any medial condition, ‘ents and circurmances of patient and lets dscused i this bok han Ben changed ope setidentaly A ieary of Congres Catling in Pablication Dats Handbook of ecerfecdeck yams and clin applications / James Evans, er. Pim clades figrapia ferences and ines {SUN 97-0-790.13998 (hard ah paper) ISHN: 978.0-790-13404 (tak paper) |, WoteedbackwatingHandbocks manual oars James IDNLMC 1 Bofedhack(Paychoogy) 2 lectroenceptalapaphy. WA 425.56 H2¥6 2007] RCA 31136 2007 siswsi—aad 2uranss1 To the current generation of young practitioners and researchers who, hopefully, will guide the field of neurofeedback to its rightful position aas one of the dominant therapies, within the health care professions, CONTENTS About the Editor Contributors Preface Acknowledgments SECTION I: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND, Chapter 1. Infinite Potential: A Neurofeedback Pioneer Looks Back and Ahead Richard A. Crane What Has Been What Is Now The Future SECTION I: THEORETICAL CONCERNS Chapter 2. Implications of Network Models for Neurofeedback Siegfried Othmer Introduction ‘The Transition from Structural to Functional Models On the Ubiquity of State Management Brain Organization in the Timing and Frequency Domains ‘The Network Model ‘The Construction and Maintenance of Neuronal Assemblies ‘Thalamocortical Dysthythmia Summary and Conclusion Chapter 3. Ours Is to Reason Why and How James R. Evans Martha C. M. Rubi Introduction Nonspecific Variables ili xv xvii ai " 4 25 30 38 46 31 33 38 61 61 62 ‘Treatment-Specific Variables Underlying Neurophysiological and Psychological Mecha ‘Commonalities Between Neurofeedback and Various Alternative/Complementary Medicine Approaches or 70 4 9 SECTION III: GENERAL CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Chapter 4. Multichannel Tomographic Neurofeedback: Wave of the Future? Marco Congedo David Joffe Introduction ‘The Physiology of EEG and the EEG Inverse Problem ‘Tomographic Neurofeedback: An Experimental Research Blind Source Separation for Tomographic Neurofeedback Beamforming for Tomographic Neurofeedback Summary and Conch Chapter 5. Interhemispheric EEG Training: Clinical Experience and Conceptual Models ‘Susan F. Othmer Siegfried Othmer Introduction Historical Development Exploring Interhemispheric Training ‘Summary and Conclusions Chapter 6. The Combination of Cognitive Training Exercises and Neurofeedback Tim Tinius Introduction Implementation of Treatment Method 109 110 116 133, 137 137 141 Outcome Data ‘Summary and Conclusions ‘Chapter 7. Audio-Visual Entrainment: History, Physiology, and Clinical Studies David Siever History Clinical Outcomes Applying AVE with Neurofeedback Psychophysiology of Audio-Visual Entrainment Neurotransmitter Changes Side Effects of AVE ‘Summary and Conclusions Chapter 8, The ROSHI in Neurofeedback Victoria L. Ibric Charles J. Davis Introduction ‘Theoretical Viewpoint Historical Developments Miscellaneous Information on ROSHI Longitudinal Studies Summary and Conclusions Chapter 9. Coherence and the Quirks of Coherence/ Phase Training: A Clinical Perspective Joseph J. Horvat Coberence Training ‘Common Patterns of Coherence Deviation Various Random Treatment Principles Summary and Conclusions 148 149 155 155, 157 166 167 73 176 7 185 186 186 190 202 208 213 23 24 21s 217 220 226 SECTION IV: SPECIFIC CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Chapter 10. Brain Brightening: Restoring the Aging Mind 231 Thomas Budzynski Helen K. Budzynski Hsin-¥i Tang : An Orientation to Aging Memory and Cognitive Processes in Aging Cognitive Decline and Physical Factors EEG Patterns and the Elderly Summary thus Far on EEG and Aging Potential Protocols for Neurofeedback with Elderly ‘The Ponce de Leon Project ‘The Effects of Stimulation on Cognitive Functioning Nutrition and Cognitive Health A Brain Brightening Program for Optimal Aging Chapter 11. Neurofeedback Protocols for Subtypes of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Lynda Kirk Introduction ADHD: The Disorder ‘The Importance of Early Treatment Behaviorally Identified Subtypes of ADHD A Brief History of ADHD Definitions and Treatment ‘The Case for Neurofeedback ‘Summary and Conclusions Chapter 12, Multichannel EEG Phase Synchrony ‘Training and Verbally Guided Attention Training for Disorders of Attention Lester G. Femi Introduction Evolution of the EEG Synchrony/Attention Connection Practical Applications of Phase Synchrony Training 231 235 240 242 247 256 258 267 267 268 269 270 24 276 296 301 301 307 310 Instrumentation for Individual and Multiperson Synchrony Training Behavioral Performance, Attention, and Brain Activity Chapter 13, Use of Neurofeedback with Autistic Spectrum Disorders Betty Jarusiewicz Introduction Definitions of Autism Disorders Research on Neurofeedback and Autism Spectrum Disorders Assessment ‘Treatment Examples of Success Conclusions and Future Considerations Chapter 14, Current Status of QEEG and Neurofeedback in the Treatment of Clinical Depression Jonathan E. Walker Robert Lawson Gerald Kozlowski Introduction The Neurobiology of Depression QEEG and Depressi ‘Treatment of Depression with Neurotherapy Case Histories Conclusions Chapter 15. A Neurologist’s Experience with QEEG- Guided Neurofeedback Following Brain Injury Jonathan E. Walker Introduction Review of Literature Personal Experiences Recent Advances 312 314 321 321 322 325 327 328 334 337 MI 341 343 344 347 349 350 353 354 355 356 Current Practice of QEEG-Guided Neurofeedback As Used in Our Clinic Failures Using This Approach Approaches to Gaining Acceptance in the Medical/ Neurological Community Future Directions Summary Index 8 888 93 ABOUT THE EDITOR James R. Evans, PhD, is Professor Emeritus at the University of South Carolina, where he taught for many years in the School Psy- chology Program of the Department of Psychology. He has more than thirty years experience as a school and clinical psychologist, providing psychotherapy and psychological evaluations in schools, prisons, mental health clinics, and psychiatric hospitals as well as in his own private practice. He is affiliated with the Sterlingworth Cen- ter of the Upstate in Greenville, South Carolina, where he conducts neuropsychological, psychoeducational, and quantitative EEG (QEEG) assessments and supervises neurotherapy sessions with a wide vari- ety of clients. Dr. Evans has more than 40 publications in profes- sional journals and is co-editor of three psychology-related books. He is co-editor of Introduction to Quantitative EEG and Neuro- therapy and is a consulting editor to the Journal of Neurotherapy™ (Haworth). Handbook of Neurofeedback (© 2007 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved, «do: 10.130075889 a itt CONTRIBUTORS Helen K, Budzynski, PhD, Professor Emeritus, Psychosocial and ‘Community Health, University of Washington, Department of Psycho- social and Community Health, Box 357263, Seattle, WA 98195-7263. ‘Thomas Budzynski, PhD, Affiliate Professor, Department of Psycho- social and Community Health, University of Washington, Box 357263, Seattle, WA 98195-7263. Marco Congedo, PhD, Institute for Research in Informatics and Automatic, project i3d, Le Globe, 38410, Uriage, France. Richard A. Crane, President, American BioTec Corporation and In- ternational MindFitness Foundation, 24 Browning Drive, Ossining, NY 10562. Charles J. Davis, Chief Executive Officer, ROSHI Corp., 4806 10th Avenue # 4, Los Angeles, CA 90043. Lester G. Fehmi, PhD, Director Emeritus, Princeton Biofeedback Centre 317 Mt. Lucas Road, Princeton, NJ 08540. Joseph J. Horvat, PhD, Director of EEG and Neurofeedback at irasol, Mirosol, 10490 East Escalente St., Tucson, AZ 85730. Victoria L. Ibric, PhD, Private Practice, Therapy and Prevention Center, Neurofeedback and Neurorehabilitation Institute, 65 N. Madi- son Ave., Suite 405, Pasadena, CA 91101, Betty Jarusiewicz, PhD, Program Director, Atlantic Counseling Center, Inc., 27 Cypress Drive, Bayville, NJ 08721. David Joffe, PhD, Lexicor Medical Technologies, 2840 Place, Suite A, Boulder, CO 80301 Handbook of Neurofeedback (© 2007 by The Haworth Press Inc. All rights reserved, ‘doi 10.1300/5889_ avi HANDBOOK OF NEUROPEEDBACK Lynda Kirk, MA, Executive Director, Austin Biofeedback Center, 3624 North Hills Drive, Suite B-205, Austin, TX 78731. Gerald Kozlowski, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Physi~ ology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 12870 Hillcrest Rd. #201, Dallas, TX 75230. Robert Lawson, MS, Neurotherapy Center of Dallas, 12870 Hill- crest Rd., #201, Dallas, TX 75230. Siegfried Othmer, PhD, Chief Scientist, EEG Institute, 22020 Claren- don St., Suite 305, Woodland Hills, CA 91367. Susan F. Othmer, BA, Clinical Director, EEG Institute, 22020 Clarendon St., Suite 305, Woodland Hills, CA 91367 Martha C. M, Rubi, MEd, Professor in School of Psychology, Graduate Studies, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, UNAM. Nueva York #170, Col. Napoles, Mexico, DF03810 Mexico, David Siever, CET, Mind Alive, Inc., 9008-51 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T6E 5X4 Canada. Hsin-Yi Tang, PHD, Assistant Professor, College of Nursing, Seattle University, 901 12th Ave.,.P.O. Box 222000, Seattle, WA 98122-1090. ‘Tim Tinius, PhD, Private Practice, 225 Benton Drive N. #104, Sauk Rapids, MN 56379, Jonathan E, Walker, MD, Private Practice, Neuroscience Centers, Inc., 12870 Hillcrest Rd., Suite 201, Dallas, TX 75230. Preface By most peoples’ reckoning, there is a major health crisis in the United States. Several reasons are commonly cited for this, including the high cost of healthcare, the high percentage of uninsured persons, increasingly impersonal treatment as managed care emphasizes profit ‘over empathy, and the many negative side effects of often over-pre- scribed pharmacological treatments. Whatever the truth or relative importance of these factors, increasingly larger numbers of people are turning to alternative approaches to healthcare, Not without their ‘own problems in terms of limited evidence of effectiveness, and in some cases, safety, these approaches generally are less expensive, in- volve personal contact with practitioners, and have few, if any, side ‘effects. One problem faced by any individual seeking an alternative will be effective and safe for him or her. Should it be one with a long history, such as acupuncture, music therapy, chiropractic, or herbal treatment, or one of the newer ones? Should it be supported by both research and testimonials of former clients, or is the latter enough? Should it be one whose practitioners are certified or licensed, thus having demonstrated at least minimal competency in the field? ‘The approach, which is the topic of this book, neurofeedback, also known as neurotherapy and EEG biofeedback, is one of the newer and perhaps lesser-known ones, It did not really begin until the late 1960s, ‘and has seen sustained, rapid development only in the last 15 to 20 years. It now is a field with rapidly growing research and clinical support and readily available lists of certified practitioners. Neuro- feedback has been rather quietly gaining acceptance worldwide, ith practitioners from diverse fields successfully applying it to ever ‘widening numbers of disorders. The field has a professional journal, Journal of Neurotherapy, devoted exclusively to related research Handbook of Neurofeedback (© 2007 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All ights reserved. ‘doi:10. 1300/5889 ¢ vii si HANDBOOK OF OFEEDBACK ‘and clinical reports. In the United States, there are two certifying boards, the Biofeedback Certification Institute of America and the Neurotherapy and Biofeedback Certification Board as well as two pro- fessional societies composed largely of persons who practice neuro- therapy on at least a part-time basis, the International Society for Neurofeedback and Research (ISNR) and the Association for Ap- plied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback (AAPB). In addition, there are professional neurofeedback associations in Australia, Canada, the European Union, and Mexico. At least five books dealing primar- ily or exclusively with neurofeedback have been published in the past ten years. It seems safe to say that few, ifany, of the other newer alter- native approaches (and some of the older ones) can make all those claims. ‘Neurofeedback is a method that falls under the “umbrella” term, biofeedback. Both are characterized by use of electronic equipment to record and provide immediate feedback concerning ongoing psy- cchophysiological processes such as skin temperature, muscle tension, heart rate, or in the case of neurofeedback, brain electrical activity (EEG). Feedback typically consists of tones changing in pitch or volume, “scores” visible on a computer monitor raising or lowering, and/or some graphic display continuing, diminishing, or vanishing depending on whether the goal of normalizing or modifying certain aspects of one or more psychophysiological processes is or is not being met. For example, feedback might reflect whether degree of EEG power within some frequency band, such as theta, is decreasing as desired. Without feedback, these processes would be extremely difficult or impossible to control. But with proper feedback, most persons can develop varying degrees of control. Such control may oc- cur consciously through use of different strategies and/or uncon- sciously via passive association of the feedback signals with progress toward normalization, In any event, with continuing practice, pro- cesses usually normalize and this is associated with decreases in or remission of unwanted symptoms. Furthermore, at least in the case of neurofeedback such positive changes tend to be enduring. Some skepticism of neurofeedback may be aroused by reports of neurofeedback successes with a very wide variety of disorders, for example, Attention Deficiv Hyperactivity Disorder, depression, obses- sive-compulsive disorder, recovery from traumatic brain injury, addictive disorders, ch ety disorders, chronic pain, tinnitus, and other disorders associated with central nervous system function, As a society, though, we have little doubt that pharmacological treatments can be effective with an ‘even wider range of disorders through their effects on the central ner- vous system. When itis realized that neural function is electrochemi- cal in nature, why should it be surprising that modifying the electrical activity of the central nervous system may be as effective as modify- ing neurochemistry through medications? ‘While dealing with medications the emphasis is on neurochemistry but a whole new realm is entered when dealing with the electrical as- pects of neural function. Terms such as neurotransmitter are replaced by concepts such as frequency and amplitude of brain waves, phase relationships between waveforms, and entrainment of waves. Based (on over 30 years of reports from neurofeedback practitioners, it seems that intervening in the electrical realm not only can be very effective, but also carries much less risk of adverse side effects than seen with pharmacological interventions. ‘The chapters of this book provide a comprehensive view of the field of neurofeedback and should be of interest both to experienced neurotherapists and those curious about or interested in entering the field, Most are written by pioneers in the field and reflect their many ‘years of clini th a variety of neurofeedback-related techniques. Readers will find a wealth of information regarding the history of the field in Section 1, speculation on the mechanisms by ‘which neurofeedback yields positive results for clients in Section 2, and details concerning training protocols and combinations of proto- which have been found especially effective for various con- ditions in Section 3. Attempts have been made to minimize use of technical terms and mathematical formulae. Thus, most of the mate- rial should be readily comprehended by readers with no more than ‘minimal acquaintance with the concepts of biofeedback, EEG, and

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